SOC 100 Exam 2

The level of income inequality in the United States is

higher than that of all other advanced democracies. (Why Is The United States So Different, Factual)

Which of the following scenarios is an example of the free-rider problem?

A group of six teenagers is trying to get 100 signatures for a petition. They meet three days before their deadline to see how they are doing. Two of the teens have collected 25 signatures each, totaling 50. But the other four teenagers have only collected 25 signatures between the four of them, so the group is still 25 signatures short. The two teens who collected the most signatures are irritated about the poor results from the other four. (Standards of Equality, Conceptual)

In the United States, the infant mortality rate is highest for which of the following groups?

African Americans (The U.S. Health Care Systems, Factual)

If you're going to college in California, you and your family may have experienced severe "sticker shock" when the tuition bills arrived. The state had a 32 percent increase in the tuition levels in 2010, and another 9.6 percent hike in 2011. There are more increases proposed. All the increases are driving one of the major problems that Michael Hout discusses at length in his interview with Dalton Conley. According to Hout, what is the indirect cause that is holding many students back from getting that college degree?

An increasing proportion of costs are borne by individuals and families as states shift costs away from the general tax base. (How Is America Stratified Today?, Applied)

What is the paradox of the use of antibiotics to fight bacterial infections?

Antibiotics are very effective at fighting bacterial infections, but their increased use has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. (Global Health, Factual)

How did the post-World War II economic boom contribute to a blurring of the lines between the middle class and the working class?

Higher wages for working-class whites gave these individuals greater access to markers of a middle-class lifestyle, such as home ownership, a college education for their children, and more leisure activities. (How Is America Stratified Today?, Conceptual)

What have studies shown about the overall health of blacks and whites with similar incomes and education levels?

Blacks have worse health than whites regardless of income or education level. (The U.S. Health Care System, Factual)

What does the example of the nadle in Navajo tribes teach us about gender?

Concepts of gender are not absolute and unchanging. (Gender: What Does It Take to Be a Woman (or a Man)?, Conceptual)

Why are Asians sometimes labeled a model minority group?

Compared to other minorities, the majority of Asians have achieved much success in the United States in terms of educational achievement and income. (Ethnic Groups in the United States, Factual)

In his interview with Dalton Conley David Grusky explains why the notion of perverse incentives is old-fashioned. Which of the following is an example of a perverse incentive?

Entry to a special honors program is based solely on grades with no review of the types of classes students have taken. In order to increase their chances of being accepted into the program, some students take easier classes the semester before applying in order to boost their grade point average. (Introduction, Conceptual)

In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson declared a "War on Poverty." This ambitious plan led to the creation of numerous agencies, some of which persist today. These include which of the following (choose all that apply)?

FEEDBACK: President Johnson's "War on Poverty" introduced programs like Head Start and College Work Study. As ambitious as it was at that time, the legacy of these programs has failed to stop poverty, even though many of these same agencies are still working to combat poverty. (Introduction, Factual)

Which of the following are problems in the U.S. health insurance market that the Affordable Care Act sought to address (choose all that apply)?

FEEDBACK: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act sought to address many of the weaknesses found in the current U.S. health care system. This included the heavy reliance on employers and thus being employed to get health care, slowing the rapid rise in health care costs due in part to the fee for service model in use, the creation of a robust individual market which reduced the dependency on employers, and the elimination of risk due to preexisting conditions. The ACA is notable sociologically due to the way in which it is shifting the relationships of the players - patients, doctors, health insurance companies and government. (The U.S. Health Care System, Factual)

Which of the following are criticisms of how the poverty line is calculated in the United States (choose all that apply)?

