soc 1 exam 1
Malthusianism!!!!
A doctrine about population dynamics developed by Thomas Malthus, according to which population increase comes up against "natural limits," represented by famine and war.
Bureaucracy!!!!!
A type of organization marked by a clear of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full time salaried officials Weber's focus
Values!!!!
Abstract ideas about right and wrong ideas held by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good, and bad
Which of the following statements best summarizes the general sociological approach to the nature/nurture debate as described in this chapter?
Although genetics and biology play a role in human behavior, they manifest in an astounding variety of ways, based on complex interactions with the social environment.
Which of the following statements about individualism best exemplifies the relationship between norms and values?
Americans often believe strongly in individualism, which is exemplified by a mainstream belief that it is normal and healthy for those who are 18 or older to move out of their parents' house. Norms are principles or rules of behavior that everyone in a culture is expected to follow and reflect the more abstract ideals that constitute values. Individualism, as an abstract ideal, is reflected in ideas about how people should behave in the course of everyday life
Ibn Khaldun!!!!!
Arab Muslim philosopher and politician from North Africa Developed the idea of Ilm Alumran - "science of civilization" (sociology before sociology was developed) (500 years before French philosopher Auguste Comte coined the term "sociology")
Culture!!!!
Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people. the values, norms, and material goods characteristic of a given group
Which of the following describe an important similarity between Marxist and feminist theories?
Both suggest that scholars should not only work to understand society, but to change it as well. Sociologists disagree as to whether or not scholars should try to promote social change. Marxism and feminist theory, with their focuses on social inequalities, are the only two theoretical approaches examined here that explicitly promote social change
Max Weber philosophy
Bureaucracy is an unavoidable aspect of modern society, despite its potential challenges to democracy. The intensifying rationalization of society will ultimately lead to a situation destructive to the freedom and potential of human beings.
Organic Solidarity!!!!
Durkheim's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; as part of the same unit, we all depend on others to fulfill their jobs the social cohesion that results from the various parts of a society functioning as an integrated whole Durkheim labeled the industrial society "organic solidarity" - solidarity stems not simply from acceptance of common sets of beliefs and sentiments, but from functional interdependence in the division of labor
Thomas Malthus!!!!!!
First economist to look at population -Nature has a natural way to cut population levels: crime, disease, war, etc -Basically was afraid about population increasing faster than the resources Malthus pointed out that whereas population growth is exponential, food supply depends on fixed resources that can be expanded only by developing new land for cultivation. Population growth therefore tends to outstrip the means of support available. The inevitable outcome is famine, which, combined with the influence of war and plagues, acts a natural limit to population increase. Malthus believed that human beings would always live in circumstances of misery and starvation, unless they practiced what he called "moral restraint"
What is the central question behind the issue of agency and structure?
How are both human freedom and social constraint active in the world? A long-standing debate in the social sciences revolves around questions of free will and determinism. Sociologists study the ways in which people make choices and have impact in the world, even as social constraint exerts influence
In 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville visited the United States from France. What was his sociological question?
How does the United States create conditions for democracy and equality? Sociologists ask questions about how people live in light of the social transformations of their time. De Tocqueville was interested in how democracy was shaping modern life
symbolic interactionism
Human interaction is based on the exchange of symbols, including spoken language and behavior. developed by Mead
rational choice theory
Individuals make choices based on calculations designed to maximize self-interest. -Human beings base their behavior on rational calculations -They act with rationality when making choices -Their choices are aimed at optimization of their pleasure or profit -Presumes that the individual decision-making unit in question is "typical" or "representative" of some larger group such as buyers or sellers in a particular market We are not the rational calculators that many twentieth century sociologists thought we were -Emotional reactions often have a greater power over us than rationality
The year 2011 marked the beginning of large, popular protests in a number of African and Middle Eastern nations, collectively referred to as the Arab Spring. The protests were spurred by economic, political, and social issues. Many of the protests were at least partially incited and organized through social media, including Twitter. In what way might the Arab Spring challenge some of the conclusions of postmodernism?
It showed how the Internet can be used to unite people across differences of language and nationality. Postmodernists, such as Baudrillard, suggest that the proliferation of the kind of media represented by the Internet decontextualized people from their own locations and histories, and modified the locus of social change from economics to signs and images. In the Arab Spring, people used the kind of media referred to by postmodernists in order to respond to their historically embedded, local problems
Jane Jacobs!!!!!!
