SOC 206 Final Exam

Mental illness and Stigma in college

- academic pressure to be successful -support system isn't with you -expectation of parents -professor inflexibility -the suffering olympics -response from campus -reactive instead of proactive possible solutions: more mental health education have professors and teachers be more understanding -have more funding towards mental health resources 3 categories: 1. Concealment 2. Selective Disclosure 3. Preventative disclosure

Big Pharma Influence

-advertising -An interesting statistic found that nine out of ten of the biggest drug companies in the United 36:01 States spent more money on advertising than they do on research and development of their drugs. 36:07 They care more about getting drugs in your pockets than they care about the actual validity of some of their drugs. saw that with the opioid epidemic, 36:24 sort of some of these advertising practices, typically going into doctor's offices, getting free lunches, 36:31 getting slammed, having conferences in wonderful locations that they fly doctors out for all because they say, 36:38 well, we did this for you, so we know you're going to prescribe your clients our medication.

social construction of body ideals

-change overtime and place of an ideal body -today is a heroin chic look -white skin as a beauty standard -ln Thailand long rings around neck to make longer shows wealth and beauty to be able to afford the rings in china: Lotus feet/footbinfing in thailand: pale skin is beauty in iran: having enough money to get nose job

Era of the asylum/mental hospitals

-mid 1800s treatment of people with mental illness was to lock them up in awful conditions because they aren't aware of what is going on -dorthea dix who was a school teacher and witnessed brutal treatment of these people in these prisons- was an advocate for state mental hospitals - we need medical treatment model -mid 1900s 265 mental hospitals- were understaffed and saw neglect and abuse towards the patients -saw in form of electric shock, lobotomies-left a lot of people brain dead -black and latinos are more likely to experience this poor white people were seen as a risk to white race -was started as good ended bad

Finding an antidepressant

1. Desperation and resistance 2.Trial commitment and experimentation 3. Engagement 4. Marriage to medication -not linear process

sentencing disparity in crack vs powder

100 to 1 sentencing People who are black were more likely to use crack cocaine compared to powder cocaine. -But we see that white individuals are much more likely to use powder than crack cocaine. Fair Sentencing Act was passed, and this was designed to right some of the wrongs from the War on Drugs policy era. 100 to 1 sentencing disparity was reduced to 18 to 1. But why we saw this sympathetic portrayal of white opioid users. We saw a criminalization and vilification of black Americans using crack cocaine

what are norms of sexual activity?

2 consenting adults -its not among children or in adults and children -pleasure is the goal -penetration and power dynamics -private/no witnesses -procreation -protection

gender non conforming

A term for individuals whose gender expression is different from societal expectations related to gender -dont identify as men or women really talking about gender identity -flexible definition

Which of the following are barriers for LGBTQ individuals seeking help for same-sex domestic violence? Legal definitions of domestic violence that exclude same-sex couples b. Dangers of "outing" oneself and the risk of rejection and isolation from family, friends, and society c. Potential homophobia from staff of service providers d. Low levels of confidence in the sensitivity and effectiveness of the criminal justice system e. All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following issues complicate the logic of using BMI to measure obesity, health, and well-being: Athletic bodies b. Racial and ethnic body types c. the possible correlation but not causation in health problems associated with obesity d. All of the above e. "a" and "b" only

All of the above

What is the best methodology of data collection for people to feel comfortable identifying themselves?

Anonymous surveys online because people feel more comfortable if its just to a computer screen rather than face to face surveys

Today we are in what era?

Antidepressant era- medication continues to remain supreme

atrocity tales

Atrocity tales are designed to shock and disgust the audience, the society in which the moral, the entrepreneur is operating. It's designed to get people's attention and make them care about the cause

how do we define fat

BMI =weight and height

Black men sexual identity

Because there is sort of this already a deficit because of mass incarceration. To be gay is almost to sort of deny you responsibility as the sort of strong male figurehead because we stigmatize gay men.

Black men on the down low

Black men who don't identify as gay but have sex with men -on the down low because they don't want to be labeled -argued men on the down low were responsible for the high rates of HIV in the black community -problomatic study Black men are slightly less likely to report to disclose their bisexual or homosexual activities compared to other racial men

don't ask don't tell

Clinton managed to gain support for a compromise measure under which homosexual servicemen and servicewomen could remain in the military if they did not openly declare their sexual orientation -barack Obama overturned don't ask don't tell and people could disclose what their sexual orientation was

Which of the following problem frames are not used when discussing fatness?

