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In determining that it was unconstitutional to reserve 10 percent of federally funded construction projects for minority-owned firms (Adarand v. Peña), the Supreme Court used what part of the test it applies to affirmative action cases?

"narrowly tailored"

Which of the following was the 1954 landmark case that ended segregation in public schools?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

What president appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court?

Ronald Reagan

What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest?

Wounded Knee

Which policy required the federal government to begin implementing measures aimed at reinforcing equal access to employment by mandating recruitment procedures that gave qualified minority workers an equal opportunity to gain government jobs?

affirmative action

The 1964 Civil Rights Act banned

discrimination in public accommodations.

Native Americans were not considered to be ______ until 1924.

citizens

In order for an affirmative action program to be upheld as constitutional, the Supreme Court requires that government prove what kind of interest?

compelling

Which practices were banned as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1968?

discriminatory practices in housing discriminatory real estate practices such as steering African American families to certain neighborhoods discriminatory practices in mortgage lending

The law refers to the rights of individuals; however,

groups more often fight for civil rights.

Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?

reasonable-basis test

The Supreme Court decision in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) ______ affirmative action.

upheld

In 1892, Congress suspended Asian immigration to the United States on the grounds that Asians

were an inferior people.

What demographic group is most likely to support same-sex marriage?

younger adults

How many Asian Americans currently serve in Congress?

12

In which year did the Supreme Court rule that forced busing violated student's constitutional right to equal protection under the law?

2007

According to United States government statistics, roughly ______ percent of black children live in poverty, compared to ______ percent of white children.

35; 12

Of the 500 largest U.S. corporations, about ______ percent are headed by women.

7

Despite the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, by the 1970s ______ percent of black children were still attending schools that were mostly or entirely black.

95

The Supreme Court decision in what case led many affirmative action opponents to believe that the Court may have been on its way to abolishing affirmative action completely?

Adarand v. Peña

Which statement best describes the political engagement of most Asian Americans in the 1960s?

Asian Americans were not politically active to any great extent.

Hispanics in the U.S. are generally concentrated

in their states of entry.

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of

suspect classifications.

Rioting broke out in 1957 during

the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School.

What was the first result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Cesar Chavez?

California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.

Which influential figure began civil rights work by organizing strikes by farmworkers to attain basic labor rights for migrant workers?

Cesar Chavez

Which proposed amendment to the Constitution was passed by the Congress in the early 1970s but failed to receive the necessary three-fourths majority?

Equal Rights Amendment

Who was the first woman to run on the national ticket of a major political party?

Geraldine Ferraro

What sociologist authored the book An American Dilemma?

Gunnar Myrdal

In 1968 Congress passed a law, the ______, that granted Native Americans constitutional rights similar to those held by other Americans.

Indian Civil Rights Act

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 entail?

It banned discriminatory voter registration practices. It allowed federal intervention in voter registration in states with a history of discriminating against black voters.

Which of the following statements about the Americans with Disabilities Act are true?

It requires government agencies to take steps to make their buildings accessible to persons with disabilities. It grants certain employment protections to persons with disabilities.

Which of the following Hispanic politicians were top contenders for the Republican presidential nomination?

Marco Rubio Ted Cruz

In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court declared that "_________ but equal facilities do not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

separate or seperate

Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the ______ test.

strict-scrutiny

Concerning age discrimination in employment, the courts have given employers the right to force individuals to retire based on

the performance of a particular employee. the nature of the job.

Which type of discrimination is based on the law?

de jure discrimination

Serving the United States in the fight against Nazism in World War II led African American soldiers to

demand their civil rights.

What is "America's curse," according to the author of An American Dilemma?

discrimination

What took the heaviest toll on the Native American population after white settlers arrived in what is now the U.S.?

disease

Which of the following are included in the concept of equal rights, or civil rights?

equal access to public facilities the right of every person to equal protection under the law equal access to the opportunities society provides

Which clause of the U.S. Constitution was at the center of the argument in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?

equal-protection clause

Although many Americans believe that the concept of ______ includes such things as access to jobs and health care, others argue that it means only that people are all treated the same under the law.

equality

In order to ensure equal employment opportunity for all, the federal government in the 1960s began to require agencies and businesses to

establish policies aimed at giving minority-group members equal opportunities to obtain jobs.

How did Thomas Jefferson define the meaning of "all men are created equal"?

He did not believe there was a precise meaning.

What action did President Eisenhower take during the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School?

He federalized the Arkansas National Guard.

Which of the following accurately describes women and poverty?

Many poor working women find that their wages cannot cover child-care expenses. Most single-parent families are headed by women and one-third of those live below the poverty line. Single-parent women who work in nonprofessional fields are particularly vulnerable to poverty.

Which of the following statements about African American children in the United States is true?

More than half grow up in a single-parent family.

Which constitutional amendment granted women the right to vote?

