SOC 1 QUIZ QUESTIONS (chap 1,3,19 & 20)

Which paradigm does the New Ecological Paradigm replace?

the Human Exceptionalism Paradigm, which says humans are dominant among species and can use the environment as they please

Jeremy buys a new iPhone each time a more advanced model is introduced. His discarded phones are sent out to a recycling company that ships them to India, where poorly paid workers disassemble them, releasing toxic materials into the land and water as well as into their own bodies. This is one way in which

the environmental hazards of consumption patterns in rich countries are disproportionately borne by poor countries.

The large amount of clothing, medical supplies, and money donated to relief organizations in the wake of the 2010 earthquake that devastated Haiti reveals

the increasingly global outlook of individuals

A study of university admissions that compares the impact of gender and social class on probability of admission before World War II and after World War II is an example of

macrosociology

Judy is working on her senior thesis to get her BA in sociology. She is interested in finding out what Americans think about the death penalty by use of survey methods. Which of the following sampling designs would Harriet Martineau most likely see as likely to produce meaningful generalizations about Americans, as a group?

mailing a copy of the survey to every 25th person in the phone book of three cities and three towns across the country

________________ consists of all the physical objects created by humans to facilitate social living, including scientific technology, artistic creations, highways, living structures (homes), and so on

material culture

Some sociologists argue that the current problems in America's inner cities (such as drugs, violence, and fatherless households) are a result of the disappearance of blue-collar jobs in the United States. This argument reflects what idea from the text?

materialist conception of history

Individuals make choices based on calculations designed to maximize self-interest.

rational choice theory

Considering the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is a key consideration of

sustainable development

Human interaction is based on the exchange of symbols, including spoken language and behavior.

symbolic interactionism

According to estimates by the United Nations, approximately how many people worldwide lived in urban slums in 2010?

1 billion

__________ is/are an example of material culture, whereas _________ is/are an example of nonmaterial culture.

A school building; the value of education

Which of the following statements best summarizes the general sociological approach to the nature/nurture debate as described in this chapter?

Although genetics and biology play a role in human behavior, they manifest in an astounding variety of ways, based on complex interactions with the social environment.

Which of the following statements about individualism best exemplifies the relationship between norms and values?

Americans often believe strongly in individualism, which is exemplified by a mainstream belief that it is normal and healthy for those who are 18 or older to move out of their parents' house.

Which of the following describe an important similarity between Marxist and feminist theories?

Both suggest that scholars should not only work to understand society, but to change it as well.

values or modes of behavior shared by all human cultures, although specific manifestations of cultural universals vary from one culture to another

Cultural universals

Society is composed of independent parts that work in harmony and hold society together.

Emile Durkheim

Society will grow continuously more complex, marked by increasing division of labor and interdependence.

Emile Durkheim

How does globalization influence individualism?

The breakdown of national, and even local, identities and value systems caused by exposure to a wide variety of cultures leads individuals to make creative choices outside the bounds of tradition.

Which of the following is true of the relationship between globalization and global inequality?

Global inequality has increased as economic growth has fallen behind population growth in the global south but far outstripped population growth in industrialized countries.

The analysis of any society must include an analysis of all its members, not just certain segments.

Harriet Martin

What was one of the most significant conclusions of the fifth assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)?

Human activity is the dominant source of the observed changes in the global climate since the mid-twentieth century.

Why do sociologists refer to the current geological epoch as the Anthropocene?

Humans are profoundly altering geologically significant conditions and processes.

According to the text, which of the following is a critique of the hyperglobalist perspective?

It defines globalization in overly economic terms at the expense of important political and cultural processes

Why does semiotics provide an important contribution to the study of culture?

It provides conceptual tools by which we can understand the symbolic meanings of material culture.

The year 2011 marked the beginning of large, popular protests in a number of African and Middle Eastern nations, collectively referred to as the Arab Spring. The protests were spurred by economic, political, and social issues. Many of the protests were at least partially incited and organized through social media, including Twitter. In what way might the Arab Spring challenge some of the conclusions of postmodernism?

It showed how the Internet can be used to unite people across differences of language and nationality

Which of the following is a central characteristic of the urban ecology approach as developed by Robert Park?

It understands the formation of urban arrangements as analogous to the way plants and organisms adjust to the physical environment.

Class divisions will simplify through a process of struggle and antagonism until a worker's revolution succeeds in creating a classless society.