Cultural Non-Conformity

formal measures of mental illness

DSM -mental illness is the number one common category of social deviance -not 100% accurate

What is the path to medication, as found by deviance ethnographers?

Desperation & resistance --> Trial commitment and experimentation --> Engagement --> Marriage to medication

Drunk driving and murder framing issues

Diagnostic frames: are identify frames that identify or name a problem. The first step of bringing attention to something that would sort of be in our example on video, drunk drivers are murderers with depraved indifference. prognostic frames :in which you're proposing a solution to the problem. So in this example, we can say to deter people from drunk driving, we can charge them with murder so they face a harsher penalty and perhaps would be less likely to get in the car drunk. Motivational framing: Call to arms -It's arguing why people should get involved. It gives people a sense of urgency. Often it invokes statistics that may not be valid and credible emotional arguments like atrocity tales.

Laud Humphreys

EXAMPLE OF COVERT RESEARCH Tearoom Trade - argued there is incongruence between the private self and social self - Research raised lots of ethical issues: no consent, interviewed under false pretenses -little pervert and was basically looking into these public bathrooms specifically because it meant having sex with them. And so what he did this saw when people had sex with other men, followed them to their cars, wrote down their license plate. He had a friend in the police force that would give them the personal address associated with that license plate number. Then he would go to that person's home address. Typically, where these men were living with a significant other, typically in a heterosexual relationship

After the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, the possession and use of crack and powder cocaine was sentenced equally. T F

False

It is more socially acceptable in the U.S. for men to be heteroflexible compared to women. T F

False

What was NOT a contributing factor to the deinstitutionalization of asylums/mental hospitals?

Fewer people being diagnosed with mental illnesses

Fat activists identified with which fat acceptance frame support the notion of "intuitive eating," that you were born with the wisdom you need for healthy eating, so long as you pay attention to your body.

Healthy at every size frame

Someone who is using Vicodin they took from their mother's medicine cabinet to manage pain from an old work injury is an example of what course concept?

Illegal medical/instrumental drug use

Types of drug use

Illegal medical/instrumental drug use Illegal recreational drug use Legal medical/instrumental drug use Legal recreational drug use

Racial Inequality in the Opioid Crisis

Illegal medicine or instrumental drug use Media attention Racial discrimination in healthcare Mortality gap Solutions: Formal Protocols Bias Trainings dIVERSITY in medicine Advocating

Harm reduction

Instead of trying to criminalize it, let's try to make it as safe as possible for people to use it. If they're going to use it, which we know they probably will. So The focus is minimizing harm, not criminalizing. -Emphasis on public health and safety -educational programming But it's trying to teach young adults because typically those are the most likely demographic group to experiment with drugs. What drug combinations to avoid? Where to inject? If you're going to inject? What types of situations or behaviors to avoid while you're under the influence? How to pace your drug use to avoid an overdose. Basically just practices to ensure safer use. policy: syringe/needle exchange programs

LGBTQQIAAP

Lesbian Gay Bi Trans Queer Questioning Intersex Ally Asexual Pansexual

Which of the following is NOT an example of the way that racial discrimination functions in the medical system:

Longer stays in the hospital for non-Whites

privileged path to medication

Men are much less likely to seek help for illnesses -Joy in diagnosis -is positive because they know what is wrong with them and why

podcast frames of fatness

She talked about the idea of screening overweight as a mental health crisis -He talks about being refreshing in regards to right back as attractive sexual attraction to overweight individuals. She talked about the civil rights. excluded from podcast: -plus size models aren't plus size -lack of gender discussion -dad bod got hot but not towards women

Prejudice or discrimination against overweight or obese individuals is called:

Sizeism

Primary deviance

So it does not create any labeling

Secondary deviance

So something in access, witness it, then lead to some type of label, for example, a drug.

The type of blame frame that focuses on our society's toxic food and exercise environment as a cause for eating disorders or obesity is:

Socio-Cultural

External framing

Socio-cultural:we're really thinking about eating a source of beginning with this choice to diet that is really viewed as a normal response to cultural pressures. So the sort of pressure to be fit, what, what the ideal body type is and then eating disorders are sort of interpreted as these good intentions that are gone wrong, these sort of canaries in a coal mine. They're going too far as a result of these sociocultural pressures. And many blame sort of these people, trendsetters, people who make these sort of trends, popular culture, narrow beauty standards, etc., for the prevalence of eating disorders So socio cultural is really sort of the framing that I've seen so far. Medical: It's less about the onset of eating disorders. But this framing is that metal eating disorders need medical solutions. People are suffering from eating disorders need these medical solutions. It's not that the individual is responsible for curing their eating disorders. They need some type of external intervention, medical intervention.

