Small Animal Diseases - Exam 2
The animal's front legs are rigid (hypertensive) and the back legs are flaccid (hypotensive)
An animal presents with Schiff-Sherrington, what does the animal look like?
Status Epileptics
Between Idiopathic Epilepsy and Status Epileptics, which one is considered a medical emergency?
Most animals will recover within months to get full mobility back
Can animals recover from Discospondylitis?
Animals usually are not going to recover and can require lifelong maintenance
Can animals recover from Facial Nerve Paralysis?
-Feed the animal from an elevated platform (a baylee chair is best) -Feed a liquid/soft diet in small meals periodically throughout the day -Treat any underlying metabolic disorders
How can we manage megaesophagus?
They can be dissolved by a therapeutic diet *SD by Hills is often used
How do we dissolve Urate and Struvite stones?
-It is advised to euthanize all positive animals due to a health risk, HOWEVER, since these are companion animals we can.... -Medical treatment can be tried, but the animal should be neutered Most successful combination: tetracycline or doxycycline (4wks) with dihydrostreptinomycin (during week 1 and 4)
How do we try to treat Brucellosis? What is the recommended option and why do we recommend this?
-Longer than *70 days gestation* -The animal has been in labor *longer than 4 hours* without delivering a fetus -Constant unproductive straining for longer than 1 hour -More than 1 hour between births
If a client calls you on the phone and suspects that her dog is having dystocia, what clinical signs would you provide for the owner to look for?
-Decrease the milk production by a mild water restriction -Diuretics -Provide an E-collar to stop the licking of the vulva
If a female is showing signs of aggression with a pseudopregnancy and the owner wants to stop it, how would you recommend treating this?
1) Prostatic abscess 2) Prostatitis 3) Benign hyperplasia (BPH) *If left untreated prostatic abscess can be fatal. Prostatitis is very painful inflammation of the prostate. BPH is hypertrophy of the gland, and usually causes no clinical signs or infection*
List from most severe to least severe: Benign hyperplasia (BPH), Prostatic abscess, Prostatitis
*Congenital* - it is seen when the puppies are started on solid food after weaning time *Acquired* - it is seen in animals of any age (& is caused by: metabolic neuromuscular disease, distemper, tick paralysis, lead poisioning, polymyositis)
The congenital form of Megaesophagus is seen ___________; the acquired form is seen ________
True
True or False: Acute Renal Failure can be caused by shock, hypovolemia, hypotension, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, systemic disease, and increased age
True
True or False: Chronic Renal Failure is an irreversible, progressive decline in the function of the kidneys that is caused by genetics usually
False
True or False: Degenerative Myelopathy and Hip Dysplasia are the same disease that affect German Shepherds
Adult dogs and cats that are 5 years and older
What animals are mostly affected by Facial Nerve Paralysis?
-Clindamycin -Enrofloxacin -Clavamox
What antibiotics can be used to treat Gingivitis?
-The seizures begin around 1-3 years of age (young animals) -The animal is disoriented and occasionally blind after the seizure is over
What are some client education points that you would note with Idiopathic Epilepsy?
-Aminoglycosides -Cephalsporins -Sulfonamides -Chemotherapeutic agents -Antifungals
What are some nephrotoxic drugs that cause renal failure if used for prolonged periods or at high doses?
-Brucella canis -Staphylococcus spp. -Streptococcus canis -Escherichia coli -Corynebacterium spp. -Proteus spp.
What are some of the bacteria/fungi that can affect the spinal cord with Discospondylitis?
-Uroliths (*stones*) -Urethral plugs (*mucous plugs* - made of RBCs, WBCs, epithelial cells, bacteria, sperm)
What are the 2 main common causes of urethral obstruction in the cat?
-Induction (renal function is about to decrease) -Maintenance (when renal damage occurs) -Recovery period (renal function improves and corrects itself)
What are the 3 phases of Acute Renal Failure?
