SmartBook Chapter 7

_____ sampling could be called a "take-them-where-you-find-them" method of obtaining participants.

Haphazard

Which of the following would be the best example of a behavioral survey question?

How many days a week do you exercise for 30 minutes or more?

Which of the following is true of interviewer bias in an academic research survey?

It could warp researchers' interpretations.

To study changes over time, same people are surveyed at two or more points in time. This process is known as _____.

a panel study

___________ questions ask people to indicate things they know about themselves and their situation.

Factual

True or False: An Institutional Review Board will help a researcher to format, sequence, and pilot test their survey instrument.

False

True or False: Researchers should also leave it up to respondets to define the meanings of response alternatives that are not labeled.

False

True or False: To ensure the simplicity of questions asked in surveys, researcher should always avoid making questions that are descriptive and long.

False

True or false: Nonprobability sampling is rarely used in research.

False

True or false: When sampling from a population, it is important to note that a large sample size increases the size of the confidence interval.

False

With close-ended questions, a limited number of response alternatives are given; with open-ended questions, respondents __________.

are free to answer in any way they like

Double-barreled questions should be avoided as survey questions because they ______.

ask two things at once

Using mail surveys can be disadvantageous for researchers as ______.

question clarification is minimized

A low response rate in a survey indicates that _____.

there are biases that may distort results

Rating scales are preferable when a survey_______.

needs to provide quantitative distinctions within participants' reactions

Rating scales ask people to provide ________.

"how much"' judgements on any number of dimensions

Select all that apply Which of the following are factors that could introduce bias into a sample? (Check all that apply.)

- A poor response rate - The sampling frame used

Select all that apply In the semantic differential scale, concepts are usually rated along three basic dimensions. Identify the basic dimensions. (Check all that apply.)

- Evaluation - Activity - Potency

Select all that apply Which of the following are the benefits of pilot testing a survey? (Check all that apply.)

- It enables one to identify problems like negative wording and loaded questions. - It helps refine the questions.

Which of the following potential problems with question wording have been identified by cognitive psychologists? (Check all that apply.)

- Misleading information embedded in questions - Phrasing that overloads working memory - Ungrammatical sentence structure

Which among the following are the general types of survey questions? (Check all that apply.)

- Questions about attitudes and beliefs - Questions about facts and demographics - Questions about past or intended future behaviors

Select all that apply Identify the ways in which the survey method is useful for resources. (Check all that apply.)

- Studying ways that attitudes and behaviors change over time - Studying relationships among variables

Select all that apply Identify the benefits of online surveys. (Check all that apply.)

- They are easy to design using online survey software services. - The responses are immediately available to the researchers

Select all that apply Which of the following make a printed questionnaire appear attractive and professional? (Check all that apply.)

- When it is free of spelling errors - When it is neatly designed

Select all that apply Which of the following are critical considerations before submitting a survey project to an Institutional Review Board? (Select all that apply.)

- question sequence - survey pilot-testing - questionnaire format

_____ is more likely to yield data that accurately reflect the true population value.

A larger sample

Which of the following is NOT a demographic question?

Do you plan on continuing your education?

Which of the following is a feature of nonprobability sampling?

It is cheap and convenient.

Which of the filling ensures simplicity in a survey question?

Making a question long to define a term

Which of the following ensures simplicity in a survey question?

Making a questions long to define a term

_____ sampling techniques are arbitrary, and little effort is expended to ensure that the sample accurately represents the population.

Nonprobability

Which of the following is an advantage of using interviews over written questionnaires?

People are less likely to leave questions unanswered.

________ ________ is a form of nonprobability sampling where the purpose is to obtain a sample of people who meet some predetermined criterion.

Purposive Sampling

Using questionnaires as a method of administering surveys ensures that _______.

Respondet anonymity can be maintained

Identify an advantage of using interviews for academic surveys.

Response rates tend to be high.

