sleep test 3

Describe the characteristics of someone who is awakened from a NREM Parasomnia

1. They are disoriented , confused and do not recall dreaming or the event

What happens to creativity (word exercise) after a nap with REM sleep as opposed to those who didn't get REM?

• Those who had REM sleep had a 40% increase in creativity. Those who only had NREM sleep showed no benefit. REM may help in making associations that we would not normally make.

What happens when Heather doesn't dream anymore?

• Waking, not restful sleep

Does he perform better next day? Does this seem to be related to dreaming about the task?

• Yes, and in general, people who dream about the task do better. This probably occurs because the memory has a chance to be 'refined'.

Are dreams in NREM sleep different than those in REM sleep? If so, how?

• Yes, increase in positive emotions (words) after NREM dreams over REM dreams

When the rat is dreaming does he repeat the patterns he demonstrated when running the maze?

• Yes, the neurons that fire when the rat is awake in the maze fire during sleep.

Do other animals dream? How do we know?

• Yes. Researchers can paralyze part of brain that causes of muscle atonia and then cats stalk prey (not random behavior, appear to be organized behaviors)

1. Undesirable events occur as brain _______ between sleep/wake states

transitions

How did the patient mentioned change his nightmare?

• He changed his nightmare from him being chased, which was very scary, to a dream in which his brothers were chasing him so it was a fun and playful dream

What medication is 90% effective in treating RBD?

clonazepam

What happens when the subject is awakened in REM sleep ?

more negative words, mood

Stickgold teaches a subject a visual/spatial task when awake. He is awakened during NREM sleep, what does he first remember?

the game

Name two other benefits these treatments may have for people who use them

• These treatments may help with insomnia, and may reduce other non-sleep related symptoms for disorders such as depression and PTSD

Name a way a dream has changed the 'real' world.

• Two nobel prizes, drugs, inventions, novel, films, art

What is the brain doing during nightmares? What part of the brain is mentioned in the video?

• Your brain is remembering emotion related information, and is doing this so crisis related connections are created to help avoid trouble in the future. The part of the brain that is mentioned is the amygdala.

4. Is REM behavior disorder most likely to effect men or women? What disorder may develop after experiencing these episodes (what it a precursor too)?

RBD is most likely to effect men 50+ and was seen as a precursor to Parkinson's.

What is a difference between the way night terrors are looked at in children as opposed to adults?

• In children they are common due to changes brought about by brain development, but in adults they are attributed to having a psychological basis, and are much more uncommon.

Other Sleep Disorders

Some sleep disorders can cause insomnia or make it worse. For instance, people with restless legs syndrome may have a hard time falling asleep.

Parasomnias occur more frequently in

children

Name a cause of insomnia.

insomnia is most often associated with another problem. Insomnia that is not caused or worsened by other factors is rare. These factors may include: stress, other sleep disorders, medical conditions, mental disorders, medication or substance use or abuse, environmental factors

Why can this be dangerous?

may hurt self or partner

Did he believe every symbol was important?

no

Do people with NREM Parasomnias typically remember dreaming or their behaviors?

no

Do the patients actually have to have a dream based on their changes for the therapy to work?

no

1. If a person appeared to have "woken up" and screamed, displayed a rapid heartbeat and a look of terror, and then went back to sleep, this would be an example of which disorder?

sleep terror

What 2 disorders are mentioned as being NREM Parasomnias?

sleep terrors and sleep walking

1. If a person gets up during SWS, walks around, but is difficult to arouse and goes back to sleep after 15 minutes of this type of behavior, this would be an example of which disorder?

sleep walking

Upon awakening from a REM Parasomnia is the person alert? Able to remember the event?

yes

When a rat explores a maze, can we tell where he is by neuronal activity?

yes

Is it possible for people not to dream at all?

yes, could be damage

What did the statistician conclude about an individual's dream compared to the norm?

• 80% negative in his, norm 34% misfortune also women appear more, and interactions are negative.

What part of the brain is held responsible?

• Amygdala - fear

Does it change as the night goes on?

• Becomes more connected to other memories (walking on snow, rather than just skiing on snow)

As we grow up, what changes about nightmares?