Jacobs noted that "cities are, by definition, full of strangers", some of whom are dangerous she tried to explain what makes it possible for cities to meet the challenge of "assimilating strangers" in such a way that strangers can feel comfortable together. she argued that cities are most habitable when they feature a diversity of uses, thereby ensuring that many people will be coming and going on the streets at any given time. when enough people are out and about, "respectable" eyes and ears dominate the street and are fixed on strangers, who will thus not get out of hand. the more people are out, or looking from their windows at the people who are out, the more their gazes will safeguard the street Fought development in NYC Argued for the need for high density, mixed-use buildings, "diversity of uses", more street connectivity, more pedestrian orientation
Ethnocentrism!!!!!
Judging other cultures through the lens of one's own culture Can lead to misinterpretations and unfair judgements the tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one's own culture, and thereby misrepresent them
Karl Marx!!!!!!!!
Karl Marx hops on the scene -The Communist Manifesto was written when he was 25 years old -He predicted that ultimately the class conflict would lead to capitalist demise and that a new, classless society would emerge -Marx's ideas have been very influential, both within sociology and in world political history -"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles" -Saw that the working class was struggling and the rich were getting richer, predicted that eventually the working class would have to rise up and create a revolution -Argued that laborers create all wealth but that they weren't getting their share -In Marx's conception, class relationships are the main axis around which political power is distributed, and upon which political organization depends -Failed to predict the rise of labor unions - a way that workers could negotiate better working conditions and higher wages -made up the materialist conception of history-- material, or economic, factors have a prime role in determining historical change. the conflicts between economic classes provide the motivation for historical development
Smart Growth
Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland. Smart growth is an urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in compact walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl
What is one of the main tensions between Durkheim's view of society and Marx's view of society?
Marx believed that social change happened through changes in material circumstances; Durkheim believed that people's ideas and values created change. Durkheim claimed that ideas or values humans hold are the main sources of change. Marx claimed that social change is prompted primarily by economic influences
Differences between Marx, Weber, and Durkheim!!!!!!
Marx-Class divisions will simplify through a process of struggle and antagonism until a worker's revolution succeeds in creating a classless society. Weber-The intensifying rationalization of society will ultimately lead to a situation destructive to the freedom and potential of human beings. Durkheim-Society will grow continuously more complex, marked by increasing division of labor and interdependence.
According to C. Wright Mills, why might using the sociological imagination be important for more fully understanding life experiences?
Most people have a limited point of view, caused by the small circles in which they travel on a daily basis. C. Wright Mills argued that because people are usually exposed to only a relatively small number of people, places, and experiences, they may not see how their lives are impacted by events, people, and social structures that they know little about. Asking how such things impact one's individual life is employing the sociological imagination
Malthusian "checks on population"!!!!!
Nature has a natural way to cut population levels: crime, disease, war, etc population increase comes up against "natural limits" represented by famine and war
W. E. B. Du Bois philosophy
One's sense of self and identity is closely connected to historical experience and social circumstances.
What is the main difference between pastoral societies and agrarian societies?
Pastoral societies relied mainly on domesticated animals, while agrarian societies relied on agriculture.
A bureaucracy is a type of organization that depends on which of the following?
division of labor According to Weber, a bureaucracy is divided into different jobs with specific functions. A bureaucracy essentially functions through organic solidarity, where a variety of specified tasks come together to create a functioning whole
Emile Durkheim!!!!!!
Saw society as a body that needed all its parts to function in harmony Wanted to know how society functioned in separate classes - wanted to understand the social structure and harmony between the elite and working classes Durkheim led us to functionalism (Functionalism - society is like an organism) -Society tends toward order and stability -Functionalists are always interested in moral consensus Durkheim thought that what ultimately binds society together is -Shared moral purpose and a division of labor -Thought that without these things, Anomie would ensue -Feared industrial society could reach states of anomie (focused a lot on division of labor) Durkheim divided societies into two groups: preindustrial and industrial Labeled the preindustrial with "mechanical solidarity" - they have an aggregate or segmented structure consisting of politico-familial groups -Not many opportunities -Did what you had to do to survive -Knew what you would do in the future -In this society, the tribe is the main unit -Society is dominated by strong sentiments and beliefs shared by all members of the community -And labeled the industrial "organic solidarity" --Presupposes differences between individuals in their beliefs and actions --The solidarity that holds together modern capitalist societies --Society is held together by contracts --division of labor wrote book on suicide
functionalism
Social events and institutions are best understood through their contribution to social order and stability.
feminist theory
Society cannot be understood without examining the role and experience of women, racial minorities, and those at the bottom of class hierarchies.