______________ are a way to collect data directly from research participants by asking them questions.

Surveys

Which of the following is true about the recommended sequence of survey questions?

The most interesting questions should be asked first.

True or False: In a survey instrument, questions that address a similar theme or topics should be grouped together.

True

True or False: The alternative used by a researcher should be influenced by factors such as the population being studied.

True

True or false: Survey research is important as a complement to experimental research findings.

True

While conducting an interview, a response set can ____________.

affect the usefulness of data obtained

The term that describes all of the biases that can arise from the fact that an interviewer is a unique human being interacting with another human is called interviewer __________.

bias

In the semantic differential scale, respondets are asked to rate any concept on a series of ________ using 7-point scales.

bipolar adjectives

A question that can be answered on a 5-point scale ranging from very positive to very negative would constitute a(n) __________ -ended question.

closed

In situations where obtaining a list of all members of a population is difficult, researchers can identify "clusters" of individuals and then sample from these clusters. Such a sampling technique is known as ________ _________.

cluster sampling

Research surveys conducted on a sample may have errors in the result. The _____ gives information about the likely amount of the error.

confidence interval

Survey questions should not be phrased with negatives as they can ______.

confuse people into answering inaccurately

Too often, surveys get out of hand when researchers begin to ask any question that comes to mind about a topic without considering exactly what useful information will be gained by doing so. This situation can be avoided by _____.

determining the research objectives

In a survey that concerns sensitive topics, the researcher is most likely to receive honest responses from participants if he or she _____.

ensures them confidentiality

In a survey whose population of interest was students, haphazard sampling was used and a sample of psychology students was obtained. Such a sampling technique can be used because the sample obtained _____.

fairly represents the population of interest

In a survey, a question such as "Do you think students should have more classes for biology and physics?" should be avoided because it _____.

is a double-barreled question

"Do you feel that the government should not increase public spaces in the city?" This question is inappropriate for a survey as it ________.

is phrased negatively

An advantage of using a questionnaire to conduct a survey rather than an interview is that _____.

it is less costly than an interview

A loaded question is inappropriate as a survey question because it can _______.

lead people to respond in one way

Questions that include emotionally charged words —— such as rape, waste, or immoral — should be avoided in surveys as they ______.

lead to biased responses

The technique of sampling individuals from a population where the probability of any particular member of the population being chosen is unknown is known as _____.

nonprobability sampling

The population of interest in a public opinion poll is all eligible voters in the United States. This means that people under the age of 18 would be _____.

of no interest to the researcher

When constructing questions for a survey, the first thing a researcher must do is to explicitly determine the _____.

research objectives

A(n) ___________ is the members of a population selected to participate in a research investigation.

sample

Mail surveys generally tend to have a low response rate. The response rates can be maximized by _____.

sending explanatory letters well in advance

An accurate feature of face-to-face interviews is that they _____.

tend to be time-consuming

Purposive sampling is a good technique to _____.

limit the sample to a certain group of people

Stratified random sampling requires a population to be divided into subgroups. The dimensions chosen for this division should be _____.

relevant to the problem under study

A social desirability response set might lead a person to _______.

underreport instances of drug use

Identify the situations in which participants of a survey can reasonably be expected to give honest responses. (Check all that apply.)

- when feedback about the results are promised - when confidentiality is assured

In a graphic rating scale, a ruler is placed on a continuous 100-millimeter line, which is anchored with descriptions at each end, to obtained the score on a scale that ranges from ________.

0 to 100

Match the question types (in the left column) with their features (int be right column).

A. Open-ended questions B. Close-ended questions A.) Require time to categorize and code responses B.) Make it easier to assign values to responses

Which of the following is a step that can effectively increase the response rate of a survey?