• Children may dream about wolves (ancient threats), adults tend to dream about modern threats.

Why is Freud associated with dreams? How did he view the images, and where they come from

• Dreams a 'doorway' to the unconscious. He focused on symbols that come from the unconscious, forbidden urges (sex)

What was Hobson's and his partner's theory?

• Dreams are basically physiological occurrences, and the narrative arises because the brain tries to make sense of random neural firing.

What are 2 ways to reduce nightmares?

• Exposure therapy and imagery rehearsal therapy.

Name the 9 consequences/symptoms of insomnia:

• Fatigue • Problems with attention, concentration or memory (cognitive impairment) • Poor performance at school or work • Moodiness or irritability • Daytime sleepiness • Impulsiveness or aggression • Lack of energy or motivation • Errors or accidents • Concern or frustration about your sleep

Parasomnias occur during which part of the night? Why? Is this related to what state they occur in (also name the state they occur in)?

1. 1/st 3rd of the night, They occur during partial arousals when in deep sleep

How long does a sleep terror last (give me the range)? How long can a sleepwalking episode last?

3-30 minutes/more than one an hour

1. What can happen if you try and wake a sleepwalker??

Attempts to awaken a sleepwalker usually fail to produce arousal and may lead to aggressive and violent responses. Cases of sleepwalking violence, including homicidal somnambulism, have been described.

1.Describe what is odd about 'sleep eating' episodes?

'Sleep eating' episodes are odd in that they have odd habits that they do not otherwise have during their wake eating routines. They are also concerned with how they ate it, how much they ate, and the behavior in which they ate.

What does the researcher conclude?

• Relationship problems, lack of control

. What types of treatment are recommended? Did they work for David?

Treatments recommended were regular exercise and medication, but they did not work for David.

What is good about bad dreams?

They may help us prepare for threats, by preparing us for them

What are the differences between nightmares and night terrors

They occur in different stages of sleep, so night terrors (SWS) usually happen in the first half of the night, while nightmares (REM) usually happen in the last half, and there is no memory of the event (or just a brief one) for night terrors while nightmares usually do elicit a memory. It is also usually easy to fall asleep after night terrors, while it is not after nightmares.

How does cognitive behavioral treatment work? In addition to changing behaviors, what else is changed?

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) includes behavioral changes (such as keeping a regular bedtime and wake up time, getting out of bed after being awake for 20 minutes or so, and eliminating afternoon naps) but it adds a cognitive or "thinking" component. CBTworks to challenge unhealthy beliefs and fears around sleep and teach rational, positive thinking. There is a good amount of research supporting the use of CBT for insomnia. For example, in one study, patients with insomnia attended one CBT session via the internet per week for 6 weeks. After the treatment, these people had improved sleep quality.

Does David move during his night terrors?

David does move during his night terrors he has found himself outside of his room.

short term insomnia

This type of brief insomnia lasts for up to three months. It occurs in 15 to 20 percent of people.

chronic insomnia

This type of insomnia occurs at least three times per week and lasts for at least three months. About 10 percent of people have chronic insomnia.

What happens 5 years later?

he got divorced

How do depressed people differ in their sleep?

• They enter REM sleep first, stay in REM sleep too long, and this may lead to these negative emotions associated with REM.

Medication or substance use or abuse

Insomnia can be an unwanted side effect of many prescription or over-the-counter medications. Common cold and allergy medicines contain pseudoephedrine and can make it difficult to fall asleep. Antidepressants and medications to treat ADHD, high blood pressure or Parkinson's disease can also cause insomnia. Drinking alcohol before bedtime can cause frequent awakenings during the night. Insomnia also can occur if you suddenly stop using a sleeping pill. Caffeine and other stimulants can prevent you from falling asleep. Stimulants also cause frequent awakenings during the night. Some people are sensitive to certain foods and may be allergic to them. This can result in insomnia and disrupted sleep.

habits or lifestyles

Irregular sleep schedules (see shift work disorder) can cause insomnia in workers who try to sleep during the day.

What happens in the brain to cause this condition? Why do people not normally act out their dreams?

Lesions and malfunctions in the brain stem, Muscle atonia, muscles are paralyzed

What are the 3 major classes of medications for insomnia?

