SmartBook Chapter 20

Genes that normally trigger cell division are called

- proto -oncogenes

Cancer is commonly caused by environmental exposure to factors such as __________ radiation in sunlight or ______ in cigarette smoke that cause somatic _______ in the affected cells.

- ultraviolet or uv - toxins or nicotine - mutations

Environmental factors can contribute to cancer by mutating or altering the expression of genes that control which processes?

-Cell cycle -Apoptosis -DNA repair

Which genetic changes can be seen for the cells of a metastasized cancer?

-Cell loses or gains chromosomes -Chromosomes break or rearrange -New mutations accumulate

What are the ways in which cancer can begin at a cellular level?

-Faulty tissue repair -Activation of stem cells that produce cancer cells -Dedifferentiation

Which of the following are examples of genes that can activate proto-oncogenes?

-Genes encoding antibody parts -Viral genes -Genes encoding hormones

Identify the true statements about metastasized cancer.

-Many cells in metastasized cancer are aneuploid. -The cancer may resist treatments that were effective against most cells of the original tumor.

Identify accurate statements about cancer cells.

-The cancers of no two patients are exactly alike. -The cancers of cells within a single tumor are not genetically alike.

Identify the characteristics of cancer cells.

-They have a different appearance than that of normal cells. -They do not adhere to surrounding normal cells.

Cancer cells grow all over one another because they lack ____ ____, they do not stop dividing when they crowd other cells.

-contact -inhibition

Mutations that commonly lead to cancer can be due to ______.

-inherited cancer susceptibility genes -exposure to environmental factors such as toxins

Most mutations that cause cancer occur in ____ or ____ ____ genes

-oncogenes -tumor -suppressor

Burkitt lymphoma is due to the translocation of a(n) ______ next to a(n) ______.

-proto-oncogene -antibody gene

Which two standard treatment approaches affect rapidly dividing cancer cells but can also harm healthy cells?

-radiation -chemotherapy

Which are traditional approaches for treating cancer?

-radiation -surgery -chemotherapy

An average cancer cell has 267 ___ mutations and _____ alterations.

-somatic -chromosome

Mutations in the ___ ____gene RB1 or in the ____MYCN can cause retinoblastoma.

-tumor -suppressor -oncogene

Which of the following is a true statement about the causes of cancer?

A mutation in a gene that normally halts or slows the cell cycle can lead to inappropriate mitosis.

Which of the following genes functions in the control of DNA damage?

BRCA1

The two major breast cancer susceptibility genes are ____and ___ .

BRCA1 BRCA2

Cancer cells have which of the following characteristic(s)?

Both loss of cell cycle control and heritability

This figure illustrates the mechanism of formation of which of the following cancers?

Burkitt lymphoma

Which cancer does this child have?

Burkitt lymphoma

Identify a feature of cancer cell division.

Cancer cells do not stop dividing when they crowd other cells.

Identify a reason for the difficulty in eradicating cancer.

Cancers of no two patients are exactly alike.

Burkitt lymphoma is caused by what virus?

Epstein-Barr virus

Cancer is inherited, but not usually genetic

False This is false. Cancer is genetic, because it is caused by changes in DNA, but not usually inherited.

Which of the following statements best describes the p53 gene?

It is a tumor suppressor gene that is associated with a variety of cancers.

Which of the following statements about metastasis is true?

It makes a cancer deadly

Which feature of cancer cell growth causes the cells to pile up on one another rather than forming a single layer of tissue?

Lack of contact inhibition

Checking DNA pieces in the blood plasma for oncogene or tumor suppressor mutations is called a(n) __ biopsy

Liquid

The enzyme telomerase consists of

RNA and protein.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are drugs that permit the activation of which type of immune system cell?

T cells

___ or chromosome tips, protect chromosomes from breaking. Loss of control over their length may contribute to cancer by affecting the cell cycle.

Telomeres

Which of the following statements about telomeres is true?

The more specialized a cell is, the shorter its telomere

Inheriting a susceptibility gene places a person farther along a particular road to cancer, but cancer can happen in somatic cells in anyone.

True

Cancer is often the result of inappropriate ______ of oncogenes.

activation

A cancer cell's surface may sport different ______, or higher numbers of the same ones that are found on normal cells.

antigens

The p53 protein normally promotes ______.

apoptosis

A BRCA mutation is inherited in a(n) ______ manner with incomplete penetrance.

autosomal dominant

In _________________, mutations enable certain cells to divide more frequently than normal, forming a new growth that enlarges, eventually crowding healthy tissue.

cancer

A liquid biopsy involves ______ to detect cancer-causing mutations.

checking DNA pieces in blood plasma

Retinoblastoma is a(n) ______.

childhood cancer of the eye

The BRCA1 gene encodes a protein that interacts with many other proteins that ______.

counter DNA damage

The most fundamental characteristic of cancer is the underlying disruption of the cell ______.

cycle

A "liquid" tumor refers to a ______.

disruption of the proportion of blood cell types.