Nineteenth Amendment

Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?

Obergefell v. Hodges

What is at the heart of many civil rights struggles for equality in the United States?

People hold deep-seated prejudices based on such things as race, color, and religion.

Which of the following Native American tribes have a majority who speak native languages at home?

Pueblo Navajo

Which landmark Supreme Court case declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas?

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Which of the following are among redlining's legacies?

Segregated neighborhoods still exist. Hispanics and African Americans still have difficulty obtaining mortgages (compared to whites).

In which 2013 case did the Supreme Court invalidate Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act that included the formula for determining which states and counties were subject to federal oversight?

Shelby v. Holder

Following the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, a number of southern congressmen wrote a letter titled the ______, urging state governments to "resist forced integration by any lawful means."

Southern Manifesto

Which of the following is an ongoing struggle between state governments and Native American tribal governments?

States want to control casino gambling on Native American reservations.

The Supreme Court ruled that the forced busing of children for the purpose of achieving racially integrated schools was constitutional in

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County.

Which of the following are true about women's equality in the workplace?

The average pay for women workers is only 80 percent of the amount earned by male workers. Jobs traditionally held by women pay less than many of the jobs traditionally held by men.

Which is an accurate representation of the Hispanic population in the United States?

Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years. The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands.

Which of the following accurately describes Native Americans today?

They are less than half as likely as other Americans to have completed college. Casino gambling has raised Native Americans' average income level, but it is still far below the national average.

In 1972, Native Americans organized a caravan titled the ______ that journeyed from California to Washington, D.C., to protest federal policy.

Trail of Broken Treaties

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the male only admissions policy at the Virginia Military Institute was unconstitutional?

United States v. Virginia

Which of the following are examples of de jure discrimination?

Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections. A state requires separate public bathrooms for black and white people.

The largest recent Hispanic demonstrations in the U.S. have been in reaction to

a bill passed by the House that would have led to the arrest and deportation of millions of undocumented immigrants.

Which of the following actions first made Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a national symbol for the civil rights movement and earned him national media attention?

a year-long bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama

As part of what movement did advocates for women's suffrage (voting rights) become active on a large scale?

abolitionist movement

In the case of Shelby v. Holder, the majority held that the formula for identifying states and counties subject to federal oversight was

based on obsolete statistics.

Asian Americans are more likely than other minority groups to

be college educated. have a high median income.

The landmark case of Lau v. Nichols (1974) resulted in many states offering ______ education in their public schools.

bilingual

The type of discrimination in which traditionally disadvantaged groups have fewer opportunities because of prejudice despite legal protections is

de facto discrimination.

When white settlers first arrived in what is now the U.S., there were approximately 5 to 10 million Native American inhabitants. By 1900, there were

fewer than 1 million.

In Rostker v. Goldberg (1980) the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of____ classifications even though such classification need to be scrutinized more closely than classifications by age or income.

gender, sex, or gender-based

According to today's statistics, Asian Americans are underrepresented in which of the following areas?

holding high-level political office holding the top position in corporations

The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done which of the following?

inspired a hope for eventual equality been foundational in legal decisions given moral strength to diverse movements

The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done which of the following?

inspired a hope for eventual equality given moral strength to diverse movements been foundational in legal decisions

In general, the Supreme Court has held that gender discrimination in law

is almost always unconstitutional.

What portion of congressional seats are held by women?

less than a quarter

Southern states used a number of devices to prevent African Americans from voting, including which of the following?

literacy tests whites-only primaries poll taxes

Which of the following tactics were used by Martin Luther King Jr. in his leadership of the civil rights movement?

marches in nonviolent protest boycotts

Which of the following minority groups make up the largest Hispanic population in the United States?

mexicans

How many Hispanics currently serve in the U.S. House of Representatives?

more than 30

In a 1930s Supreme Court case that challenged the application of the separate-but-equal doctrine, the Court ruled that blacks ______ be allowed to use public facilities reserved for whites in those cases where they didn't have separate facilities.

must

The Supreme Court has stated that in order for an affirmative action program to be upheld, the program must be

narrowly tailored.

The preclearance provision of the Voting Rights Act states that designated states and counties must

obtain federal permission before making changes that might adversely affect a minority group.

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large black populations.

redlining

Which of the following best exemplifies the profound impact of the civil rights movement?

removing discrimination in voting requirements

Which of the following are rights gays and lesbians had to fight for in the U.S.?

the right to openly enlist in the military the right to have the same benefits as traditional couples

What are comparable worth policies?

those that give women and men equal hourly pay for jobs that require similar training and education

What was the intention of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling?

to maintain segregation while claiming equality

True or false: Following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, many restaurants, hotels, and other establishments still refused to serve black customers.

true

Despite the persisting issues of institutional racism, one area in which African Americans have made significant gains is in

winning elective office.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 classified which of the following as legally protected groups?

women minorities