SmartBook-10

How long is the incubation period for influenza?

1-4 days

Streptomycin was discovered in what year?

1943

H1N1 caused a limited pandemic in which year?

2009

What percent of the world's population is currently infected with tuberculosis?

25%

What is the mortality rate of healthcare-associated pneumonia?

30-50%

Only what percent of people who become infected with tuberculosis develop a clinical case?

5-10

What is the approximate percent of mortality of untreated secondary tuberculosis?

60

The signs and symptoms of secondary TB do not include which of the following?

weight gain nausea/vomiting high fever clear sputum

The highest incidence of influenza in the United States occurs during the _______ months.

winter

Which two population groups are most likely to experience extrapulmonary tuberculosis?

young children; immunocompromised

SARSCoV-2 was first reported in December 2019 in _____, China.

Wuhan

The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is considered ______-_______ because it is difficult to stain.

acid-fast

Most commonly, sinusitis is caused by which of the following?

allergies

Failure of the patient to adhere to the antibiotic treatment regimen against tuberculosis can lead to ______ resistance.

antibiotic or drug

Which main categories of microorganisms are known to cause pneumonia?

bacteria, fungi, viruses

SARSCoV-2 probably originated in which animal?

bats

The lower respiratory tract includes which of the following structures?

bronchioles bronchi alveoli trachea

Caseous lesions heal by _____.

calcification

In tuberculosis, _____ heal by calcification, in which the normal lung tissue is replaced by calcium deposits.

caseous lesions

In tuberculosis, which of the following heal by calcification in which the normal lung tissue is replaced by calcium deposits?

caseous lesions

Which of the following groups are more at risk for MIS-C that follows a COVID-19 infection?

children and young adults

Influenza viruses bind to which cell type to initiate infection?

ciliated cells of the respiratory tract

The most common cause(s) of pharyngitis is/are which of the following?

common cold viruses

________-acquired pneumonias are acquired by individuals in the general public.

community

Prevnar is a ______ vaccine against S. pneumoniae and is part of recommended childhood preventative care.

conjugated

Which component of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall is related to its virulence and causes a particular style of growth?

cord factor

In addition to rhinoviruses, identify other viruses that are major causes of the common cold.

coronavirus adenovirus respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

Binding of influenza causes rapid shedding of ciliated epithelia, removing the protective mechanism of ciliary clearance. Sometimes the immune system responds too aggressively, resulting in a "________ _______" that leads to more severe irritation and inflammation of the lungs.

cytokine storm

Following an influenza infection, the patient may experience fatigue for approximately how long?

days to weeks

Influenza A viruses are named according to which of the following?

differing H and N spikes

"The flu" includes which of the following?

diseases caused by the influenza viruses

Tuberculosis is transmitted primarily through fine ______ of respiratory mucus suspended in the air.

droplets

Which of the following is the mode of transmission for TB?

droplets

Which of the following types of tuberculosis occurs when the infection spreads to other organs outside the lungs?

extrapulmonary

Identify the three types of tuberculosis

extrapulmonary secondary (reactivation or reinfection) primary (disseminated)

True or false: Nausea and diarrhea are typical signs and symptoms of influenza.

false

True or false: Pharyngitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes is rarely serious and is, therefore, allowed to run its course. True false question.

false

Primary TB may present with which of the following signs?

formation of tubercles mild fever

The spikes of SARSCoV-2 are composed of

glycoproteins

Individuals with untreated tuberculosis _____.

have a normal lifespan

The signs and symptoms of influenza include which of the following?

headache sore throat fatigue stuffy nose body aches dry cough fever

________-associated pneumonias are acquired by individuals receiving treatment in medical facilities.

healthcare

The causative agents for the flu are the _______ viruses belonging to the family ________.

influenza; orthomyxoviridae

The flu is caused by which of the following viruses?

influenze A, B, and C

The large influx of mononuclear cells into the _______ play a key role in the formation of infectious sites called tubercles in TB.

lungs

Alveolar _______ phagocytize Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells but the bacteria continue to multiply inside of these cells.

macrophages

Alveolar______ phagocytize Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells but the bacteria continue to multiply inside of these cells.

macrophages

Tuberculosis is diagnosed through which of the following tests?

mantoux tuberculin

Which of the following is the causative agent of tuberculosis?

mycobacterium tuberculosis

As a tuberculosis infection progresses, tubercles break down into which of the following?

necrotic caseous lesions

The signs and symptoms of secondary TB include which of the following?

night sweats loss of appetite weight loss violent coughing bloody/green sputum low-grade fever chest pain fatigue

Which is the best description of the occurrence of influenza as a contagious respiratory illness in temperate climates?

occurs with seasonal regularity

New flu strains that may be highly infectious and distributed worldwide are called which of the following?