FEEDBACK: The standard formula to calculate the poverty line has been criticized for many reasons. These include the increased cost of housing as a percentage of family budgets into account, the choice of three as a multiplier, not taking regional variation into account, and the recognition that what were once considered necessities has changed since the original formula was developed. (Poverty amid Plenty, Factual)

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Matthew Desmond talks about the "Aspen Effect," wherein those who must work to live at fashionable places like Aspen, Colorado, are forced to commute long distances to make it work. But Desmond notes another factor that has a major impact - eviction. Families that cannot pay their rent must move and find a new place to live. The major challenge faced by those being evicted is that

FEEDBACK: While the problems associated with long commutes are part of the challenge, Desmond's observations about the difficulties that poorer families face from eviction are noteworthy. (NOT eviction forces families into bad neighborhoods) (The Culture of Poverty, Applied)

Same-sex marriage has been widely accepted in many states, and the numbers of persons marrying those of the same sex has skyrocketed and become easily visible. In Brazil, we see that the travesti take on distinctly female characteristics, declare themselves as men, and yet have penetrative sex with men who have an exclusively male appearance. How do these two different examples help describe the difference between homosexuality and homosexual behavior?

Homosexuality is a certain social identity, whereas homosexual behavior is an activity that is not necessarily tied to a social identity. (Sociology in the Bedroom, Conceptual)

What has the pattern in income growth among low-, middle-, and high-income earners in the United States over the past 30 years looked like?

Income growth for high-income individuals has far outpaced that of middle- and low-income individuals. (How Is America Stratified Today?, Factual)

How has the timing of the transition to a free-market economy been used as one of several explanations for the great differences between the United States and other advanced democracies in terms of inequality and poverty?

Institutions that could better protect the weak or disadvantaged were more fully developed in countries that transitioned to a free-market economy later than the United States did. (Why Is The United States So Different?, Conceptual)

Of the following social theorists, whose ideas about private property and social conflict could be said to align most closely with those of Karl Marx?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Views of Inequality, Conceptual)

How did the development of licensing standards in the nineteenth century affect the medical profession?

Licensing standards made the medical profession more exclusive and gave doctors more economic power. (The Rise (and Fall?) of the Medical Profession, Factual)

Which of the following factors have contributed to the development of black ghettos in the United States (choose all that apply)?

Many factors contributed continuously to the development of ghettos, including white flight, institutionalized housing discrimination, and redlining (denying aid), distressed homeowner loans, and even urban renewal programs. (Minority-Majority Group Relation, Factual)

Think for a moment about the story in the text of Marlin, how his life turned out, and how he wound up where he is today. Based on all you have read about him throughout the entire chapter, which of the following seems most likely as a way to understand his life and his story?

Marlin's mother suffered from many problems herself, which led to a detrimental outcome for Marlin. (Poverty amid Plenty, Conceptual)

Which of the following is an accepted explanation for higher mortality rates among men?

Men are less likely than women to see a doctor for seemingly minor illnesses or injuries that can become more serious if not treated. (The U.S. Health Care System, Factual)

Which of the following statements is most closely associated with a conflict theory approach to gender studies?

Men benefit economically from women's inferior position in the family and the workplace. (The Woman Question, Conceptual)

In general, how has the Internet affected the doctor-patient relationship?

Patients can research their symptoms prior to meeting with a physician and may (or may not) be able to speak more knowledgeably about their condition and possible treatments. (The Rise (and Fall?) of the Medical Profession, Conceptual)

In the United States, the one-drop rule lumped together anyone with any amount of "black blood" into one category, setting up an essentially binary racial system of black and white with little thought for other minorities, such as Asians or Native Americans. Under Apartheid in South Africa, on the other hand, there were four racial categories; and in Brazil there are up to a dozen racial categories, depending on whom you ask. What conclusion can we draw from these differences in racial categories?

Racial categories are social constructs, not biological absolutes that transcend time and place. (The Myth of Race, Conceptual)

Family wealth means debt subtracted from salable assets. Given the prevalence of debt for those in poverty, what are the possible implications for those in poverty as regards their children when they die?

Since those in poverty rarely have salable assets such as a house, there is usually anything to pass on to their children. (Poverty amid Plenty, Applied)

According to William Julius Wilson, how do factors such as deindustrialization, globalization, suburbanization, and discrimination contribute to high rates of welfare-dependent, single-mother families?