Emile Durkheim philosophy
Society is composed of independent parts that work in harmony and hold society together. Society will grow continuously more complex, marked by increasing division of labor and interdependence.
marxism
Society must be understood by examining distributions of power and the struggles that accompany them
Which view is held by adherents of all variations of Marxist sociology?
Sociology should combine analysis and political reform. In all its variations, Marxism differs from non-Marxist traditions of sociology in that its adherents view sociology as combining science and political reform. Marxist analysis carries social and political urgency, because of their view of power and exploitation
Norms!!!!!!!!!
Standards of behavior rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations
Modernity!!!!
The French Revolution in 1789 -Had a huge impact on European society -Led people to question monarchy even more We call this time period modernity -It led to a revolution in industry (the industrial revolution) -And a transportation revolution -Changed living conditions - urban development Economic production is industrial and capitalist, with social class as the main form of social division. The growth of cities, or urbanization. A powerful central government and administration, known as a bureaucratic state. People's knowledge is derived from scientific and rational thinking rather than religious faith, magic or superstition. modern era- the time period since the industrial revolution we rely on science instead of religion to answer life's questions
Harriet Martineau philosophy
The analysis of any society must include an analysis of all its members, not just certain segments.
sociobiology!!!
The application of biological principles to explain the social activities of human beings an approach that attempts to explain the behavior of both animals and human beings in terms of biological principles
6th mass extinction—what's unique about it?
The mass extinction is happening at a more rapid rate than any previous mass extinction The mass extinction is the only one caused by one species
Karl Marx philosophy
The most important changes in modern times are a result of the development of capitalism. Class divisions will simplify through a process of struggle and antagonism until a worker's revolution succeeds in creating a classless society.
enlightment vs modernity
enlightenment - change in ideas modernity - putting those ideas to practice (application of science)
Disproportionality!!!!!
The surprising fact that a large fraction of environmental damage usually comes from a small part of the economy, so that addressing this damage would not be costly to society, either as a whole or in terms of jobs lost. since the US has less than 5% of the worlds population, it is clearly consuming a greatly enlarged share of global energy reserves- what sociologist Bill Freudenberg termed the disproportionality thesis, according to which most environmental harm is being done by a small number of countries, in which the US is a principal actor Most environmental harm is caused by the behavior of a few criminal or negligent actors. Environmental Sociologist, Bill Freudenburg, argues that environmentalists should focus on the environmental harm caused by single firms or facilities rather than entire industries.
The socialization of children into following schedules and obeying authorities in order to prepare them to be future employees is an example of
a latent function of the educational system. While the manifest purpose of education is to teach basic skills such as reading, writing, and math, there are many latent functions of which children, and often parents and educators, are unaware or do not consider to be the main purpose of school
According to some of the studies cited at the beginning of this chapter, which of the following is true of the effect of social media use on American young adults?
The use of social media can have a detrimental effect on self-esteem and emotional well-being over time.
The Enlightenment !!!!!
a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly the "Age of Reason" A time of improvement and advancement and civility but also a time of torture and slavery and war and violence the time period that we had the scientific revolution and we developed many of the fields of science we have now (sociology was born) broad term began in the 1600s
What is the relationship between colonialism and global inequalities in industrial development?
The wealth obtained from colonized areas, often in the form of raw natural resources, was funneled back to the home countries of colonial powers instead of being invested in the development of the colonized areas.
postmodern theory
The world is no longer governed by history or progress. postmodern society is highly pluralistic and diverse, with no "grand narrative" guiding its development
Which of the following statements applies to hunting and gathering societies?
There is less inequality in such societies than in any other type of human society discussed.
According to your text, which of the following is true of the majority of countries that constitute the global south?
They were formerly under colonial rule.
Robert Moses!!!!