Karl Marx

The most important changes in modern times are a result of the development of capitalism.

Karl Marx

Which of the following statements might be derived from the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

Learning a different language can be a very good way of understanding the culture and experiences of the group by which that language was developed.

What is one of the main tensions between Durkheim's view of society and Marx's view of society?

Marx believed that social change happened through changes in material circumstances; Durkheim believed that people's ideas and values created change.

Society must be understood by examining distributions of power and the struggles that accompany them.

Marxism

Bureaucracy is an unavoidable aspect of modern society, despite its potential challenges to democracy.

Max Weber

The intensifying rationalization of society will ultimately lead to a situation destructive to the freedom and potential of human beings.

Max Weber

According to C. Wright Mills, why might using the sociological imagination be important for more fully understanding life experiences?

Most people have a limited point of view, caused by the small circles in which they travel on a daily basis.

What is the main difference between pastoral societies and agrarian societies?

Pastoral societies relied mainly on domesticated animals, while agrarian societies relied on agriculture.

What is an important difference between premodern cities and modern, industrialized cities?

Premodern cities were relatively small and had minimal connection with the surrounding rural areas or other cities, whereas modern cities are large and deeply connected with other cities, as well as with rural agricultural production.

Which view is held by adherents of all variations of Marxist sociology?

Sociology should combine analysis and political reform

All humans blink when unexpectedly exposed to bright light. Some humans wink as a sign of greeting or humor, and others do not. Blinking in response to bright light is an example of

an instinct

The ability of individuals or members of a group to achieve aims or further their interests, even in the face of the resistance of others, is called

power

Skeptics of the novelty and influence of globalization argue that the world economy is actually less globalized now than a century ago. How does the idea of regionalization lend support to this conclusion?

The fact that most trade and financial transactions occur within regional blocs suggests that there is not one world economy but rather several regional ones.

Which of the following is true of the relationship between race and suburban communities?

The percentage of racial minorities living in suburbs has risen steadily in recent decades.

How did Jane Jacobs argue that cities meet the challenge of incorporating strangers in a way that does not overly compromise residents' sense of safety?

The presence of many different, but respectable, people on the street ensures a constant presence of eyes and ears that reinforces safe and acceptable behavior.

Why has industrial capitalism led to more rapid social change than previous modes of economic organization?

The profit motive inherent in capitalism requires constant expansion of production, and this leads to many rapid social changes.

According to some of the studies cited at the beginning of this chapter, which of the following is true of the effect of social media use on American young adults?

The use of social media can have a detrimental effect on self-esteem and emotional well-being over time.

What is the relationship between colonialism and global inequalities in industrial development?

The wealth obtained from colonized areas, often in the form of raw natural resources, was funneled back to the home countries of colonial powers instead of being invested in the development of the colonized areas.

One change in work patterns in industrialized countries resulting from globalization is the introduction of flexible work arrangements in place of traditional, full-time work. These include working from home, job sharing, and an increase in part-time consulting. What is one of the drawbacks of these changes?

They are accompanied by decreasing job security and attendant benefits like health care and retirement.

Which of the following is true of global cities, as Saskia Sassen described them?

They contain vast economic inequalities marked by prosperous central business districts adjacent to deeply impoverished areas.

What do organizations like the European Union and the United Nations have in common with organizations like Doctors Without Borders?

They represent forms of political organization that transcend the nation-state, thus contributing to globalization.

According to your text, which of the following is true of the majority of countries that constitute the global south?

They were formerly under colonial rule.

One's sense of self and identity is closely connected to historical experience and social circumstances.

W.E.B. Du Bois

Which research question is focused on nonmaterial culture?

Why do Hindus consider the cow to be sacred?

Among other factors, population decline in rural areas is in part caused by a phenomenon in which young people leave rural areas in search of opportunities, leaving older adults behind. This phenomenon is called

aging in place

A student who has studied sociology wants to understand racial conflict in society. Which is an essential outcome of a sociological education?

a capacity to see the conflict from the perspectives of all groups affected

A student begins a research project on conurbations. What should the student look for?

a cluster of cities and towns forming a continuous network

decorating ones body is considered an example of

a cultural universal

The socialization of children into following schedules and obeying authorities in order to prepare them to be future employees is an example of

a latent function of the educational system

What is this an example of: "People have accidents while walking or driving because they are using smartphones. Cultural norms do not yet accommodate this technology well"?