Such factors have contributed to a net shrinkage of the pool of employed, unincarcerated men, thus greatly limiting women's opportunity to find a stable life partner. (Culture of Poverty, Conceptual)

The recent passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was a lengthy political battle, between Congress and the president. While it appears that the major forces that eventually led to its passage were rooted in politics, the "back story" of the process involved health insurance companies, who saw the act as an opportunity to increase revenues. In what way does the ACA represent a shift in the relationship between doctors and patients?

The ACA further reduces the power that doctors have. (The Rise (and Fall?) of the Medical Profession, Applied)

Why do the three partners who own a small graphic design business fit into what Erik Olin Wright calls contradictory class locations?

The fact that they own their own business puts them in the capitalist class, but they do not control the labor of others. (Forms of Stratification, Conceptual)

Why did the negative income tax experiment lead to more women leaving their marriages?

The guaranteed payment that people received through the program meant that many women were no longer financially dependent on a man. (The Culture of Poverty, Conceptual)

In the text, the discussion about the "height gap" describes how taller men benefit from their height. When Mayan Indians were studied, those who came to the United States gained height after 15 years, due in part to healthier lifestyles. This leaves open the question of why Dutch men are the tallest in the world. One theory holds that is about inequality, something we have studied. In the United States, the gap between rich and poor is huge, but in the Netherlands, that gap is far smaller. What problem in health care does this problem highlight in the link between health and inequality?

The psychological stress induced by inequality exacts a toll via stress reactions. (The U.S. Health Care Systems, Conceptual)

How was racism expressed in Ancient Greece?

There is no evidence that racism, as we know it today, was a part of Ancient Greek culture. (The Concept of Race from the Ancients to Alleles, Factual)

Tina believes that inequality is necessary to keep Earth's population in check. Her view is most consistent with the views of which theorist?

Thomas Malthus (View of Inequality, Applied)

Which of the following statements offers an essentialist explanation for gender differences?

Women are overrepresented in professions such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men. (Sex: A Process in the Making, Conceptual)

According to the bell curve thesis, a theory developed by two academics, genes have a key impact on children's outcomes. This argument is an updated approach to the idea that _________ is the dominant factor in the creation and persistence of poverty.

biology (The Culture of Poverty, Conceptual)

Nursing is a profession that has seen a significant increase in the number of men as nurses. Since 1970, the U.S. Census Bureau reports that there has been about an eight percent jump in the number of male nurses. The pay disparity also exists, with male nurses being paid about 20 percent more than their female counterpart. This change in gender balance in this profession seems counter to the idea that

a female dominated profession is the result of fewer men entering the field, with the corresponding increase in women in that field. (Growing Up, Getting Ahead, and Falling Behind, Applied)

Marissa Mayer was appointed the chief executive officer (CEO) of Yahoo Corporation in July 2012. While not the highest paid CEO in the United States, her position suggests that more women are

able to break the glass ceiling (Growing Up, Getting Ahead, and Falling Behind, Applied)

Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique championed women's right to work in the early 1960s. For many black feminists, Freidan's book ignored thousands of working women and instead suggested that

all women experience oppression in the same way (The Woman Question, Conceptual)

Some theorists argue that there can never be an absolute definition of poverty. The text suggests that wealth creates poverty, and this in turn reflects the problem of why poverty is

always relational (Poverty amid Plenty, Factual)

Prior to the 1800s, it was believed that both male and female orgasms were required to ensure successful conception. When the female could not achieve orgasm, a midwife was sometimes called to assist the woman in achieving orgasm by use of genital massage with essential oils. The idea that both male and female orgasm was needed challenges our current model of a

binary sex system (Sex: A Process in the Making, Applied)

In India, marriages are often arranged, often when children are young. Parents must consider many factors before approaching either a matchmaker -who can make the most informed choice - or the potential spouse (usually the parents of the potential bride). Religion, culture, horoscope, profession, and status all figure into the decision. One of the larger obstacles that both parents and newlyweds-to-be must face is a cultural expectation of endogamy - marriage within one's group (in this case, their caste). This is a manifestation of which form of social stratification?

caste system (Forms of Stratification, Conceptual)

One of your closest friends works as a repairman for an elevator company, and he pulls in a good six-figure salary. While at a social event together, you overhear a conversation in which your friend is jokingly dismissed as a "common laborer" and a "member of the proletariat." The people making these rude remarks are misconstruing their views on what form of social stratification?