Passenger mutations ______.

do not provide a selective growth advantage

In cancer genetics, a mutation that provides the selective growth advantage to a cell that defines the cancerous state is known as a(n) _____ mutation.

driver

Driver mutations can occur in ______.

either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes

A proto-oncogene may not only move next to another gene, but also be transcribed and translated with it as if they are one gene. The double gene product is called a(n) ___ ___

fusion protein

In acute promyelocytic leukemia, a _____ functions as a transcription factor, which, when overexpressed, causes cancer.

fusion protein

In contrast to tumor suppressor gene mutations, oncogene mutations are typically ______ mutations. Multiple choice question.

gain-of-function

An inherited cancer susceptibility allele is a(n) _____, meaning that it is present in every cell of the individual, including the gametes. Multiple choice question.

germline mutation

Proto-oncogenes can become oncogenes by being physically next to ______.

highly transcribed genes

Genome studies show that an average cancer cell has ______ somatic mutation(s) and/or chromosome alteration(s).

hundreds of

Drugs that free T cells to attack cancer cells, such as the monoclonal-antibody-based drug that interferes with the binding between the T cell receptor PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 on cancer cell surfaces, are called ___ ____ inhibitors.

immune checkpoint inhibitors

The number of passenger mutations ______ the age of an individual.

increases with

A virus can cause cancer by ______.

inserting next to a proto-oncogene and stimulating increased transcription

Cancer cells have surface structures that enable them to squeeze into any space, a property known as _____.

invasiveness

A tumor can form in the parathyroid gland when a chromosomal ___ on chromosome 11 places a proto-oncogene next to a DNA sequence that controls transcription of the parathyroid hormone gene.

inversion

In an endocrine gland such as the parathyroid gland, cancer can develop when a(n) _______ brings a proto-oncogene next to a rapidly-transcribed gene for the ______ produced by the gland.

inversion; hormone

Newer cancer treatments involve drugs that inhibit the cell cycle by binding to _____ enzymes.

kinase

Driver mutations are ______ passenger mutations.

less common than

A cancer screening test is typically done for individuals that ______.

may be at elevated risk but do not show cancer symptoms

The process of a tumor spreading is termed _____, which means not standing still.

metastasis

Specialized cells of the human body undergo ______, which ensures that organs and other body parts grow appropriately during childhood, stay a particular size and shape throughout adulthood, and repair damage by replacing tissue.

mitosis

Oncogene activation may be associated with a chromosomal translocation or inversion that places the gene next to another that is ______.

more highly expressed

An early hint at the genetic nature of cancer was the observation that most substances known to be carcinogens are also ______.

mutagens (* damaging DNA)

A cancer takes time to grow because it is the culmination of a series of genetic and genomic changes called _____ that enable certain cells to divide more frequently than normal.

mutations

Current treatments for cancer involve drugs targeted to prevent the effects of one or several well-studied ______ characteristic of the tumor cells.

mutations

In the past, cancer was classified by cell or tissue type or region of origin in the body. Today, cancers are being increasingly classified by, and treatment decisions based on, _____ in cancer cells.

mutations

A(n)_______ is a gene that causes cancer when inappropriately activated.

oncogene

A mutation that occurs in a cancer cell, but does not cause or propel the cancer's growth or spread, is called a(n) _______ mutation.

passenger

An increase in the proportion of a tissue that consists of stem or _____ cells causes cancer.

progenitor

A virus infecting a cell may insert DNA next to a ___-___. Rapid transcription of viral and adjacent DNA leads to increased production of a protein that triggers cancer-causing changes in the cell.

proto- oncogenes

Cancer may result from the activation of ______.

proto-oncogenes to oncogenes

The child in this photograph has a cancer known as ______.

retinoblastoma

A ____ test for genes related to cancer susceptibility is done on groups of people who are at elevated risk for the cancer but do not have symptoms.

screening

The enzyme that preserves the length of telomeres across cell divisions is called _____

telomerase

Drugs for cancer treatment that inhibit kinase enzymes interfere with ______.

the cell cycle

A cancer is ______, meaning that if a cancer cell is injected into a healthy animal of the same species, it will proliferate there.

transplantable

If a cell in solid tissue escapes normal controls on its division rate, it forms a growth called a(n) _____

tumor

In cancer, certain cells become able to divide more often, leading to an abnormal growth called a(n)

tumor or tumour

Retinoblastoma can be caused by mutations in the ______.

tumor suppressor gene RB1 oncogene MYCN