Urban Planner—planned much of NY freeways sytems—ideas influenced the creation of auto-oriented development Fell out of favor—tried to turn part of Central Park into a parking lot; his callous disregard for displaced residents also made him unpopular
Max Weber!!!!!!!
Weber was interested how this new capitalist world, shaped by science, was replacing the old world shaped by religion and shared morals Rational calculation, efficiency, and bureaucracy replaces affective ties, spirituality, and tradition Wrote the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism -The idea that protestants worked hard now bc they wanted to get to heaven- and people who work hard do well now- so rich people now are gonna get into heaven Focused a lot on bureaucracy -In public and lawful gov these elements constitute bureaucratic authority -In private economic domination, they constitute bureaucratic management believed the main dynamic of modern development is rationalization-- a concept used to refer to the process by which modes of precise calculation and organization, involving abstract rules and procedures, increasingly come to dominate the social world
The connection between early capitalism and Protestantism !!!!!
Weber wrote the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism The idea that protestants worked hard now bc they wanted to get to heaven- and people who work hard do well now- so rich people now are gonna get into heaven Protestants have a work ethic that aligns with capitalism
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis/Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis!!!!!
What we perceive is limited by the language by which we think and speak Different languages lead to different patterns of thought a hypothesis that perceptions are relative to language
A student who has studied sociology wants to understand racial conflict in society. Which is an essential outcome of a sociological education?
a capacity to see the conflict from the perspectives of all groups affected
Global City!!!!
a city that has become an organizing center of the new global economy term thought of by Saskia Sassen to be a global city a city must - be a command post-a center of direction and policy making- for the global economy - be a key location for financial and specialized service firms - be the site of production and innovation in these newly expanded industries - be a market in which the "products" of financial and service industries are bought, sold, etc they also have a new dynamic of inequality- a prosperous central business district with a nearby impoverished area. alongside resplendent affluence there is acute poverty. The Global City refers to the world's financial centers of capitalism. These cities are home to major financial firms, contain major stock markets, and are generators of investment.
Critical theory!!!!!
a contemporary form of conflict theory that criticizes many different systems and ideologies of domination and oppression critical theorists maintain that a primary goal of philosophy is to understand and to help overcome the social structures through which people are dominated and oppressed. Believing that science, like other forms of knowledge, has been used as an instrument of oppression, they caution against a blind faith in scientific progress, arguing that scientific knowledge must not be pursued as an end in itself without reference to the goal of human emancipation looks at power inequalities in society views those as the determining factor to understanding a society
Society!!!!
a group of people living in a given territory governed by a common political authority and guided by a common culture
Tragedy of the Commons !!!!
a parable that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole Tragedy of the Commons -Pasture that is held in "common" for herders -One herder takes advantage of situation and allows more cattle into pasture, the rest of the herders do too, the pasture becomes overgrazed, all the cattle and herders die written by hardin
Gentrification !!!!!
a process in which older, deteriorated housing and other buildings are renovated as more affluent groups move into an area often gentrification results not purely from market forces, but is the result of urban gov policies that put public funds into poor areas It often improves the property values of neighborhoods. However, this can also raise rents and housing prices displacing long-term residents.
Nationalism!!!!
a set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community
Semiotics!!!!!
a study of the ways in which nonlinguistic phenomena can generate meaning (THE STUDY OF SYMBOLS)
Megacities!!!
a term favored by Manuel Castells to describe large, intensely concentrated urban spaces that serve as connection points for the global economy
Functionalism!!!!!
a theoretical perspective based on the notion that social events can best be explained in terms the functions they perform- that is, the contributions they make to the continuity of society Functionalism - society is like an organism Society tends toward order and stability Functionalists are always interested in moral consensus
Conurbation!!!!!!!
an agglomeration of towns or cities into an unbroken urban environment a cluster of cities and towns forming a continuous network New York City, San Francisco, & Washington, D.C.
All humans blink when unexpectedly exposed to bright light. Some humans wink as a sign of greeting or humor, and others do not. Blinking in response to bright light is an example of
an instinct.