cultural lag

Despite the common perception that it is an urban problem, __________ is a particularly dire problem in rural America.

childhood poverty

Between the seventeenth and early twentieth centuries, what process most strongly shaped the social map of the globe as we know it today?

colonialism

Shariq, Tamara, and Wei work for the same company, although their offices are in three different countries. They are working on a project together and have conference calls over Skype in which they pore over digitally shared documents and files that previously would have taken hours, days, or even months to share. This is an example of the __________ that accelerates globalization.

compression of time and space

A sociologist conducts a study of how the population of India has changed over the last thirty years, distinguished by age brackets. This study fits with the discipline of

demography

A bureaucracy is a type of organization that depends on which of the following?

division of labor

Disparaging attitudes toward polygamy (a marriage that includes more than two people) in the United States may be a form of

ethnocentrism

While many Malthusians argue that high rates of population growth, like what we are currently experiencing, inevitably lead to misery and famine, a study by the UN Food and Agricultural Organization concluded that

famine is less a result of overpopulation than it is of unequal distribution of food supplies.

The number of children it is biologically possible for a woman to produce is known as __________, while the average number of live-born children produced by women of childbearing age in a society is known as __________.

fecundity; fertility

Society cannot be understood without examining the role and experience of women, racial minorities, and those at the bottom of class hierarchies.

feminist theory

Social events and institutions are best understood through their contribution to social order and stability.

functionalism

Feminist sociology today focuses on certain intersections of power. A study of intimate partner violence might focus on how _____________________ intersect and influence why violence occurs.

gender, race and class

According to your text, two main reasons for the higher urban growth rate in the world's less industrialized cities are __________ and __________.

high fertility rates; internal migration from rural areas

What is the central question behind the issue of agency and structure?

how are both human freedom and social constraint active in the world?

In 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville visited the United States from France. What was his sociological question?

how does the united states create conditions for democracy and equality?

Although male elders have more influence, decision-making in these societies was generally participatory

hunter-gathering societies

This statement refers to __________________ : "There is less inequality in such societies than in any other type of human society discussed."

hunting and gathering societies

The power of national governments is declining or eroding.

hyperglobalizers

Only a very small percentage of people in these societies work on the land.

industrial societies

Why does Ann Swidler's formulation of a culture as a "tool kit" help form a more nuanced approach to understanding human culture?

it allows for the incorporation of human agency into ideas about how culture operates and is creatd

These societies were often primary in desert or mountainous regions where crops were difficult to grow.

pastoralist societies

What does the demographic transition model attempt to describe?

population changes that correspond with industrial development in modern societies

The world is no longer dominated by historical trajectories; they have been replaced by a multiplicity of signs and ideas.

postmodern theory

Match.com is an online dating company that claims to be able to find the perfect match for its customers by collecting a wide variety of information from each person and using that information to assess compatibility. This new form of dating can be understood as the __________ of love.

rationalization

The power of national governments is enhanced by the need to regulate and coordinate economic activity.

skeptics

Many things we experience in life that seem to be completely natural, like early childhood language learning, are analyzed by sociologists as

social constructions

In sociology, studying the effects of the economic recession on a student's ability to secure a job after graduation is a way of studying how __________ affect(s) our lives.

social strucutre

Fairy tales are not just good stories. Many of the fairy tales that parents read to their children include morals about proper or improper ways to behave and as such can be seen by sociologists as one among many sources of

socialization

Which two social problems are rising dramatically in rural America?

suicide and opioid use

Current fears regarding the depletion of energy resources are greatly exacerbated by

the rapid economic growth of countries like China and India.

Which is a distinctive focus of conflict theory?

the role of coercion and power in producing social order

A sociologist wants to study Navajo culture in the broadest possible way, so he looks at

the values, norms, and material objects characteristic of the Navajo.

According to George Herbert Mead, what is it that allows humans to develop self-consciousness?

their capacity for symbolic thought

These are societies marked by large material and power inequalities, and in which rural agriculture and cities coexist.

traditional civilizations

The power of national governments remains intact but is being restructured.

transformationalists

Which economic structure is most important in influencing world trade, diffusing new technology around the world, and influencing international financial markets?

transnational corporations

Which of the following is an example of social constraint? Because Jaime was born and raised in the United States, he

works hard in school with the expectation of developing a good career.