SOC 313 Exam 2

Set-asides

- Government contracting funds which are earmarked for particular kinds of firms, such as small businesses, minority-owned firms, women-owned firms, and the like.

Relative deprivation

- the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities

Income

Earnings from work or investment (salaries, wages, or other money received)

Curanderismo

Hispanic folk medicine

Pan-indianism

Intertribal social movements in which several tribes, joined by political goals but not by kinship, unite in a common identity -> today, these efforts are mostly seen in cultural efforts and political protests of government policies

rising expectations (African Americans)

The increasing sense of frustration that legitimate needs are being blocked

Civil Disobedience

- A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences. - a tactics promoted by MLK based on the belief that people have the right to disobey unjust laws under certain circumstances

Employment assistance program

- A program created by the BIA that relocated young NAs to urban areas - primary provision was for relocation of NAs (individuals or families) to urban areas where job opportunities were greater - leaving the reservation was voluntary, but many felt pressured due to the lack of resources and economic status of their home. - Generally not successful and many NAs ended up going back to their reservations.

Red summer

- A series of 1919 race riots, with several Americans, both black and white, killed and numerous others injured. - So much violence led to the name "red summer"

Absolute poverty vs relative poverty

- Absolute poverty is the measurement of the poor by the actual minimum amount of money that a person has. - Relative poverty is the measurement of a person's income in relation to another individual or group

Indian removal act of 1830

- Called for the relocation of all Eastern tribes to the west of the Mississippi River. It opened more land to settlement through annexation of tribal land for the European settlers. - The movement didn't move tribes fast enough or far enough to stay out of the path of the European settlers. - The government tried to limit functions of tribal leaders and believed that if tribal institutions were weakened, NAs would assimilate more rapidly

racial segregation laws

- In the Progressive era (1901 - 1917), racial segregation was the rule in the South and the unofficial policy in the North. - ex: Jim Crow Laws

de jure segregation

- Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies. - children assigned to schools specifically to maintain racially separated schools

Reorganization act of 1934

- Required tribes to develop election-based governments and leaders - Recognized the need to acknowledge, rather than ignore, tribal identity, and recognized NAs right to approve or reject some actions taken on their behalf, but still had the goal of assimilation in mind - sought to assimilate NAs into the dominant society on the dominant group's terms - government still maintained control over their reservations

de facto segregation

- Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice. - Segregation that is the result of residential patterns

Pan-ethnicity

- The development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups, as reflected in the terms Hispanic or Asian American - A grouping of different identity groups into one overarching category based on an assumed shared ethnicity

BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs)

- Their responsibility was to conduct business between the US government and the Natives concerning treaties, funding, law enforcement, and land.

Graves (native Americans)

- There was a major concern in the stockpiling of NA relics, including burial remains - NAs are increasingly seeking the return of their ancestors' remains and artifacts (from museums and archeologists) - The NA Graves Protection and Repatriation Act was created to cover all NA remains

The Ghost Dance

- a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead - a religious movement incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems - Europeans expected NAs to forsake their traditions and even tried to repress the Ghost Dance

Tracking

- a way of dividing students into different classes by ability or future plans - can fuel things like the school-pipeline system

Casinos (native Americans)

- form of tribal government enterprise - a source of significant income and employment came from gambling on reservation - today: commercial gambling is the only viable source of employment and revenue available to many tribes. - At casinos today, although they're owned by tribes, are operated by non-Indian-owned businesses and bring in a lot of tourists if located in the right place - some feel casinos trivialize and cheapen their heritage - casino money has played a large role in lobbying power

Gerrymandering

- manipulate the boundaries of (an electoral constituency) so as to favor one party or class. - Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

Termination act

- originated with ideas that were meant to benefit NAs but intimated the most controversial government policy toward NAs - proposed an attempt to give NAs greater autonomy while as the same time reducing federal expenditures. - Many services the NAs originally had were reduced, giving them greater self-governance but at a much higher price - emphasized cost reduction and ignored the tribes' individual needs. Federal services (medical care, schools, and road equipment) were supposed to be withdrawn gradually, but instead, services were stopped immediately

(Racial) Profiling

- the use of race or ethnicity as grounds for suspecting someone of having committed an offense. - creating a description of someone based on collected data

Wealth

- the value of assets owned - an inclusive term encompassing all of a person's material assets, including land and other types of property

Politics of accommodation

-Booker T. Washington''s approach to white supremacy -Forgo social equality until whites saw blacks were deserving -Essential theme was compromise

Repatriation

1930's program of deporting Mexicans

Chicanismo

A defiant movement expressing pride in Latino origins and culture in the face of discrimination

Trail of tears

A movement (a result of the Indian removal act) lasting more than a decade that left tribes under the harshest conditions. It was a forced migration that led to the deaths of several thousand NAs. Various tribes were relocated to what is now Oklahoma.

Restrictive covenants

A private contract or agreement that discourages or prevents minority-group members from purchasing housing in a neighborhood.

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area. -> the process whereby the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, typically displacing current inhabitants in the process.

Class (sociology)

A social ranking of people who share similar levels of wealth

conflict perspective

A sociological approach that assumes that the social structure is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups. Ex: society has individuals competing for limited resources (money, leisure, etc.). Leading to conflict between superior and minority groups (examples of conflict include racism, segregation, religious beliefs, etc.)

World Systems Theory

A view of the global economic system as divided between nations that control wealth and those that provide natural resources and labor. - gradually, the policies directed from Europe toward the Native Americans resembles this approach.

Talented tenth

According to W. E. B. DuBois, the ten percent of the black population that had the talent to bring respect and equality to all blacks

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Riff-raff theory

Also called the rotten-apple theory; the belief that the riots of the 1960s were caused by discontented youths rather than by social and economic problems facing all African Americans.