Providing cash or gift incentives

Match the general types of survey questions (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

a) Questions based on attitudes and beliefs b) Questions based on facts and demographics c) Questions based on behaviors a) Questions focusing on the ways people evaluate and think about issues b) Questions asking people to indicate things they know about themselves and their situation c) Questions focusing on past behaviors or intended future behaviors

When a list of all members of a population is unavailable, researchers identify clusters of individuals and then sample from these clusters. After the clusters are chosen, the sample includes _____.

all individuals in each cluster

It is necessary for a researcher to write survey questions in sugar a way that participants __________.

are able to easily understand and answer the questions

Which of the following types of survey questions best characterizes the following question: "How many times of day do you have a snack?"

behavioral

A way to detract a "yea-aging and nay-saying" response set is to word survey questions so that _______.

consistent agreement is unlikely

Surveys have become extremely important because society demands ___________.

data about people's behavior and what people think about issues

With close-ended questions there is a _______ number of response alternatives.

fixed

A rating scale that requires a mask along a continuous 100-millimeter line that is is anchored with descriptions at each end is known as a(n) _______.

graphic rating scale

In a quota sampling technique, researchers select respondents within population subgroups using _____.

haphazard techniques

A drawback of using the mail format for administering surveys is that is ________.

has potentially low response rates

It is problematic for an interviewer to have expectations of certain answers because _____.

he or she would probe further for an answer from certain respondents but not from others

In haphazard sampling, a sample of participants is selected _____.

in any way that is convenient

A "yea-saying and nay-saying" response set is indicated when an individual is consistently seen agreeing or disagreeing with a set of related questions in a survey that are phrased _____.

in both standard and reversed formats

The questions in a survey can be better refined by administering them to a small group of people who __________.

interpret the questions by thinking aloud while answering them

A printed questionnaire should ________.

make it easy for respondents to identify the questions

Probability sampling is required when researchers want to _____ on the basis of the results of their surveys.

make precise statements about a specific population

Panel studies are particularly important when research questions address the relationship between _____.

one variable at "time 1" and another variable at some later "time 2"

When evaluating the results of the survey, one needs to consider how well the sampling frame matches the _____.

population of interest

The technique of sampling individuals from a population in which each member of the population has a specifiable probability of being chosen is known as ________ _________.

probability sampling

The technique of choosing a sample that reflects the numerical composition of various subgroups in a population is known as _____.

quota sampling

It is often seen in most studies that samples are selected based on convenience rather than random sampling. This is because instead of looking for better samples, it is better to look for _____.

replications of findings using multiple samples and methods

An advantage of administering questionnaires in person to groups or individuals is that _______.

researchers have a captive audience of individuals who are likely to complete the questionnaire once they start it.

The _____ in a survey is simply the percentage of people who were selected in the sample who actually completed the survey.

response rate

A tendency to respond to questions in a survey from a particular perspective rather than to provide answers that are directly related to the questions is known as a(n) _________.

response set

The advantage of using nonprobability sampling techniques is that _____.

sample selection saves time and money

When researchers make inferences about a population from a sample, the obtained result is sometimes erroneous because of a _____.

sampling error

The actual population of individuals (or clusters) from which a random sample will be drawn is known as the _____.

sampling frame

Major polling organizations assist academic researchers with online surveys by _____.

sharing their databases of people interested in participating in surveys

A researcher randomly selects few people from a population to be used as the sample. This scenario most likely exemplifies _____.

simple random sampling

Every member of a population has an equal probability of being selected for the sample with _____.

simple random sampling

A _____________ responses set lead a person to answer all questions in the most socially acceptable way, the way that person perceives "most people" to respond or the way that would reflect most favorably on the person.

social desirability

A population is divided into subgroups, and random sampling techniques are then used to select sample members from each subgroup. This sampling technique is known as _____.

stratified random sampling

Using the interview format for conducting academic research surveys can bring up potential problems such as _____.

the interviewers influencing the respondents' answers

When administering questionnaires in person to groups or individuals, the presence of a researcher helps _____.

the respondents to answer questions if necessary

Face-to-face interviews are most likely to be used when _____.

the sample size is fairly small