Family law

Some states are now sort of permitted a state licensed welfare agencies are permitted to refuse to place children with LGBTQ plus individuals and same sex couples doing so conflicts with the agency's religion or moral beliefs. This freedom of religion is often used in these types of contexts. These individuals are not fit to paint.

school w lgbtq

The problem that most scholars have identified with this type of approach to certain issues is that it ends up prioritizing the sort of most dominant groups experience. So if you're not talking about race, those things sort of prioritize a white experience. And if you're not talking about sexual orientation or gender identity, it becomes a pretty normative, cisgender experience. And also you end up using sort of codified language, -book bans -a lot of things we take for granted are not codified

Anonymous people

This documentary covers a discussion of drug use and sort of the societal perception of drug use.

LGBTQ youth of color are more likely to be homeless compared to their white counterparts. T F

True

Today, the majority of opioid overdose victims are White. T F

True

hidden cases

UNDERCOUNTING may not want to disclose that you have this mental illness or not want to go to doctor to be diagnosed in fear of stigma of the label of being mentally ill -we are underestimating the numbers

zoophilia

Using sexual romantic attraction towards animals

social movements

Vietnam war, Watergate -One thing that drove these social movements was this anti-psychiatry movement. this was essentially saying that, Basically questioning the validity of psychiatry.

lgbtq in the military

WW2 -we saw need for soldiers- there was an official ban of homosexuality in the military and very few gay people were rejected- became less important-when people are needed peoples status and labels go away -after ww2 the gay soldiers were dishonorably discharged as a result of their sexual orientation -forcing people in the closet -military is a masculine institution -promotes superiority of heterosexualality -its not an individual level problem

Resource mobilization

You need resources. You need money. You need media attention. You need bodies. People who support your cause. You need resources in order to successfully explain what are atrocities. It tries to get, like an emotional response out of people.

who is more likely to identify as queer, younger or older people?

Younger because there is more representation of queer identities, the aids epidemic killed so many people that there is a queer generation gap in the 80s -for older generations it was more of a heinous crime for people who came out -institutions have become more accepting

patient dumping

a slang term for transferring patients from one hospital to another if the patient is unable to pay for services.

How much medication is too much

adhd in children have skyrocketed -problamatic in low income areas cuz they don't have the access to care are these behaviors really reflecting a disorder or are we seeing an increase in desire to control children's behavior? Psychiatrists aren't the only doctors prescribing antidepressant -we are treating symptoms rather than diagnosing the initial problem

Bulimia

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise -more common in college students-

most common mental illness

anxiety disorder

three big mental illnesses

anxiety disorders 29% mood disorders 21% ADD/ADHD 8% -there is overlap between all

primary deviance

being complemented for losing weight but its not a question how they got there

cisgender

biological sex matches gender identity

anorexia nervosa

deprivation of food with extreme exercise and starvation-restrict what you are eating -the onset is a little earlier than bulimia

homelessness and lgbtq youth

disproportionately queer youth of color are more likely to be homeless -result in sex work or use drugs to medicate for the depression and anxiety -these survival tactics lend them to be incarcerated -incarceration is more expensive than relocating and helping a homeless person into housing -will stay in shelters to avoid negative consequences

problem with BMI

doesn't distinguish between types of weight. Super athletic muscular person can still be overweight -using one size fits all -different races have different BMI -skinny bodies and fat bodies can be healthy

mental health and lgbtq

due to high rates of violence and bullying and homelessness and generally sort of this feeling of perhaps rejection for their own identities, we see that LGBTQ youth are more likely to face mental health challenges compared to individuals who don't identify as LGBT. -trevor project:it gets better movement this data shows individuals identify as trans and non-binary are much more likely than cisgender individuals to consider and attempt suicide. And by age, individuals are more likely to do so from 13 to 17 compared to 18 to 24.