class (Forms of Stratification, Applied)

A Muslim classmate from your introductory sociology course helps organize and participates in a march protesting discrimination against Muslim Americans on campus. Over 300 Muslim American students from area colleges show up to participate. What type of action is this representative of?

collective resistance (Group Responses to Domination, Applied)

Robert Park's model of how immigrants adapted to a new setting was called straight-line assimilation, and assumed that all immigrants arrived, settled in, mimicked practices and behaviors of those in the country, and were then fully assimilated. Milton Gordon refined this and suggested that an immigrant population can pass through seven stages of assimilation. Harold Isaacs then noticed that, despite what seemed to be full assimilation, ethnic identity persisted, and his findings led Clifford Geertz to conclude that because it was not biological, ethnicity must be the result of

culture (Minority-Majority Group Relations, Applied)

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Mario Luis Small notes that the entire "culture of poverty" argument has been rejected both empirically and theoretically due to the problems with the work. Small then goes on to suggest that sociologists cannot ignore what as an explanatory tool in research about poverty?

culture (The Culture of Poverty, Applied)

Activities such as illegal work, multigenerational living arrangements, multifamily households, serial relationships in place of marriage, and swapping all reflect ideas about the

culture of poverty (The Culture of Poverty, Applied)

Until 2012, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) labeled transgender persons as mentally ill, an example of medicalization. Following the most recent revision (the fifth), the DSM now uses the term Gender Identity Dysphoria, which means instead of being designated as mentally ill, transgender persons suffer a "marked incongruence between one's experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender." This shift is both welcomed and a surprise, largely because it is a reversal of what change in the DSM that took place in the 1980s?

d. the removal of social context in favor of the biomedical model (The Sociology of Mental Health, Conceptual)

In the Moving to Opportunity study done as a follow-up to the Gautreax project, which of the following were positive outcomes for either children or families (choose all that apply)?

decreased truancy rates, no changes in employment, decreased asthma rates, increased happiness, better test scores (The Culture of Poverty, Factual)

In the book, we are presented with a mobility table. As you look at this table, you can begin to see what happens to the sons- the rate of occupational change is surprisingly low. That is, the sons largely wind up in the same occupational category as the fathers. One of the conclusions from the mobility table analysis suggests that

despite the American belief that we live in the land of opportunity, mobility rates have declined significantly in the past decades. (Social Reproduction vs. Social Mobility, Applied)

In responding to surveys asking them to rank various occupations according to status, people place more emphasis on the __________ of the position than the position's __________.

educational requirements; income level (Forms of Stratification, Factual)

During World War II, the U.S. economy suffered, and due to imposed price and wage controls, employers were often in the position of not being able to offer raises to employees despite long hours and hard, sometimes hazardous, work. Instead, many companies began to offer free health care as a benefit to make up the difference. This is often cited as the origin of

employer-based health care system (The U.S. Health Care System, Applied)

In 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the state of Michigan's ban on affirmative action. In a passionate dissent, Justice Sonya Sotamayor argued that the Michigan law placed an undue burden on minority students not faced by other applicants. What type of equality was Justice Sotamayor arguing in favor of?

equality of condition (Standards of Equality, Applied)

Which of the following standards of equality was key to the arguments of civil rights leaders in the 1960s?

equality of opportunity (Standards of Equality, Factual)

As originally framed, the U.S. Constitution did not define who was actually eligible to cast a vote - this was left to each state to decide. At this point in U.S. history, many of those considered eligible to vote were property owners or very wealthy. The gradual inclusion of African Americans, women, and other groups took a long time. More recently, voter ID laws have been challenged and enacted, and many would argue that such laws as restrictions to who can and cannot vote are an extension of this long history, which is largely what kind of stratification system?

estate system (Forms of Stratification, Applied)

In the United States, the poverty line is established by

estimating food costs based on meeting minimum nutritional requirements and assuming that different types of families spend about one-third of their budget on food. (Poverty amid Plenty, Factual)

