sm test 2

Commissioners have lost some of their power over time. List the six areas that the commissioner continues to retain discretionary power.

1. Approval of player contracts 2. Resolution of disputes between players and clubs 3. Resolution of disputes between clubs 4. Resolution of disputes between player or club and the league 5. Disciplinary matters involving owners, clubs, players, and other personnel 6. Rule-making authority

Intercollegiate Football Association

1876 - first governing association - formed by students

Sports Agency Models

3 common models •Freestanding sport management firm •A full-service firm providing a wide range of services to the athlete/client •Law practice-only firm •Lawyer performs many legal tasks (contract negotiation, arbitration, legal counseling, dispute resolution, and the preparation of tax forms) •Sport management firm affiliated with a law firm •Each fills a void by providing the services the other does not offer

Knight Commission

A commission created in 1989 by the Trustees of the Knight Foundation, composed of university presidents, CEOs and presidents of corporations, and a congressional representative, to propose a reform agenda for intercollegiate athletics.

Collective Bargaining Agreement

A contract negotiated by the employer and representatives of the labor union, and it covers issues related to employment.

Paralympic Games

Athletic events conducted for disabled athletes that take place every 4 years, 3 weeks after the conclusion of the Olympic Games, and that are held at the same venue.

Division 1, 2 and 3 - Philosophies and Principles

D1-•Supports philosophy of competitiveness, generating revenue through athletics, and national success d2-•Awards athletic scholarships but on a more modest basis than Division I •Must sponsor at least 10 sports •At least two team sports for each gender d3-•Division III: Does not allow athletic scholarships •Emphasizes participation, placing primary emphasis on regional in-season and conference competition

World Cup

International soccer competition held by FIFA every 4 years between the 32 qualifying nations; the most watched event in the world.

Major and Secondary Violations

Secondary violations are isolated or inadvertent and provide only minimal recruiting, competitive or other advantages. They do not include significantimpermissible benefits. If an institution commits several secondary violations, the violations may be collectively considered a major infraction.

List at least 5 tasks commonly performed by a sports agent and state five reasons for the growth of the sports agent business.

Tasks performed by a sports agent: 1. Marketing the client 2. Financial planning 3. Career and post-career planning 4.Dispute resolution 5. Legal counseling Personal care 5 reasons for the growth of the business: 1.Evolution of players'associations 2. Reserve system 3.Need for tax and financial planning with increased salaries 4.Development of competing leagues created competition for players and thus higher salaries 5.Increased opportunity for athletes to increase income through endorsements with expansion of television and entertainment industries

WNBA

Women's National Basketball Association

Sports Leagues Ownership

co-ownership/in some leagues they allow individual ownership

Title IX Standards

for a men's sport, there must be a comparable women's sport

Endorsement Contracts

increase sales or market products by featuring athlete in advertising; grants sponsor the right of use of athlete's name, image, or likeness

NCAA - Executive Committee

is a membership-driven association and is governed by more than 150 committees with almost 1,500 committee members from NCAA institutions and conferences.

NCAA - Committee on Infractions

is an independent administrative body charged with deciding infractions(violations) cases involving NCAA member institutions and their employees

NCAA - President's Council

is the highest governing body in Division III. The Councilestablishes and directs the general policy of the Division, while also establishing Division III's strategic plan.

Salary Caps

limit the amount a team may spend on contracts.

Compliance Coordinator

makes sure teams are following all of the rules and regulations

cross-ownership

one firm owns different teams in different leagues

Purpose of the NCAA

oversee academic standards for student-athletes, monitor recruiting activities of coaches and administrators, and establish principles governing amateurism

Sports Agents

serve a valuable role in terms of securing and negotiating contracts for the professional athlete

revenue sharing

sharing profits among teams---NFL

Reserve System in Major League Baseball

stated the rights to players were retained by the team upon the contract's expiration. Players under these contracts were not free to enter into another contract with another team

franchise rights

the privileges afforded to owners of a sport franchise

Impasse

when the negotiation reaches a point where neither side wants to go further//when collective bargaining process breaks down--players can strike, boycott. owners can replace players, lockout

Athletic Director (Skills)

•Division I: Athletic departments usually employ a large number of associate and assistant athletic directors with specialized responsibilities •Athletic director is more like "CEO" •Division III: Athletic directors wear many "hats"; coaches are usually part-time, or if full-time, have other administrative responsibilities

Organized Youth Athletics Concerns

•Increased pressure to win; "win at all costs" mentality •Head injuries: Concussions •Up to coaches to provide safe environment •Equipment (using right ones, maintaining) •Actual play (not playing in bad weather, minimizing physical mismatches, etc.) •Evaluation of coaches important •Consistent performance reviews

Young Men's Christian Association(YMCA)

•Most prominent non-school (private) agency to promote youth athletics

National Organizing Committee

•Organized regionally •Responsible for developing and protecting the Olympic Movement in their respective countries, in accordance with the Olympic Charter

Valuation of Professional Sports Franchises

•Owners diversify investments to protect against risk that a franchise will lose a great deal of money •Currently, franchise values for major league clubs are in the hundreds of millions of dollars, with the most lucrative reaching into the billions •Franchise free agency: "stadium games" •Team owners threaten to move teams if their demands for new stadiums, renovations to existing stadiums, or better lease agreements are not met