Cisgender Privilege

extreme violence transgenders experience are at greater rates -the ways in which transgender express their gender identity are much more policed than cisgender people-a cisgender man who occasionally breaks social norms are seen as open minded and have positive reaction, but in contrast a transgender man wearing makeup might be seen as lying about his gender identity

upper class eating disorder

f you're not used to having a lot of food, 36:03 you're certainly not going to waste it versus if you're used to being in a household with plenty of food at your disposal, 36:05 you may feel less sort of inclined to constantly eat the food that you're given. it is sort of a privilege to not need to consume sort of food for energy, 36:58 to do physical labor or to be on your shift for 12 hours or be on your feet for 12 hour shifts. 37:08 So certainly there is that sort of work requirement that these young, white, affluent women don't need.

Internally framing

focus on the individual level Control/Lack of Control -Adherence to conventional norms -we can see that eating disorders are perceived as a coping mechanism for other events in these people's lives. Typically, it's a desire to seize control when they may feel out of control in other contexts. So I can't control that my parents are getting a divorce, but I can control the amount of calories that I consuming in a day - When they don't adhere to eating disorder, eating disorder, 45:09 people typically report feeling sort of out of control and like they don't have enough self-control to restrict or to binge or whatever the experience might be. And as we talked about in your reading, we see this strong appearance to conventional norms. So this again, this sort of desire to succeed and to control plays into eating disorders.

Mental Hospital conditions/Funding

funding was cut due to bad outcomes

fetishization of racial groups

gay men -1st :asian men are seen by white men having feminine qualities 2: black men are seen as overly sexual and predatory individuals and are vessels for white men supporting subordination stereotype -everything is under the white man gaze

violence and discrimination against queer youth

hate crimes against sexual orientation are on the rise -gay men and transgender women are targeted -There's this extreme fear among a lot of men in our country at being perceived or identified as gay.

gender identity

how you identify yourself use terms as man and women -internal -transgender falls under this term

gender expression

how you present yourself to others -external

secondary deviance

identity formation -realize when behavior started to interrupt their lives

article about zoophilia

in the study people labeled with beastiality were upset because it takes out the romantic aspect that zoophilia entails -heterosexual men mainly -compared relationship w animals vs with humans: see humans as manipulative vs animals is more straight forward and have unconditional love -if the animal has an erection is that consent? -consent is important to zoophiliacs

Heteroflexibility

individuals who are primarily heterosexual and have some degree of sexual interest in and/or experience with the same sex -more acceptable for women to be heteroflexibility

sodomy laws

laws prohibiting specific sexual activities between adults, even in private and with their consent sodomy: unnatural copulation of human beings with each other or with an animal ex: anal sex, beastiality, oral sex But there's still this stigma and sort of treatment out of criminal justice system. You know, it's not going to go anywhere. Perhaps we might still address that sort of a question about that.

lack of context sensitivity

leads to over estimating of mental illnesses OVERCOUNTING -people responsible for labeling those as mentally ill may not be aware that not everyone acts the same in all contexts ex: experiencing homelessness-done behave that we do -may have unkept appearances-may have old clothes -means of survival not signs of mental illness -people experiencing homelessness are more likely to have some form of mental illness compared to those who are not. -people are either incarcerated or institutionalized for behaving in ways we don't expect.

Racial bias in article

like a lot of minority people didn't have access to health care, so they could be prescribed opioids, but at the same time, they weren't prescribed them because they were receiving this like inherently addicted individuals and that they would be able to link with the state. So when we look at opioid overdose deaths, the most recent statistics show that 80% of overdose victims were white of opioids. we're portraying seeing white opioid users as taking pills,prescription pills, more so than we're receiving black and Latino drug users and intravenous injecting. who did the medical system fail at overprescribing opioids and who just chose to use heroin.

Problem frames

medical problem: this idea that excess weight or fat or being overweight or obese by the BMI standard is a medical problem which requires medical intervention to help. This is the same thing we talk about with eating disorders, where you need some type of external medical help to solve this problem. This problem is rooted in medicine. It's a medical sort of ailment. And so you need a medical solution.

why is there heavier policing on men than women?

men are characterized as providers -men are limited in expressing their gender -romantic dominance plays a factor -women are seen as submissive and weak

sexual orientation

only based on who you are attracted to physically or emotionally -pansexual,asexual,gay, bi, lesbian are all under this term