You're traveling with a group of people in a foreign country. The people and places are all very different, and your group has chosen to do "homestays" where everyone is invited into the home of one the local inhabitants. You are given a meal and a place to sleep, and then the next day, you resume your group travel. On one particular morning, a member of your group remarks that the meal he had last night was horrifying: roasted dog! "No one eats dog!" he exclaims. "It's almost barbaric!" This person is speaking from a perspective of

ethnocentrism (The Concept of Race from the Ancients to Alleles, Applied)

Between 1924 and 1979, the state of Virginia performed sterilizations on individuals who were deemed "unfit." This categorization of people included those with epilepsy, which today is recognized and treated as a medical condition. These cases represent a manifestation of

eugenics (The Concept of Race from the Ancients to the Alleles, Applied)

Offshore outsourcing is an increasingly popular approach by industry to reduce costs. While the displacement of jobs in such industries as automobile and steel making has been unfolding over the past 40 years, more recent trends reveal a shift in what are termed white-collar jobs - computer systems design and similar work. What is left behind when companies do this are the low-paying service sector jobs - baristas, wait staff, and the like. This is an example of what kind of mobility?

exchange mobility (Social Reproduction vs. Social Mobility, Applied)

Native Americans have been the target of racial and ethnic abuses since the first Europeans appeared in North America. In the attempt to deal with the so-called Indian problem, one method that has been used with tragic results is the forced use of English in schools provided on reservations for the children. In this setting, children were severely punished if they spoke or wrote their native language, resulting in the gradual erosion of the cultural bonds and legacy of their particular group. This policy was used by the Indian Bureau (later the Bureau of Indian Affairs) as an attempt at

forced assimilation (Ethnic Groups in the United States, Factual)

Some Enlightenment thinkers felt that preserving current resources and transforming them into assets was a good thing for society. Part of the thinking was that an individual preserving and accumulating resources, and then storing them as assets would provide an incentive to work in order to build up society. Today, some might wonder about this concept. Consider the president of Equatorial Guinea, one of the world's poorest nations. In 2003, president Teodoro Obiang took full control of the treasury under the pretext of controlling public corruption, and then promptly moved most of the state's money into his own private accounts. In the eyes of the Enlightenment thinkers, these actions might be seen as a good thing because it

fosters inequality based on the emergence of private property when resources are preserved. (Views of Inequality, Conceptual)

Kimberly is a successful television producer who is married to an attorney and has two children. She overhears a conversation at work about the dangers of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure from the use of certain types of plastic bottles. Over the next couple of weeks, she does some research on the Internet and contacts her family doctor to ask questions. Ultimately, she learns that you can buy products made without BPA, so she replaces all her family's plastic drink cups and bottles with non-BPA products. The fact that Kimberly learned about BPA dangers and then was able to research the subject and take action to protect her family is an example of which interpretation of the theory that social position causes health outcomes?

fundamental causes interpretation (The U.S. Health Care System, Applied)

Paul is a successful manager earning a six-figure income at a Fortune 500 company. At age 48, he receives a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, with an uncertain prognosis. Over the course of the next nine months, Paul finds it increasingly difficult to do basic tasks - driving, typing, and even walking become daily challenges. As his disease progresses, he has good days and bad days, but he is eventually terminated from his job, leaving him unemployed and his family of five suddenly in a position of having to sell their house and seriously downsize. Gradually, friends he has had over the years stop calling. Invitations to social functions taper off. Paul and his family have been "downgraded" in their socioeconomic status, and one reason might be attributable to the drift theory. In this model it is argued that

health causes social position (The U.S. Health Care System, Applied)

The American Psychological Association's classification of homosexuality as a deviant personality type, which was only changed in 1973, as well as the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in 2003 decriminalizing homosexual sex both reflect Michel Foucault's assertion that

homosexuality appears as the result of the state and the medical profession's interest in asserting their power. (Sociology in the Bedroom, Applied)

Which of the following jobs could be described as a "pink-collar" job in the United States?

hotel maid (Growing Up, Getting Ahead, and Falling Behind, Conceptual)