Crossover effect

An effect that appears when Native American children who previously scored high on tests now score below average in intelligence when tests are given in English rather than their Native languages

Victimization surveys

Annual attempts to measure crime rates by interviewing ordinary citizens who may or may not have been crime victims

Allotment act of 1887

Bypassed tribal leaders and proposed making individual landowner of tribal members. Each family was given up to 160 acres of land with the subsumption that NAs would become more like white homesteaders. - The effect was disastrous however, NAs could not sell the land for 25 years. However, they didn't have the skills/tools necessary to make the land productive and were given no additional assistance for adapting to this "new life" making the land worthless for farming - Weakened the Native people's sense of what has been describe as their "grounded normativity"

Grounded normativity

Deep sense of roots not only in their land, but also to their culture and worldview

Ebonics

Dialect spoken by some African Americans

Slave codes

Laws that defined that low position held by slaves in the US. - enslaved person could not marry or meet with a free Black - marriage between enslaves people was not legally recognized - an enslaved person could not legally buy or sell anything except by special arrangement - an enslaved person could not possess weapons or liquor - an enslaved person could not leave a plantation without a pass noting his or her destination and time of return - an enslaved person had to obey established curfew for enslaved person - No one, including Whites, was to teach an enslaved person to read or write or give an enslaved person a book, including the Bible - etc. (12 total) -* most violators were whipped.

La Raza

Means "the people", the term refers to the rich heritage of Mexican Americans; it is therefore used to denote a sense of pride among Mexican Americans today.

maquiladoros

Mexican assembly plants created to take advantage of cheap labor supply. - factories that are largely duty free and tariff-free. These factories take raw materials and assemble, manufacture, or process them and export the finished product.

Powwows

Native American gatherings of dancing, singing, music playing, and visiting, accompanied by competitions

kick-outs or push-outs

Native American school dropouts who leave behind an unproductive academic environment

Fish-ins

Native American tribes' protests over government interference with their traditional rights to fish as they like. -> They believed that they were fishing in accordance with the 1854 Treaty of Medicine Creek and therefore did not deserved punishment even if they were violating "White society's" law

W.E.B. DuBois

Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP.

Marielitos

People who arrived from Cuba in the third wave of Cuban immigration, most specifically those forcibly deported by way of Mariel Harbor. the term is generally reserved for refugees seen as especially undesirable

Neoricans (Newyoricans)

Puerto Ricans who return to the island to settle after living on the US mainland

Jim Crow Laws

Southern laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites; passed in the late 19th century to keep Black in a subordinate position

William J. Wilson

Suggested that power relations between dominant and subordinate groups differ in paternalistic and competitive systems.

Victim discounting

Tendency to view crime as less socially significant if the victim is view as less worthy

Millenarian Movement

The belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming major transformation of society, after which all things will be changed. -> movements, such as the Ghost Dance, that prophesy a cataclysm in the immediate future, to be followed by collective salvation

Redlining

The pattern of discrimination against people trying to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods

environmental racism

The placement of low-income or minority communities in the proximity of environmentally hazardous or degraded environments, such as toxic waste, pollution and urban decay. - includes patterns of development that expose poor people, especially minorities, to environmental hazards

school to prison pipeline

The policies and practices that push students, particularly at-risk youth, out of schools and into the criminal justice system (ex: tracking plays a role in this)

Wealth vs. Income

Wealth- the value of financial assets such as savings, real estate, stocks, and bonds, minus any outstanding debts Income- money received from sources such as wages and salaries as well as from the interest, dividends, and rent generated by wealth

Differential justice

Whites being dealt with more leniently than Blacks, whether at the time of arrest, indictment, conviction, sentencing, or parole

Underemployment

Working at a job for which the worker is overqualified, involuntarily working part-time instead of full-time, or being intermittently employed.

Bracero

a Mexican laborer who worked in the United States on farms and railroads in order to ease labor shortages during World War II

Bilingual education

a program designed to allow students to learn academic concepts in their native language while they learn a second language

Socioeconimic Status (SES)

an individual's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics

English immersion

approach to teaching English as a second language in which instruction is presented only in English

Microaggressions

common, everyday verbal or behavioral indignities and slights that communicate hostile, derogatory, and negative messages about someone's race, gender, sexual orientation, or religion

Familismo

cultural belief among Latinos that emphasizes the love, closeness, and mutual obligations among family members

Setoffs

deductions from the money due equal to the cost of federal services provided to the tribe

Mojados (wetbacks)

derisive slang for Mexicans who enter illegally, supposedly by swimming the Rio Grande

English-only movements

efforts to make English the official language of the United States

Brain drain

immigration to the US of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed by their home countries

Zoning laws

legal provisions stipulating land use and the architectural design of housing, often used to keep racial minorities and low-income people out of suburban areas

Migradollars

money made by migrants sent back home

Internal Colonization

occurs when members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered or colonized and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the dominant group (native Americans forced out of their homeland by the Europeans)

Abolitionists

people who believed that slavery should be against the law

Life Chances

people's opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences

Borderlands

the area of a common culture along the border between Mexico and the US

Culture of poverty

the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children

Color gradient

the placement of people on a continuum from light to dark skin color rather than in distinct racial groupings by skin color

Bilingualism

the use of two or more languages in places of work or education and the treatment of each language as legitimate

Statistical discrimination

theorized behavior in which racial or gender inequality results when economic agents (consumers, workers, employers, etc.) have imperfect information about individuals they interact with.

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois

•Booker T. Washington opened Tuskegee Institute to help blacks get a job. He was labeled an acommodationist because he wanted blacks to get a job first and worry about equality later. •W.E.B. DuBois started the NAACP and wanted blacks to quickly achieve full equality.