-Vulvar discharge -Abdominal enlargement -Depression -Anorexia -Fever -Vomiting -Diarrhea -PU/PD -Azotemia *If there is a severe bacterial infection and the uterus bursts* : Shock, collapse, and death will be seen
What are the clinical signs for Pyometra?
*Dysuria, tenesmus (constantly defecating)*, urethral discharge, pain, vomiting, fever
What are the clinical signs for a Prostatic Abscess?
Hematuria (blood in the urine), Dysuria (difficult urination), and frequent/inappropriate urination
What are the clinical signs of Feline Idiopathic Cystitis?
*Acute* - anorexia, fever, lethargy, constipation, urethral discharge, pain in the caudal abdomen, stiff gait *Chronic* - recurrent cystitis, urethral discharge, constipation
What are the different clinical signs that you would see with an acute and chronic form of Prostatitis in a dog?
*Antifreeze (ethylene glycol)*, heavy metals, and hemoglobin
What are the most common non-therapeutic agents seen to produce renal failure?
Bacterial/viral infections, autoimmune diseases, stress, environment, and diet
What are the predisposing factors for Feline Idiopathic Cystitis?
-Give antibiotics (IV) -Surgically drain the abscess -Castration
What are the treatments for a Prostatic Abscess?
*Dermacentor variabilis* and *Dermacentor andersoni*
What are the two causative agents for tick paralysis?
-Physical exam: there will be severe pain on rectal palpation along with clinical signs -Urinalysis: you will see blood, increased WBCs, and bacteria -Urine culture: usually you will find E. coli
What are the ways that we can diagnose prostatitis?
The *speed* that the disk material herniates, the *degree* of the compression, and the *duration* of the compression
What determines the severity of an Intervertebral Disk Disease?
Oxytocin to INCREASE uterine contractions *unless the birth canal is blocked or the puppies are too large*
What drug do we give to help with dystocia?
Diazepam
What drug of choice would you use to treat a seizure in an emergency?
Phenobarbital
What drug of choice would you use to treat long term seizures?
Broad spectrum antibiotics can be given if a Culture&Sensitivity wasn't performed: *-Ampicillin (IV)* *-Clavamox* *-Cephalexin* *-Enrofloxacin* *-Chloramphenicol* *-Trimethoprim-sulfa*
What drugs are a good choice for treating Canine Cystitis?
This is when the animal displays rigid hypertonicity of the front legs and hypotonicity of the rear legs, has normal reflexes, and has pain perception usually L1-L7 is where the lesion would be
What is Schiff-Sherrington?
This is a cervical spinal cord compression due to the caudal vertebral malformation or misarticulation that occurs in large breed dogs
What is Wobbler's Syndrome?
By castrating the dog before maturity to retract the growth of the prostate and the disorders that can develop from it
What is a preventative method for Prostatic diseases?
The bladder pressure increases greatly and the urethral closure pressure is not durable enough so the leakage of urine occurs
What is the cause of urinary incontinence?
*Atlantoaxial Subluxation* - the cranial portion of the axis is displaced into the spinal column and it occurs in *small/toy dog breeds* *Cervical Spondylomyelopathy* - is a cervical spinal cord disease that is due to the caudal vertebral malformation or misarticulation that occurs in *large breed dogs*
What is the difference between Atlantoaxial Subluxation and Cervical Spondylomyelopathy?
*DOG:* -The most common tumor of the female dog -50% of these tumors are benign *CAT:* -3rd most common tumor in female cats -Most mammary tumors 80- 90% are malignant
What is the difference between a mammary tumor in the dog and cat?
Paresis is weakness and paralysis is when there is no mobility at all
What is the difference between paresis and paralysis?
E. Coli
What is the most common bacteria that causes Pyometra?
Canine Cystitis (*Bacterial* Cystitis) - UTI
What is the most common form of Cystitis in the dog?
Struvite stones
What is the most common stone to see in a blocked cat?
Urate stones
What is the most common type of stone seen in the Dalmation?
Calcium oxalate
What is the most common type of stone to see in dogs?
-Provide supportive care/Respiratory support -Give corticosteroids in anti-inflammatory doses
What is the treatment for Coonhound paralysis?