There has been a lot of interest lately in the effects of gluten in our diet. Celiac disease, a known, well-understood problem, affects a moderate number of people worldwide. Gluten intolerance, though, is more widespread, not well known or understood, and difficult to evaluate clinically (whereas celiac disease is quite straightforward to test for). Diet fads come and go, and a gluten-free diet is popular these days. But a recent, very thorough clinical study has found that even when subjects were given a strictly controlled placebo diet, they reported a worsening of symptoms that agreed with commonly reported symptoms of persons complaining of gluten intolerance generally. This is an example of

how people learn the sick role and behave appropriately. (What Does It Mean to Be Sick?, Applied)

Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) were an early attempt to control health care costs. In this model, the provider - the doctor - receives a capitation, which is a fee per person and not a fee per treatment. The major shortcoming of this approach is that

it may lead to undertreatment (The U.S. Health Care System, Applied)

Feminists argue that gender matters because ________

it structures social relations between people (Mars and Venus, Factual)

In 2011, a Toronto police officer, during a crime prevention talk, said "women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimized." The remark prompted formation of a protest movement dubbed SlutWalk, whose stated objective was to stop oppression by slut-shaming and "of being judged by our sexuality and feeling unsafe." While controversial in many respects, the effort sparked a larger debate on rape culture, socially acceptable dress and appearance, and the idea of slut shaming. The idea that women are supposed to dress within a particular set of largely unspoken social boundaries, and thereby avoid being called sluts, speaks to the

maintenance of gender order (Gender: What Does It Take to Be a Woman (or a Man)?, Conceptual)

We often think that the role of women in Western societies prior to the 1960s was pretty much the same thing - a matter of doing what women were expected to do. During World War II, however, the role of women silently upended conventional ideas about gender roles. Women worked as bomb makers, in factories, and were later revealed as having been a key part of the code breaking effort that won the war. These examples lend insight into how we create our identities through interactions and not through fixed definitions. As such, they reflect ideas posited by

microinteractionist theory. (The Woman Question, Conceptual)

We often see sex and gender as immutable - sex is a biological fact that in turn determines the gender of an individual. As the examples of Deirdre McCloskey and David Reimer demonstrate, however, neither sex nor gender are as straightforward as many people would like to believe. A lot of how we understand sex and gender is found in how we understand the differences between

nature and nurture (Sex: A Process in the Making, Applied)

The brief review of Peggy McIntosh's essay on white privilege lists just a few of the 50 privileges that McIntosh identified in her original work, which included not being asked to represent your entire race, being able to match bandage colors to your skin tone, and being able to easily find food in a store. Drawing from this and your own knowledge and experience, which of the following could be considered white privilege (choose all that apply)?

not being challenged in a store if there is a problem with your credit card, being immediately approached by a friendly sales associate in a large department store chain, being able to choose any seat you wish on public transportation (The Importance of Being White, Conceptual)

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jen'nan Read discusses the meaning of Arab and Muslim. Prior to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, Arab Americans were mostly unnoticed in the United States. Since then, Arab Americans have been the targets of racism and discrimination, and have now been effectively racialized because

of the tendency to conflate Arab and Muslim as the same thing. (Racial Realities, Applied)

Winona is picking up her children at day-care center. Her nine-hour minimum-wage shift as a temp leaves her exhausted. As she piles her two kids into the car, she loses her temper after one of them refuses to sit still for her to fasten the seatbelt and throws a tantrum. Winona's solution is to yell at the child until he calms down and does what she asks. A sociologist might say that Winona's situation is an example of the

parenting stress hypothesis (Poverty amid Plenty, Applied)

Lisa is a Christian student who lives in Saudi Arabia. When she first moved to Saudi Arabia, she was sometimes denied service at restaurants for not wearing a headscarf. Now, when she leaves her apartment, she wears a headscarf. What is this an example of?

passing (Group Responses to Domination, Applied)

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the U.S. government decreed that all persons of Japanese descent living in the United States, whether or not they were citizens, were subject to internment in concentration camps. While this effort was directed primarily towards those living west of the Mississippi, all Japanese were affected. At that time, many enclaves of Japanese-Americans thrived in American cities, managing to build a life that fit into the surrounding society. The subsequent fear and rejection of anyone with Japanese ancestry reflected a decline in

pluralism (Minority-Majority Group Relations, Applied)

