soc 101 midterm

A researcher hypothesizes that marriage improves an individual's health because it improves economic well-being. However, he argues that the relationship between marriage and health may differ for men and women. Match each variable with the corresponding term

dependant variable-health independent variable-marriage mediating variable- economic well being control variable-gender

your textbook defines culture as

everything except the natural environment around us

Student, professor, brother, sister, boyfriend, cashier, these are examples of (pp. 136-137)

status

Textbook argues that good sociology "makes the familiar strange". This means that

Sociologists challenge us to reconsider our assumptions about society

Good sociological research begins with

a puzzle of question

At the turn of the century, government studies revealed that, compared with Jews and many other immigrant groups, Italians seemed slow to learn English. Which of the following concepts can best be used to explain this phenomenon (Instructor Commentary)?

reference group

Studying the social structure of sexual behavior and disease transmission is an example of network analysis in practice. Match each statement to the Letter of the model of sexual transmission it describes (pp. 186-187). Below are three models:

The model of sexual transmission in which infected members are not directly connected to each other- B The model of sexual transmission in which containment of disease is easiest-A The model of sexual transmission in which containment of disease is most difficult-C

Read the little article "What's in a Name" (pp. 115). Which of the following is True (check all that applies)?

black babies are more likely to have unique names than white babies since 1960's more and more babies are having unique names, regardless of race the textbook explains the rise of unique names among blacks in light of black power movement

which of the following is a variable

religious affiliation

Match each type of infected network to the corresponding example (p. 186)

spanning tree-a waterborne parasite core infection- a computer virus reverse core infection - a disease spreads

Christina is FEMALE, she is 20 YEARS OLD, and she is HISPANIC. Sociologically, you have just been told about three of Christina's (p. 138)

ascribed status

Identify the examples of social capital (check all that applies) (pp. 175-176)

An artist who vacations in a Colorado town has a few very close friends among the locals. A steelworker knows a lot of people in the Chicago construction trade.

Match each term to the correct definition or description. Terms may be used more than once (p. 138)

An involuntary status- ascribed status a status that dominates other peoples perceptions-master status a status one earns or in some other way acquired- achieved status a voluntary status-achieved status a status one is born into-ascribed status

Sociology was born

in 19th century Europe

What did sociologist Duncan Watts do to investigate how some pop songs become hits (pp. 70-71)?

he manipulated songs ratings and download numbers to observe the effects on songs popularity

In class, we discussed four features of bureaucracy. We noted that bureaucracy tends to have hierarchical (top down) structure, high division of labor (specialization), written records of everything going on in the organization, and tends to be __________

impersonal and rule governed

In a classic study, researchers Miyamoto and Dornhusch (1956) (Links to an external site.) found that college students' self-conceptions were remarkably similar to how they thought their fellow students rated them. This best illustrates the concept of

looking glass self

The idea that "it's not what you know but whom you know" best illustrate the concept of

social capital

When we go to a new place (to get married or recieve education), Sociologically, we are asking about the...

social institution that place

In America, people often wear very little on the beach, in public. And yet, it is considered inappropriate to meet a stranger in pajamas in your private home. This example describes the concept of

norms

Select the tie (the line) which is in the best position to act as a social entrepreneur (p. 173).

B

How did our textbook demonstrate the importance of socialization (pp. 121-123)? (Choose all that applies)

From kindergarten to college, we internalize unwritten rules as to how to act in schools Few computers pass the Turing test because humans learn things differently from machines We are often at a loss as to how to behave when we are in a new situation