Continent with lowest fertility rate (Europe) !!!!!!!!
and highest total fertility rate (Africa)
Signifier!!!!
any vehicle of meaning and communication any word or symbol that represents an object or idea
Comte!!!!!!
coined the term sociology-- A theory of knowledge according to which the only kind of sound knowledge available to human kind is that if science grounded in observation wanted to study humans scientifically (called social physics at first) thought sociology should contribute to the welfare of humanity believed that society and the social order are not natural or preordained by a divine power, but rather are constructed by individuals
Between the seventeenth and early twentieth centuries, what process most strongly shaped the social map of the globe as we know it today?
colonialism
Which of the following might be considered a cultural universal?
decorating one's body
Double Consciousness!!!!!!!!
developed by W E B Dubois "this sense of always looking at oneself through the eyes of others" - the idea that African Americans' self-worth is dictated by White people American society lets African Americans see themselves only through the eyes of others African Americans live two separate lives - one in the culture of their fellow African Americans and one in public white culture
Disparaging attitudes toward polygamy (a marriage that includes more than two people) in the United States may be a form of
ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one's own culture and thereby misrepresent them. Sociologists who study forms of marriage in different cultures must try to understand phenomena like polygamy in the political, economic, and cultural context of the groups in which it is practiced
Feminist sociology today focuses on certain intersections of power. A study of intimate partner violence might focus on how _____________________ intersect and influence why violence occurs.
gender, race, and class
Anomie!!!!!
lack of shared norms and values, nothing binds society together, social despair the concept first brought into wide usage by durkheim to refer to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior
manifest functions - functions of a type of social activity that are known to and intended by the individuals involved!!!
latent functions - functional consequences that are not intended or recognized by the members of a social system in which they occur
A study of university admissions that compares the impact of gender and social class on probability of admission before World War II and after World War II is an example of
macrosociology. Macrosociology examines large-scale social systems and often looks at changes and/or continuities over time. Although social class and gender are the properties of individuals, they have patterned impacts on institutions and other forms of social organization
Judy is working on her senior thesis to get her BA in sociology. She is interested in finding out what Americans think about the death penalty by use of survey methods. Which of the following sampling designs would Harriet Martineau most likely see as likely to produce meaningful generalizations about Americans, as a group?
mailing a copy of the survey to every 25th person in the phone book of three cities and three towns across the country
Some sociologists argue that the current problems in America's inner cities (such as drugs, violence, and fatherless households) are a result of the disappearance of blue-collar jobs in the United States. This argument reflects what idea from the text?
materialist conception of history A materialist conception of history, developed by Marx, understands changes in society to have origins in economic factors. Thus, social change is understood to originate in class struggles
Basic demographic concepts (Total Fertility Rate, exponential growth, etc.)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
population patterns are governed by three factors: births, deaths, and migrations crude birthrate: the number of live births per year per 1000 people fertility: the number of live-born children an average woman has fecundity: the number of children that women are biologically capable of bearing crude death rate: number of deaths per 1000 people per year mortality: number of deaths in a population infant mortality rate: number of infants who die during the first year of life per 1000 live births life span: max length of life possible rates of population growth or decline: a measurement of population change calculated by yearly # of deaths per 1000 from yearly # of births per 1000
The ability of individuals or members of a group to achieve aims or further their interests, even in the face of the resistance of others, is called
power.
Federal Housing Administration (FHA) home loans not given to African Americans!!!!
racial segregation today is in large part the result of gov housing policies from the past: After WWII, the 1949 Housing Act provided the Federal Housing Administration guarantees for bank loans, enabling the construction of large-scale, white-only housing developments, with deeds that prohibited resale to African Americans segregated people spatially
Match.com is an online dating company that claims to be able to find the perfect match for its customers by collecting a wide variety of information from each person and using that information to assess compatibility. This new form of dating can be understood as the __________ of love.
rationalization Weber uses the concept of rationalization to refer to the process by which modes of precise calculation and organization, involving abstract rules and procedures, increasingly come to dominate the social world
Ideology!!!!
shared ideas or beliefs that serve to justify the interests of dominant groups
Many things we experience in life that seem to be completely natural, like early childhood language learning, are analyzed by sociologists as
social constructions.