In the text, we read about the case of Marlin, whose life seems to reflect the entire scope of government programs and social ills in America. Fed by food stamps, housed by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and moved through education and prison systems that have left him almost as he started, Marlin is a case study of the human scope of the problem and a reflection of the underlying question about

poverty as the cause or the result of social problems. (Introduction, Factual)

Being made to wait in order to see a doctor is evidence of the

power and prestige of doctors in our society. (The Rise (and Fall?) of the Medical Profession, Conceptual)

Ray is very disappointed that his daughter is marrying a Latino immigrant because he thinks Latinos are not supportive of women having successful careers. This is an example of

prejudice (Prejudice, Discrimination, and the New Racism, Conceptual)

What factors, besides access to drug therapies, are key to fighting diseases in developing countries?

proper nutrition and clean water (Global Health, Factual)

The text discusses the plight of the Irish immigrants in the United States in the late 1800s, when vicious, racially motivated attacks were directed toward the Irish populations. In 2014, there was a series of angry demonstrations in Waterford, a town in Ireland, directed against the Roma, a people who have been the subject of attack for hundreds of years. The Roma are sometimes called Gypsies, now a pejorative term. The irony of the attacks on the Roma in Waterford is that they reflect the same kind of __________ as was directed against the Irish a hundred years ago.

race (The Myth of Race, Applied)

In many urban environments surrounding large American cities, it is nearly impossible to obtain basic foodstuffs without resorting to a lengthy journey to some other part of the city. This is referred to as a "food desert" and is a significant problem for people whose personal resources - money, cars, and so forth - are limited. Often, a lack of public transportation exacerbates this problem. Based on what you have read in the text, the food desert can be seen as a possible marker of

segregation (Minority-Majority Group Relations, Applied)

The model family in the 1950s in America was a happy, simple one. Mom stayed home and raised the kids. Dad went to work and made a good living. Even the dog was happy. In this Father Knows Best model, we can clearly see the structure of

sex role theory (Mars and Venus, Factual)

Wellesley College has recently experienced a surge of students who, when applying for admission, did so as women - persons born as females. After they arrived on campus, they made the decision to transition to male. At a college that is built as an all-women's college, this presents a challenge. One of the central challenges that the college faces now is reconciling what kind of difference between these two student populations (choose all that apply)?

sex, gender (Mars and Venus, Conceptual)

At a party, you listen in on a conversation about sex. One person states that he has had sex in some pretty far-out places. He is referring to

sexuality (Mars and Venus, Applied)

The importance of the Whitehall Study was to show that

social factors such as where a person lives, what a person does for a living, and how much money a person earns have a great influence on health. (The U.S. Health Care System, Conceptual)

When you board an airplane, the boarding order generally starts with first class passengers, then makes its way down to the coach class. Let's imagine we are boarding an aircraft, and we are in coach class (all the way back in seats 33E and 33F). As we search for a place to store our luggage, we notice that the people in first class are already getting free wine and snacks. Casually dressed people are sitting in some of those first-class seats. This is an annoying but very real example of

status hierarchy (Forms of Stratification, Conceptual)

Someone you knew at college came from a small town in the country, and her parents operate a farm. She graduated when you did and now holds a job in retail clothing. From a sociological standpoint, she has experienced what kind of mobility?

structural mobility (Social Reproduction vs. Social Mobility, Applied)

Recently, your friend has had a scare with the discovery of a lump on her body. As she shares the experience of her visit to a medical doctor, she tells you that after being seen following a biopsy (which was benign), the doctor and the staff simply went ahead and scheduled a few future appointments. She tells you how difficult it was to try and stop these "auto-bookings" as she called them. Within the medical profession, this approach to health care is common and refers to

supplier-induced demand (The Rise (and Fall?) of the Medical Profession, Applied)

A woman whose maternal grandparents came to the United States from Norway participates in a Norwegian folk dance group and bakes Norwegian pastries for special occasions. This is an example of

symbolic ethnicity (Race vs. Ethnicity, Conceptual)