pandemic flus

Even though they are considered "normal" biota, which population of bacteria are frequently present in the upper respiratory system?

pathogenic

Which of the following is another name for whooping cough?

pertussis

Inflammation of the throat is known as which of the following?

pharyngitis

The inflammatory condition of the lung in which fluid fills the alveoli is generally referred to as ________ and can be caused by several different types of microbes.

pneumonia

Which of the following is an inflammatory condition of the lung in which fluid fills the alveoli?

pneumonia

COVID-19 was first recognized with which of the following?

pneumonia manifestations

_____ TB is mostly asymptomatic.

primary

Secondary tuberculosis is also called _______ tuberculosis.

reactivation

In the Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining procedure, acid-fast organisms will appear what color?

red

In the Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining procedure, acid-fast organisms appear bright _____ against a(n) _____ background.

red; blue

The main signs and symptoms of pharyngitis include which of the following?

reddened mucosa in the throat swollen tonsils pain and swelling of the throat

The _______ _______ virus causes colds in most people, but can cause a potentially devastating infection in children and neonates.

respiratory syncytial

Which of the following agents usually causes minor colds in most patients, but can lead to a serious respiratory infection in young children?

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

Which type of viruses is the most common causative agent for the common cold?

rhinoviruses

Influenzas that occur every year are called which of the following?

seasonal flus

Without treatment, the majority of patients with TB will die.

secondary

The cord factor of M. tuberculosis is associated with virulent strains and causes the organism to form _______ cords while growing.

sepentine

Antibiotics are always used to treat pharyngitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes for which reason?

serious complications can occur if not treated

Pharyngitis can be caused by which of the following?

sinus drainage mechanical irritation viral infection bacterial infection

Inflammation of any of the four pairs of air sacs in the cranial bones is also known as which of the following?

sinusitis

The most frequent cause of all forms of healthcare-associated pneumonia are MRSA strains of _______ __________

staphylococcus aureus

Which of the following characteristics of M. tuberculosis contribute to its virulence?

stimulation of a strong T-cell response lipids in cell wall

Vaccination against which of the following has been recommended as part of the childhood vaccination schedule to prevent the most common cause of acute otitis media?

streptococcus pneumoniae

Which is the most common place for infectious agents to gain access to the human body?

the respiratory tract

Which cells are the first to mount an attack on the TB bacterium?

Alveolar macrophages

The disease that SARSCoV-2 causes is called

COVID or COVID-19

What caused the decline of TB cases in the 1940s?

Discovery of streptomycin

Patient noncompliance in tuberculosis therapy leads to which of the following?

Emergence of drug-resistant strains

The binding of influenza viruses to respiratory epithelial cells results in which of the following?

Inflammation Shedding of epithelial cells Limited protection by cilia

What must an organism be able to do to cause pneumonia?

Penetrate the lower respiratory tract Survive the immune defenses

Choose all of the correct statements regarding pharyngitis.

Pharyngitis caused by bacteria is severely painful. Pharyngitis caused by bacteria may be accompanied by nausea.

Complications of influenza infection include which of the following?

Pneumonia Secondary bacterial infections

Identify the nucleic acid(s) found in the SARSCoV-1 coronavirus.

RNA

Although bacteria, fungi, and a wide variety of viruses can cause pneumonias, what do they have in common?

their ability to circumvent host defenses and survive in the lower respiratory tract

Which describes the current rates of TB worldwide?

they are increasing

True or false: Only diseases caused by the influenza viruses are properly termed "the flu."

true

True or false: Organisms that have the potential to cause serious disease are often members of the microbial population in the upper respiratory tract, but may not actually cause disease in the host.

true

True or false: People with untreated TB often have a normal life span, with alternate periods of disease.

true

True or false: The cough seen in pertussis is uncontrollable and presents with a distinct sound as the patient gasps for air between bouts.

true

In primary tuberculosis, which of the following lung lesions form in the lung and are composed of bacteria in enlarged macrophages, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and neutrophils?

tubercles

The skin test called the _______ reaction, also known as the Mantoux test, is a valuable diagnostic tool used for TB that involves the injection of an M. tuberculosis protein into the dermis and observation for the visual sign of a cell-mediated response.

tuberculin

Influenza begins in the _______ respiratory tract.

upper

Pharyngitis is most commonly caused by which of the following?

virus

SARSCoV-2 belongs to which group of microorganisms?

viruses

Pharyngitis caused by _______ tend to be mild and sometimes leads to hoarseness, whereas pharyngitis caused by _______ is usually more painful and includes fever, headache, and nausea.

viruses; bacteria

Virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis include its _______ cell surface and its ability to stimulate a strong ______-______ immune response.

waxy; cell-mediated