The sociological imagination refers to the ability to

See personal troubles as having roots in public issues

Random sampling means that

all cases in the population have equal chance to be included in the sample

Based on when the developing child acquires them (what happens first, second, third, e.g.), match each developmental stage to the time sequence (p. 126)

the self-1st members of a reference group, childs school class-3rd the generalized other-4th individual significant others, such as parents-2nd

sociological research process has two main components. they are

theory construction and theory testing

Such places like mental hospitals, prisons, military boot camps, illustrate the concept of (p. 136)

total institution

There is now the HPV vaccine (a vaccine against cervical cancer) that is given to preteens. But some people are against it because they worry that it would encourage youngsters to engage in sexual activities. In situations like this, medical advancement has outpaced our moral considerations. We call this phenomenon (p. 86)

cultural lag

General Social Survey (GSS) (p. 65) samples a new group of approximately 2,000 Americans in every other year. They have done this since 1972. GSS is an example of

cross sectional survey

The case of "Anna," a young girl who spent the first five or so years of her life left alone in a dark attic, illustrates the role of socialization in human development. Identify the specific skills Anna lacked (pp. 124-125) (Check all that applies)

normal response to light and sound speech high level reasoning normal motor control

What is the so called Thomas Theorem

When a situations outcome all depends on how the person reacts to it, not the situation itself. The interpretation of a certain situation leads you to the action

What makes Durkheim study of suicide "sociological"

He studied suicide as a collective behavior and attributed it to the strength of group ties

Sociologist Annette Lareau argues that (check all that applies)

Middle class child socialization leads to sense of entitlement to the society they live in. Inequality in childhood socialization tends to lead to inequality in adulthood

In class lecture video and power point (textbook, p. 26) we introduced the classic study of Max Weber called, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

The protestant value that earthly success is a sign of God's grace, ignited the engine of capitalism

Some sociologists hypothesized that cohabitation (living together before marriage) will cause divorce rate to go down (presumably couples will know each other better before marriage). In this hypothesis, ________ is the dependent variable and ________ is the independent variable (p. 54).

divorce rate, cohabitation

As black people living in white dominated society, W. E. B. Du Bois argued that African Americans find it difficult to have a unified identity. On the one hand, they are American citizens. On the other hand, they are also acutely aware that they are looked upon by white society with "contempt and pity." Du Bois called this condition (p. 29)

double consciousness

To truly understand why people act the way they do, a sociologist must understand the meanings people attach to their actions. Which of the following concepts best describes this way for studying human society (p. 26)?

verstehen

a structural hole is

A gap between two people or two groups that have complementary resources.

How would the question "why go to college" illustrate the "sociological imagination"

It questions take for granted practice for many Americans It draws connections between an individual decision to go to college and the large social forces that structured that personal decision

Which of the following is/are TRUE (check all that applies)

Quadagno found that the original Social Security laws excluded agricultural and domestic workers who were predominantly African Americans (p. 68). Brubaker found that German citizenship was more exclusive of non-Prussians because Germany grew out of an already well-refined Prussian nationality (p. 69). With Music lab experiment, Watts found that tastes in cultural products are shaped as much by peer-to-peer influence as they are by the products' quality (pp. 70-71).

In this video clip, Dalton Conley interviews Duncan Watts, who at the time worked for Yahoo! Research and is now with Microsoft Research. Starting at 2:56 in the video, Watts talks about his own investigation of the extent to which every person in a social network is connected to every other person, directly or through intermediaries. What did Watts discover?

While it is not true that everyone is connected, at least half the population in the world are connected with each other through about 6 steps.

Through his research, Melvin Kohn observed that working class parents tend to instill values of conformity and obedience in their children. Kohn explained that this was so because working class parents

are more successful in jobs when they themselves observe the rules

the opposite of the term "ethnocentrism" is

cultural relativism

When the family institution breaks down (high divorce rate and out of wedlock birth rate), society becomes loose at the hinges (crime and delinquency rise). This way of looking at society as interconnected - one part goes wrong leading to chain reactions - most likely comes from

functional perspective

The concept "strength of weak ties" means that weak ties can be valuable because (pp. 171-173)

they yield new information

Which of the following the bolded phrases that represent examples of correlation? (pp. 51-54) (Check All that applies) Derek and Jamal were discussing their math homework when Jamal complained that their teacher Ms. Kevan always gave more homework than other teachers. Derek agreed, and observed that younger teachers often gave more homework in general. They began discussing their workload more animatedly until Mr. Lewis, their history teacher, told them to stop talking and to pay attention. "Some students are always getting distracted in class," he observed, and then went on to point out, "Students who are quiet and pay attention tend to do better on my tests. Keep that in mind!"