In sociology, studying the effects of the economic recession on a student's ability to secure a job after graduation is a way of studying how __________ affect(s) our lives.
social structure Social structure refers to the underlying regularities or patterns in how people behave and in their relationships with one another. While economic recessions may affect many people, there are patterns that dictate how strongly they affect different groups of people or different areas of employment. These patterns may have a stronger effect on your ability to get certain jobs than individual decisions might
Fairy tales are not just good stories. Many of the fairy tales that parents read to their children include morals about proper or improper ways to behave and as such can be seen by sociologists as one among many sources of
socialization. Socialization is a social process through which children develop an awareness of social norms and values. This awareness is learned through interaction with family, schoolmates, and media such as television and books, among other sources
sociological imagination!!!
the application of imaginative thought to the asking and answering of sociological questions C. Wright Mills (1959) coined the phrase "sociological imagination" which explained the need to move away from viewing problems as personal troubles and toward recognizing them as public issues Mills tried to understand how the average person understands their every day life According to Mills, each of us lives in a very small orbit, and our worldview is limited by the social situations we encounter on a daily basis
cultural imperialism!!!!
the deliberate imposition of one's own cultural values on another culture
Suburbanization/sprawl!!!!!
the development of suburbia, areas of housing outside inner cities massive redevelopment and inhabiting of towns surrounding a city- rapidly increased in the 50's and 60's, a period of great economic growth Production housing—suburban housing, generally homogenous housing units, factory process of construction
W.E.B. DuBois !!!!!
the first major African American sociologist -First African American to get a PhD at Harvard -Du Bois was also a founding member of the NAACP in 1909 -Both a scholar and an early civil rights activist. He helped to place many scholars and writers of color into positions where their talents could be recognized -Argued against scientific racism and became more radical as the civil rights movement institutionalized -made a persuasive claim that one's sense of self and one's identity are greatly influenced by historical experiences and social cirumstances -In his later years, he became a radical communist lol -Developed the idea of "double consciousness" - "this sense of always looking at oneself through the eyes of others" - the idea that African Americans' self-worth is dictated by White people
Social Facts!!!!!
the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life Drawing on Comte's notion of sociology as a science, Durkheim set out to study social facts -These are the aspects of social life - religion, the economy - that shape individual action
Urban renewal!!!!!!
the process of renovating deteriorating neighborhoods by encouraging the renewal of old buildings and the construction of new ones (drive out poor people who cant afford higher housing costs)
Which is a distinctive focus of conflict theory?
the role of coercion and power in producing social order Conflict theory analyzes how social order is maintained by domination, with power in the hands of those who possess the greatest political, economic, and social resources
Division of Labor (Durkheim)!!!
the specialization of work tasks by means of which different occupations are combined within a production system Durkheim thought that what ultimately binds society together is shared moral purpose and a division of labor he saw the division of labor as gradually replacing religion as the basis of social cohesion and providing organic solidarity to modern societies labeled the industrial society "organic solidarity"
Demography!!!!!!
the study of populations
A sociologist wants to study Navajo culture in the broadest possible way, so he looks at
the values, norms, and material objects characteristic of the Navajo. Arts, science, and expectations are all parts or manifestations of culture, which contains all of those aspects and more
According to George Herbert Mead, what is it that allows humans to develop self-consciousness?
their capacity for symbolic thought Mead believed that an ability to see themselves as if from the outside is what enables humans to be self-conscious. This is only possible with symbolic thought, or thought that can distinguish between a thing and the idea of a thing
Sandwich Generation!!!!
those caring for the elderly and the younger generation
Cultural universals!!!!!!
values or modes of behavior shared by all human cultures Cultural universals -Grammatically complex language -Family systems & marriage -Incest prohibition -Art, dancing, and body adornments -Games, gift giving, and joking -Rules of hygiene
Harriet Martineau !!!!!
was a scholar and activist who introduced sociology to England Among other things, she insisted on the significance of studying domestic life to better understand a society (insisted that an analysis of society must include all its members--Emphasized that the analysis of women's lives and family's lives must also be a central feature of social research) First to sociologically examine marriage, children, and race relations Argued that sociologists must make society better, and advocated women's rights and the emancipation of slaves
Which of the following is an example of social constraint? Because Jaime was born and raised in the United States, he
works hard in school with the expectation of developing a good career. Durkheim believed that society is something bigger, stronger, and different than the sum of individual actions. Social structure, which predates any single individual, constrains both the behavior and ideas of people born into any given society and shapes them in particular ways