Origin of eating disorders

our origin is always this fear of being overweight Usually these people have a history of dieting in their teens and they conform to norms. Norms they are conforming to: this sort of value, both academic and workplace success, typically we're seeing high achievers. Right. Sort of very concerned with succeed while at the same time having a strong commitment to this cultural goal, emphasizing thiness So we're looking at more problems. Right. Very often as well, we see these people having very strong attachments to their parents. Family prioritization with exercise So typically the individuals in the study reported that their parents really valued diet and exercise. So their fathers were very interested in exercising and being physically fit. Their mothers were very engaged in dieting to the point where sometimes they would compete with their daughters in terms of weight loss. So it's not necessarily just parental attachment that matters, right? It's also the like norms and values that are emphasized by parents. So being so driven by sort of affirmation from your parents, it's the type of affirmation you're getting is when you lose weight is going to lead you to being more engaged and conforming than ever in these norms of fitness.

Deinstitutionalization era

people lost support in mental hospitals due to abuse and neglect -as people sort of start to be released at greater rates, it became clear that there were not sufficient resources to deal with this massive influx of people with mental illnesses ranging from severe to relatively mild.

who is excluded when we think of people identifying as queer

people of color -lesbians -trans people -culture of racial exclusion

moral entrepreneurs

people that create the labels

Blame Frames

personal responsibility: blames bad choices-choosing not to exercise, choosing to eat unhealthy food, its your fault your fat solution is to get people to make better choices -socio-cultural:fatness is a result of a toxic environment , poverty and national attitudes food deserts: area that lacks access of grocery stores but more fast food places -lower rates of exercise -more people working double shifts -biological : fatness is a genetic problem and solution is to identify specific genome -could lead to eugenics and be bad -socio cultural frames are used much less for fat people or the sort of obesity epidemic compared to eating disorders. We are much more likely to blame this culture of thinness for eating disorders than we are to blame this environment that does not allow people access to food or exercise on people being fat.

Fat acceptance frames

positive frames on being fat -healthy at every size Frame: his idea that you focus on weight loss and dieting are the actual health problems, not people's weight. And the solution for people of all sizes is to learn to eat in response to internal cues and to exercise for intrinsic benefit. it's this focus on intuitive eating and exercising Beauty Frame: This tendency to equate thinness with beauty is the problem and you talk about other cultures over time have perceived larger bodies as beautiful. And we need to expand what our definition of beautiful is to encompass all body sizes. All bodies should be beautiful under this frame Fat rights frame: weight based discrimination is a social justice problem We talk about the medical institution as well as employment and all the other sort of public spaces that we occupy. This sort of fat discrimination is the problem, and people, regardless of their body size, deserve to have equal rights.

intersex

possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

Pro Ana and Pro Mia WEBSITES

pro anorexia & pro bulimia websites, bulletin boards, and chat rooms aimed at promoting these illnesses

Gay marriage

queer advocate when a conservative overturned roe v wade cuz after abortion rights they thought gay rights were gonna get taking away Respect for marriage movement:designed to codify gay marriage into federal law -passed by house of rep and then the senate approved it and sent back and now will be sent to president

public health crisis frame

rather than focused on the individual fat people. We think about sort of the rising BMI of our nation as the problem. This is a societal problem. All of our public health is at risk. We're going to think about this when we see pictures that show how fast food sizes have increased over time. This is a great example of using a public health crisis frame. It's not just one individual person who's fat. It is we're all our country is coming full of that. And that is the worst possible case that we could have And we need to reduce the BMI at a population level.

pharmaceutical optimism

rather than institutionalizing folks, we saw this influx of drugs on the market, pharmaceutical drugs that claimed to be able to treat mental illness. This sort of idea, that medication can serve as a magical cure for mental illness. So we don't need to institutionalize you. But all you can do is cut this pill, basically.