younger teachers often gave more homework students who are quiet and pay attention tend to do better on my tests

Some people believe that protecting the environment should be given priority, even if this means slower economic growth or some loss of jobs. Other people believe that economic growth and creating jobs should be the top priority, even if the environment suffers to some extent. This is the conflict of

values

What makes Robert Putnam feel that social capital in America has been in decline (see power point slide and textbook pp. 177-178)? (check all that applies)

Membership in voluntary associations declined significantly. breakdown in family and neighborliness level of trust among people has been in decline

Please write down the three criteria we use to determine causation (p. 53). Then, use the relationship between poverty and crime as an example to illustrate the importance of the three criteria of causation.

The three criteria we use to determine causation is correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations. A relationship between poverty and crime is that crime could cause poverty but poverty could also cause crime, that is correlation, when A must vary with B. A relationship can be that maybe poverty has to happen before the crime happens, that is time order, when A must happen before B. A relationship can also be you cannot bring in a third factor, such as age, because that can influence both crime and poverty, that is ruling out alternative explanations.

A set of relations - essentially, a set of dyads - held together by ties between individuals is called (p. 170)

social network

Our textbook gave such examples as hip-hop, hard-core punk, Christian rock, Goth to illustrate the concept of (p. 92)

subculture

The limitation of field research is that

it is hard to generalize based on the observation of a particular event

Tom Terrific wanted to study how Black Lives Matter movement was organized, its inner workings, as a case study of social movement. Choose the best research design for him.

participant observation

We often take it for granted that different countries have different values. Yet, in sociology, this concept has been heavily criticized. Many sociologists argue that (check all that applies)

there are often many different values within one country the many values of a country are often inconsistent or in conflict with each other people often change their values to suit their needs

According to sociologist Georg Simmel, what is the single most important factor in predicting the behavior of members of a group (p. 161)?

The number of people in the group

the term "cultural capital" refers to

our ability to walk the walk and talk the talk to advance ourselves in a society's pecking order

Sociologist Alison Pugh spent 3 years observing schools and families in rich and poor communities in California. She focused, on the families shopping habits. She found that (p. 111) (Choose all that applies)

All parents, rich or poor, want their children to be cool to belong poor parents save money to purchase the in toys or devices for their kids rich parents insist that they were not materialistic while still buying a lot for their kids

In a study aimed at gauging Americans' opinions on gun ownership, polling teams stand outside department stores in major cities across the country and record people's answers to a few brief questions. Within each city, the results are quite consistent from one team to the next. Please identify the problems with this research design (check all that applies)

Generalizability validity

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of "socialization"?

Infants have to learn when and where it is proper to smile, depending on the culture they live in.

What are the three ways that make sociological study beyond the so called "common sense"

Sociology expands our knowledge of human experiences beyond those of our own groups of our own "common sense" Sociologists look at larger social forces rather than individual factors to explain our lives Sociologists do fact checking on our common sense

According to your textbook, triads tend to take on a supra-individual power (end of the page paragraph on page 162). This means that

The group's existence is not dependent on any one particular member

whats the definition of socialization

The process through which individuals fit into society and internalize its values, beliefs and norms, and learn to function as its members.