There is NO treatment for this disease; The animal will slowly progress into a paralysis state and Euthanasia should be considered at this point
What is the treatment for Degenerative Myelopathy?
-Castration (it will decrease the size by 70%) -Stool softerners/laxatives to help while the prostate atrophies
What is the treatment for a Benign hyperplasia (BPH)?
-You can surgically remove a small lesion that is on the face or rectum *Chemotherapy* Vincristine - it will cure 90% of TVTs
What is the treatment for a TVT?
Reestablish the patency as soon as possible by performing a cystocentesis and then passing a catheter
What is the treatment for a cat with Urethral plugs?
Medical - change the diet, provide antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections Surgery - remove the stones
What is the treatment for a cat with Urolith (stones)?
-Surgically drain it -Remove the salivary gland
What is the treatment for a dog/cat that suffers from a Salivary Mucocele or a Ranula?
-Spaying the female is *preferred* *If the animal is used for breeding* : -Prostaglandin F2A (lutalyse) to evacuate the uterus -Broad spectrum antibiotics (TMS, ampicillin, clavamox, amikacin)
What is the treatment for an animal with Pyometra?
-Remove all of the ticks from the animal and provide a tick product to kill the hidden ticks (frontline) -Provide supportive care until the animal is normal again (6-12 hours usually)
What is the treatment for tick paralysis?
Megaesophagus
What is this radiograph showing?
ALWAYS evaluate bloodwork and thoracic radiographs BEFORE
What should you do before performing surgery on a Mammary gland tumor?
Urate and Struvite *CAN* be dissolved **CALCIUM OXALATE CANNOT BE DISSOLVED**
What stones CAN be dissolved?
Take a radiograph to rule out possible bladder stones
What test would you perform if you were trying to diagnose Canine Cystitis?
The disease is progressive and irreversible and the treatment is only used to maintain the quality of life for the animal, NOT TO TREAT.
What would be some client education that you would share if a patient has Chronic Renal Failure?
-When was her last heat? -Has she received a mis-mating shot recently?
What would be two important questions to ask a client if Pyometra is suspected?
If seizures last longer than a month then we start treatment
When do we start treatment for seizures?
Usually present when there is greater than 75% nephrons that are destroyed
When do we usually see clinical signs for Chronic Renal Failure?
1 and a half - 13 years old
When does the acquired form of Laryngeal paralysis usually occur in animals?
4-6 months of age
When does the hereditary (idiopathic) form of Laryngeal paralysis usually occur in animals?
Seen most often in the late spring, summer and early fall
When is Idiopathic Vestibular Disease usually prevalent?
-Base of the penis -Lining of the prepuce -Vulva of the females *sometimes on the face and rectum as well
Where are TVTs most commonly found?
It is seen most often in young toy and miniature breed dogs
Who is Atlantooxial Subluxation disease seen in mostly?
The onset of clinical signs usually occurs *before 1 year of age in the Great Dane* and *after 2 years in the Doberman*
Who is Wobbler's Syndrome seen in and what ages are they affected?
The dogs with a pigmented mucosa rather than the dogs that have a pink mucosa
Who is at a greater risk for getting a malignant melanoma in the mouth?
The cat will become azotemic without releasing urine, and clinical signs associated with this will be seen; and the potassium levels will increase due to this and lead to severe cardiac problems. *WITHOUT TREATMENT, the cat will DIE*
Why is a blocked cat a serious matter?
1-2 minutes; Greater that 5 minutes
With idipathic epilepsy, the seizures will last for _______ minutes; status epileptics will have seizures that last _____ minutes
Galactostasis
____ is a painful engorgement of the mammary glands
Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT)
____ is characterized by a cauliflower mass at the base of the penis, lining of the prepuce, and on the vulva of females. It is a highly contagious tumor that can be spread through direct sexual contact, licking, sniffing, etc.