Major classes of prescription insomnia medications include benzodiazepine hypnotics, non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, and melatonin receptor agonists.

Medical conditions

Many physical illnesses can cause insomnia. People who experience pain, discomfort or limited mobility from medical problems may have difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. Insomnia due to medical conditions is most common in older adults because people tend to have more chronic health problems as they age. Conditions such as pregnancy, particularly the third trimester, and menopause can cause sleep problems. The severity and duration of insomnia often varies with the related health condition.

4. How was Mike's sleepwalking treated?

Mike's sleepwalking was treated by a caffeine boycott and rest.

What is stimulus control, and what is the example given?

Stimulus control helps to build an association between the bedroom and sleep by limiting the type of activities allowed in the bedroom. An example of stimulus control is going to bed only when you are sleepy, and getting out of bed if you've been awake for 20 minutes or more. This helps to break an unhealthy association between the bedroom and wakefulness. Sleep restriction involves a strict schedule of bedtimes and wake times and limits time in bed to only when a person is sleeping.

differences between nightmare and RBD?

The basic difference is the presence or absence of muscle atonia.

. What does the doctor attribute Parasomnias too? Why do they occur in general?

The doctor attributes Parasomnias to brain dysfunction, not mental illness. They occur in general because of the fight or flight response of the brain.

Environmental factors

The environment where you sleep can cause insomnia. Disruptive factors such as noise, light or extreme temperatures can interfere with sleep. Sleeping with a bed partner who snores also can cause sleep disruption. Extended exposure to environmental toxins and chemicals may prevent you from being able to fall asleep or stay asleep.

Mental Disorders

The relationship between sleep and mental health is complex. Insomnia is sometimes caused by a mental health disorder. Often a mental health disorder will be found after a complaint of insomnia. Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses in the United States and a frequent cause of insomnia. People with depression often have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep. Difficulty falling asleep is also common in people with anxiety disorders. Other mood disorders such as bipolar disorder may also cause sleep problems.

3. What was the trigger for Mike's sleepwalking?

The trigger for Mike's sleepwalking was he was not getting enough sleep on a consistent basis.

Stress

This varies from relatively minor things like work or personal stress, to more severe changes such as death, divorce or job loss.

What are 4 relaxation techniques that may help with insomnia?

breathing exercises, mindfulness, meditation techniques, and guided imagery.

Do children or adults have more nightmares?

children

What happens in 'REM sleep disorder'?

• The person acts out their dreams (muscle atonia isn't present)

During NREM sleep, what happens?

• They are longer, not fragmented (up to 5 times longer).They are not a simple replay, but are more like simulations that help us face future possibilities.

What happened in 1953?

• K@A hooked up electrodes, with the assumption of a 'resting' brain. But while they were clearly asleep, the brain seemed awake, and other physiological phenomenon were observed.

What is a major difference between nightmares and night terrors?

• Night terrors occur in deep sleep (SWS), while nightmares occur in REM sleep. • There is often no memory of a night terror, but there is usually detailed memory for nightmares • After a nightmare, one can fall back asleep quickly; this is usually not true for a night terror

Do we only dream in REM sleep?

• No! Dreams can happen in NREM sleep as well. However, the most vivid dreams - with the longest narratives - do seem to occur in REM.

Do some cultures put more emphasis on the meaning of dreams than we do? How?

• One tribe (in Canada) make the interpretation of dreams a part of daily life, as there is a belief that dreams have real meaning and significance - they have importance for life.

What is a theory of nightmares and our past history as humans?

• Our ancestors faced major dangers, and dreamed about them, and we continue on to dream about these themes today.

Who is likely to suffer from nightmare disorder?

• People with other disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, stress, and depression

How many people can 'prime' their dreams with practice?

• Priming is the practice of wanting to dream about a particular issue. It seems about 50% of people are able to do this.

How is a child's brain described as functioning during a night terror?

• The brain is developing so fast that it acts as though it is "shifting gears in a car and then stalls out".

What part of Heather's brain was damaged in a stroke? What does it do?

• The parietal lobe combines different senses (imaginary "space" we experience in dreams is generated here).