Prior to 2010, you get 5-year mandatory prison time for trafficking 5 grams of crack cocaine (the size of a candy bar). But if it was powder cocaine, you had to traffic 500 grams (the size of a briefcase) to get the same sentence. Since blacks were more likely to traffic crack cocaine, the law disproportionately punished blacks. This way of looking at the criminal justice institution in terms of unequal treatment of citizens mostly likely comes from

conflict perspective

A research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory is called (p. 50)

deductive approach

Refer to the question above. If one of these two ideas become dominant, shutting out all the other ideas or voices, and is accepted by the people as "common sense," just the way the world should work. Sociologists call this phenomenon

hegemony

match the following scenarios with nurture based, nature based, or neutral understanding of human development

identical twins raised under very different circumstances have very different personality traits-nurture identical twins raised under very different circumstances have similar personality traits-nature Two nonidentical children raised under different circumstances have different personality traits- neutral

Toward the end of her interview with Dalton Conley (8:08-9:31), sociologist Annette Lareau describes the difficulties one of her study subjects, an African American student who was raised by the "accomplishment of natural growth" method, encountered in the college admissions process.Identify which obstacles this student did and did not face.

lack of guidance in deciding where to apply no opportunities to visit prospective colleges

Identify the obstacles that keep computers from effectively mimicking human beings in a Turing test experiment (check all that applies) (pp. 122-123

lack of socialization inability to send or receive nonverbal signals

To study homicide, instead of looking at regional or historical patterns of homicide rate, some sociologists examine the process whereby offender and victim provoke each other, how their interactions are cheered on by onlookers, which quickly escalates into homicide. This approach to studying homicide is an example of (p. 41)

microsociology

To determine the "social class background" of respondents, sociologists typically examine the income level, the occupational prestige, and the educational level of a person. This practice of finding empirical indicators for measuring a concept is called (p. 55)

operationalization

Match each characteristic as an aspect of either organizational culture or organizational structure (p. 189).

organizational culture- how employees feel organizational structure- who writes organizational structure- how much paid time organizational culture- which employees are

Hospitals in Wisconsin tend to look like hospitals Texas. Libraries in Pittsburgh tend to look like libraries in Cleveland, Meijer, WalMart, Pick 'n Save, Whole Foods, tend to look very similar even if they sell different foods. Sociologists call this phenomenon

organizational isomorphism

Positivist sociologist believe that sociology exist to

uncover social facts that affect social life with methods employed by natural scientists

When triad forms in terms of political relation, the entering third party can play one of three roles: as mediator to resolve conflicts between the other two, as someone who profits from the conflicts between the other two (the third that rejoices), or (p.164 - see figure 5.1)

As someone who benefits by intentionally driving a wedge between the other two

Max Weber was famous for observing the "rationalization" process in the world. What does "rationality" mean here?

Organize society to make it calculable, predictable, impersonal for maximum control.

When we came across a black professor or a black doctor, if we cannot help but focus on his race rather than his profession, then his race becomes (p. 138)

his master status

In a capitalist society, two ideas often conflict. One believes that free market is the best way to organize our economy. Less government is better. Free competition will automatically weed out businesses that cannot compete. This belief is most often put forward by big businesses. The other believes that government interference is necessary to make the market work fairly. This belief is most often argued by small businesses and by the disadvantaged in the population. Sociologists call these ideas that often serve the interest of some groups

ideology

People tend to eat less when they eat in front of others. In social surveys, teenage boys are likely to report more sexual experiences than they really had. And defendants in court often try to manipulate jurors' opinions of them. All of these illustrate the concept of (pp. 144-145)

impression management

In 2018, Gallup Poll (Links to an external site.) asked a randomly selected group of adults on how they felt about stricter laws covering the sale of firearms. Among the people they interviewed, about 67% said that the "laws should be more strict." The margin of sampling error is "plus or minus 4%." This margin of error means that (instructor commentary)

in the population, those supporting stricter law is between 63% and 71%

Identify the features of cryptocurrencies that are different than standard forms of currency, such as the dollar or the euro. (Circle ALL that is correct - there are more than one answer) (p. 160). Correct Answer

its value depends on trust in the system the social network supporting it is decentralized among all users users are able to remain entirely anonymous

Many people read literature of the past to understand the past in terms of its economy, family relations, social mores, social class relations, etc. The assumption is that literature can be "read" as information about social values and behaviors of the society of the time. This approach to literature illustrates (pp. 94-95)

reflection theory