Agalactica
____ is the lack of milk production
Malignant melanomas and squamous cell carcinomas
_____ and ______ are the most common neoplasia that affect the mouth
Ranulas
_____ are a disease of the salivary gland that primarily affect cats. It is an accumulation of excessive amounts of saliva *under the tongue*
Benign Hyperplasia (BPH)
_____ is an aging change that results from the testosterone production that increases the prostate size with NO clinical signs
Pyometra
_____ is an infection of the uterus that is a MEDICAL EMERGENCY. There are two forms of this condition: open and closed. With the open form, the cervix will be open and a discharge can be seen. With the closed form, the cervix will be closed off and the discharge is enclosed (more serious)
Feline Idiopathic (Interstitial) Cystitis
_____ is an inflammatory condition of the bladder that primarily affects cats and it has an unknown cause
Type 1
_____ is the form of IVDD when there is an acute rupture of the annulus fibrosus and extrusion of the nucleus pulposus into the spinal canal and it is *more common in younger dogs*
Tick paralysis
______ is a condition that affects animals by a neurotoxin that is produced by a female tick. It produces a flaccid, non-fever, ascending motor paralysis (it will start in the back legs and work its way forward)
Intervertebral Disk Disease
______ is a condition that involves a disk protrusion or extrusion in the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spine. There is a type 1 and type 2 herniation that can occur depending on the severity
Lip Fold Dermatitis
______ is a condition that is commonly seen in dogs that have pendulous upper lips. The constant moisture of the lips lead to increased bacterial growth
Degenerative Myelopathy
______ is a disease that involves the degeneration of the white matter of the spinal cord. It primarily affects German Shepherds and it is usually seen by clients when they see the animal fall down while trying to defecate
Coonhound Paralysis (*polyradiculoneuritis*)
______ is a disease that is usually seen in a dog that has been exposed to a raccoon bite (does not always involve a raccoon). Weakness will begin 7-14 days AFTER the raccoon bite and it affects the hind limbs with paralysis that progresses rapidly to tetraplegia and paralysis may last 2-3 months
Mastitis
______ is a septic inflammation of the mammary glands
Idiopathic Vestibular Disease
______ is an acute disorder that usually affects cats. It presents with a loss of balance, nystagmus, disorientation, ataxia, vomiting, and anorexia. This disorder is most prevalent in the late spring, summer, and early fall and it treatment usually does not seem to change the course of the disease
Pseudopregnancy
______ is an exaggeration of the normal hormonal changes in the female. The female may show signs of weight gain, mammary gland enlargement, lactation, and a vaginal discharge
Dystocia
______ is defined as difficulty delivering fetuses through the birth canal due to fetal causes and/or maternal causes
Gingivitis
______ is inflammation of the gingiva that is caused by an accumulation of tartar on the teeth and it affects tooth attachment. This is a reversible process.
Type 2
______ is the form of IVDD when the extrusion of the nucleus pulposus occurs over a long period of time and it produces less severe and gradual clinical signs
Salivary Mucocele
______ is the most common disease of the salivary gland that affects dogs between 2-4 years old. It is an accumulation of excessive amounts of saliva in the *subcutaneous tissues*
E. coli
______ is the most common isolated bacteria in Prostatitis and Prostatitis abscesses
Laryngeal paralysis
_______ is a common condition of mid-to-older dogs that involves the loss of normal function of the larynx. This can be a condition that can occur from lead poisoning, rabies, trauma, and inflammatory filtrates to the vagus nerve or in some cases it will be idiopathic (usually large-giant breeds). The only treatment is to perform surgery on these patients
Discospondylitis
_______ is a condition when bacteria or fungi affect the bones of the vertebral column. It can be caused by penetrating wounds, paravertebral abscess, infection , or surgery on the vertebral column and it is usually seen in large and giant breeds
Megaesophagus
_______ is a condition when there is a lack of effective peristalsis, which results in the dilation of the esophagus and regurgitation of undigested food
Urinary Incontinence
_______ is a disease that is defined as a loss of voluntary control of micturition and it primarily affects older pets
Periodontitis
_______ is a result of the loss of gingival epithelial root attachment and resorption of alveolar bone. This is NOT a reversible process.