When a child is born, doctors make a decision about what sex they are. Usually, this is very straightforward. When a doctor is faced with a decision based on the size and configuration of the genitalia, such decisions usually require a number. As noted in the text, a phallus less than 2 centimeters in length is considered a micropenis, and the doctor may recommend that the infant be raised as a girl. While this decision may or may not be a good choice, a sociologist might view the doctor's rationale as resulting from

the belief in a binary sex system (Sex: A Process in the Making, Applied)

The Gautreaux Assisted Living Program in Chicago and the Moving to Opportunity study provided opportunities to explore

the effects on families of living in a low-poverty versus a high-poverty neighborhood. (The Culture of Poverty, Conceptual)

Vilfredo Pareto felt that a few select elite leaders could successfully hold power in a society, as long as they were able and knew what they were doing. This has become known as the Pareto principle and is one of the basic ideas behind what we refer to as a meritocracy. In 1961, outgoing president Dwight D. Eisenhower delivered a now famous farewell address in which he forewarned of the rise of the "military-industrial complex" which had the potential for a "disastrous rise of misplaced power." This concept is strongly reflective of what concept disparaged by C. Wright Mills?

the elite-mass dichotomy system (Forms of Stratification, Conceptual)

The gender pay gap generates considerable discussion. As defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), this gap is the "difference between male and female earnings expressed as a percentage of male earnings." Critics of the pay gap note that women do not work as many hours as men, that children necessitate women as primary caregivers (as the sole persons able to bear children), and that the entire problem "can be explained away by simply taking account of college majors." All of this debate underscores what basic idea?

the extent of male dominance in society (The Woman Question: Applied)

In 2014, the top 10 models in the fashion industry all had earnings well over $1 million, with a few - Kate Moss and Heidi Klum - earning over $10 million. In her interview with Dalton Conley, Ashley Mears points out that top male fashion models quickly hit a limit as to how far they can go in modeling work, while a small number of women can continue on to be top, obviously well paid, models. According to Mears, this particular career is an example of what in reverse?

the glass escalator (Growing Up, Getting Ahead, and Falling Behind, Applied)

Which of the following is a professional norm for doctors?

the intimate but objective nature of their conversations with patients (The Rise (and Fall?) of the Medical Profession, Conceptual)

In 2013, the tragic situation of 32 mentally disabled workers at a turkey-processing plant in Iowa resulted in a jury awarding them $240 million dollars in damages and back wages. The workers had been forced to work despite illness or injuries, were denied bathroom breaks, locked in their rooms, and worse. This kind of modern-day slavery is not uncommon, sadly, and is an example of what sociological concept?

the master-slave dialectic (Views of Inequality, Applied)

The Nazi regime's belief that it had to protect a superior race from contamination by inferior races stemmed in part from

the notion of social Darwinism. (The Concept of Race from the Ancients to Alleles, Conceptual)

Interest in determining "racial purity" was not, and is not, a problem found exclusively in any society. As we have seen, numerous methods were devised in an attempt to ensure that one's racial makeup was exact and clear. The "one-drop" rule was one method, arising out of miscegenation laws forbidding interracial marriage. The fundamental flaw with the "one-drop" rule is that

the one-drop rule depended on a nonexistent ability or test to detect, biologically, the presence of racial impurities. (The Concept of Race from the Ancients to Alleles, Conceptual)

Poverty is a persistent problem in nearly every human society. In the United States, it is usually thought of as a condition of deprivation due to economic circumstances that is so severe as to prevent the individual from living with dignity. Despite decades of effort and billions of dollars, poverty continues unabated. Recent research suggests that poverty is a kind of proxy - a "stand-in" - for the

underlying social disease of inequality and economic segregation. (Introduction, Applied)

Your good friend Narayan is visiting from India. You both have just finished checking out in the department store. As you walk to the exit, the burly white security guard stops Narayan and insists that he open his parcel for inspection. However, you, a white person, are allowed to continue. One of the likely reasons for this is that people

who are white are usually ignored in situations like this. (The Myth of Race, Applied)