Biological sex

reproductive organs that define male and female -use terms like male and female and biological terms -intersex falls under this

Domestic violence/sexual victimization policy

same lack of protection for same sex couples engaged in domestic violence -definition of domestic violence means different things -excludes same sex couples cohabitating -lots of barriers to seeking help -lack of lgbtq resources in medical profession ex: rape kit done they use different pronouns -potential homophobia -low level of confidence in the sensitivity and effectiveness of law enforcement

Media portrayal of mental illness

schizophrenia affects less than 1% of adults but in movies and tv its the most common men tap illness which leads us to perceive rates of schizophrenia as much higher than they really are. -what we see really is the depiction of people who have some form of mental illness as being violent -people with mental illnesses are no more violent than people without mental illnesses. -There's this false association between mental illness and violence, which leads people to be quite frightened,

eugenics

science dealing with improving hereditary qualities- idea that biologically, genetically, certain groups of people are inferior compared to others. It is a completely false and deeply racist belief system that is not supported by any science whatsoever. sterilization was mainly towards single black women

fat discrimination is called

sizeism

Trumps transgender ban

so people would be banned from serving in the military if they were transgender. This also had sort of the retroactive effect of removing people who are trans from the military who are currently serving. -cost of hormone replacement therapy or any surgeries so we wouldn't have any- wouldn't be fit for service cuz there's something mentally wrong with them -Biden overturned this ban and people are able to enroll

Anti-psychiatry movement: Rosenheim experiment

some people went in to psychiatric hospitals complaining of hearing a voice that was their only symptom, complained of hearing a voice. 30:18 Every single one of them was admitted and they particularly they picked good mental hospitals like some of the best some of the most well funded ones. 30:34 And they were all diagnosed with schizophrenia and admitted into mental hospitals. 30:42 Now, Rosenbaum wanted to see how long it would take for the staff to realize that they were not actually mentally ill. 30:50 Right. Once they were admitted, they started saying that they didn't experience any symptoms. 30:59 They were no longer carrying voices. They'd like to be let out. 31:06 I don't think that medication was acting the same way that someone without any mental illness would act. 31:09 However, to everyone's point, once that schizophrenic label was given everything they did, every behavior became an indication of schizophrenia. Once they were labeled that way, all the staff continued to treat them as schizophrenic in order to be released. 31:31 Some were held for over a month. In order to be released. 31:39 They had to collaborate with professional professionals there. 31:44 They had to take the medication. They had to stop asking to be released, etc., etc.

Women are more likely than men to seek help for mental illness T F

tRUE

paradox of bisexuality

taken the least seriously -argued it isn't real have the worst mental health

moral issue frame

that fat is evidence of sloth or gluttony. Right. And so to solve this problem, people need to exercise more restraint and personal responsibility. So this fat you're weak you have some moral issue. This is really blaming the individual person for moral failure. If being thin is an achievement, being fat is a failure.

In the video in class who was the moral entrepreneur

the prosecutor

Acceptance over liberation

these activists were aiming to fit into our existing culture. So they were only really interested in focusing on sort of making it just a big enough hole in the existing cultural narrative to film so that it could be generally accepted into the already existing script of what we define as acceptable. They valued this acceptance into the dominant culture instead of liberation,

labeling theory of deviance

this idea is you are label like some form of secondary deviance. 4:17 You receive stigma for that label. 4:26 You are treated differently because of that label. And then you would internalize that label, utilize the drug.

media coverage of fatness

this obesity epidemic became a public health crisis when a lot of attention was given to the fat crisis -fatness hasn't always been a concern in the us but has been socially constructed to become what it is today which is feared -moral entrepreneurs were created

Culture of Thiness

to be thin= to be attractive=to be worthy Canaries in the coal mine: there are people suffering from this cultural ideal -we should view these people as warning signs in this toxic culture -advertising perpetuates the message -what fad is current -influencers

medicalization of deviance

to make deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians-that people who are intersex have these surgeries that they don't want while people who are transgender have to fight for the surgeries that they do.

we do find that people who are black have a slightly lower acceptance rate of like gay marriage than white individuals. TF

true

white young women are most common to have eating disorders T F

true

within different racial and ethnic groups, different I know body types exist. T F

true

Why do women experience eating disorders more than men?

we know historically women have been objectified by their fathers or husbands. And their values really play into their physical appearance, whatever the appropriate sort of physical appearance was. that to embody sort of this positive portrayal of the family. So the objectification of women has always been emphasized as well as sort of this focus on appearance. And so we continue to see the value of women, especially young women, on their appearance.

framing consequence: size discrimination

white women are treated as sort of victims and comparison the whole form of a toxic society where we have obese black women and Mexican-American men and women being treated as lazy, disgusting slobs, etc., etc. We could see how these intersections of inequalities are sort of promoting more negative treatment. Right. It's not necessarily a coincidence that people experience multiple forms of discrimination.

who is more likely to report a queer Identity in relation to gender?

women because men have a strict definition of masculinity and lesbians are fetishized