SOC 3311 Articles

The Emancipation Proclamation by ABRAHAM LINCOLN

"Freed" slaves on Jan. 1, 1863; legal freedom of slaves

RCG 8.1 Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes: Mark SNYDER

"If people treat others in such a way to bring out behavior that supports stereotypes, they may never have an opportunity to discover which of their stereotypes are wrong"/ Describes experiments to help explain the persistence of stereotypes

US Constitution 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments

13th Amend: officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery to this day. 14th Amend: declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States are American citizens including African Americans. 15th Amend: prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude

My Black Skin Makes My White Coat Vanish by MANA LUMUMBA-KASONGO

A black female doctor has many patients who either refuse to be treated by her, or who question her credentials strictly because of her race.

RCG 2.10-Class in America-2012: Gregory MANTSIOS

A more just society will require a radical redistribution of wealth and power...will only come about with pressure from below: strong organization and mass movements advocating for a more just and equitable

How Jews Became White Folks, and What That Says About Race in America by KAREN BRODKIN

Affirmative action helped propel white men GI's of southeastern and northwestern European descent after WWII, while discriminating against black GI's.

Requiem for the Champ by JUNE JORDAN

Author and Mike Tyson grew up near each other in Brooklyn. She resonates with him and shows sympathy during his rape allegation because she knows where he came from (a REALLY bad neighborhood) a place where he's had to fight all of his life.

An Act for the Better Ordering and Governing of Negroes and Slaves, South Carolina, 1712

Beginning of the slave codes; set of rules to help slaveowners to maintain dominance over slaves and keep them in check

White Lies by MAURICE BERGER

Black people have been compared to "animals" and "beasts" in order to seem less threatening (ex: less beautiful, weaker, less successful, etc.) than their white counterparts. Author looks at a Polo ad with a beautiful horse and Tyson Beckford on it. Culture's avoidance of black talent/ inability to celebrate and learn from the strengths and accomplishments of black people.

Plessy V. Ferguson

Creation of the "One Drop Rule." Plessy was 1/8 black and wanted to sit in the whites only section of a train. Louisiana segregation law was declared constitutional

RCG 2.3- Smells Like Racism: Rita Chaudhry SETHI

Discusses racial discrimination of Asian immigrants in America/Asians often do not ascribe racist motivation to the discrimination they suffer, Asians do not identify w/ppl of color, and perspectives excludes the experiences of Asians from the rubric of racism/(Discusses accents, subversive stereotyping, the onus, religious fanaticism, class conflicts, and conceptual differences)

RCG 2.4- Oppression: Marilyn FRYE

Discusses women's oppression in the United States as a macroscopic phenomenon (like cageness) a network of forces and barriers systematically relation and conspire to he immobilization, reduction, and molding of women

RCG 2.2- Color-Blind Racism: Eduardo BONILLA-SILVA

Four central frames of color-blind racism: abstract liberalism, naturalization, biologization of culture, and minimization of racism (central to young & old whites)-->form an ideological wall that barricades whites off from America's racial reality/provide whites whites with a safe, color-blind way to state racial views w/o appearing to be irrational or rabidly racist.

RCG 2.9- Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life: Annette LAREAU

Lareau compares and contrast the upbringing of middle-class black children to the upbringing of middle-class white children & the effect it has on development of individualism (Discusses concerted cultivation in both races)

More Blacks Live With Pollution by THE ASSOCIATED PRESS

Minorities are more likely to live in polluted communities, causing more health problems.

RCG 5.7- Wealth Gaps Rise to Record Highs Between Whites, Blacks, Hispanics: Twenty-to-One: Rakesh KOCHHAR, Richard FRY, and Paul TAYLOR

Presents net worth and asset ownership figures to support the increase in wealth gaps

RCG 5.1-Imagine A Country: Holly SKLAR

The United States is that "imagined country" with an economy in great need of a revolution of values and fairness

RCG 1.10- Decontructing the Underclass: Herbert GANS

The definition of "underclass" has been associated with poverty, racial minorities, and poor work ethics which is dangerous because it blames people instead of fixing the problems of the ecomony

RCG 2.1- Defining Racism: "Can We Talk?": Beverly Daniel TATUM

The impact of racism begins early (childhood) not from firsthand experience but from secondhand information that has been distorted, shaped by cultural stereotypes, and left incomplete--> Passive racism. "Racism by itself can kill"

RCG 3.0- Complicating Questions of Identity: Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration (Rothenberg)

The increasing diversity in the U.S. brings with it new tensions & potential for conflicts. (Amercian still means white...for now)[2050]

RCG 5.0- The Economics of Race, Class, and Gender (Rothenberg)

The mythology of the American Dream continues to assure us that hard work and ability, not family background or connections, is the key to success. The gap between the rich and poor is increasing.

Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka

racially segregated educational facilities are NOT equal

RCG 5.14- "Savage Inequalities" Revisited: Bob FELDMAN

richer, whiter school districts are still getting more public funds, while the Federal government looks the other way/ Shows data to support if one can buy a $1 million dollar home, then they can provide their children w/superior schools

RCG 5.15-Causes of Death: Inequality: Alejandro REUSS

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RCG 5.18-Inequality Undermines Democracy: Eduardo PORTER

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RCG 8.6-The Plutocratic Culture: Institutions, Values, and Ideologies: Michael PARENTI

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RCG 8.7-Media Magic: Making Class Invisible: Gregory MANTSIOS

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RCG 8.8-Still Separate, Still Unequal: American's Educational Apartheid: Johnathan KOZOL

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RCG 8.9-Masked Racism: Angela DAVIS

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The Black Codes by W.E.B. DU BOIS

Points out that once the Emancipation Proclamation "freed slaves," slaves weren't actually "free" due to the Black Codes. Black Codes were created to keep free blacks in check

RCG 5.6- The Making of the American 99% & Collapse of the Middle Class: Barbara EHRENREICH and John EHRENREICH

All sorts of class, racial, and cultural divisions persist w/in the 99% (including former "liberal elites") which deepened in 2008

The Slave Side of Sunday by DAVE ZIRIN

An NFL veteran, Anthony Prior wrote a book that compares the NFL to slavery. He says that there are mostly black players, who are traded/drafted strictly for entertainment, and they are controlled by mostly white people (coaches, owners, general managers).65% players , 18% of coaches, 6% of GMs are black; no black owners

Constructing Race, Creating White Privilege by PEM DAVIDSON BUCK

Examines the origin of white privilege in society.

RCG 5.4- It Official: The Rich Got Richer: Top Earners Doubled Share of Nation's Income, Study Finds: Robert PEAR

Factors contributing to the rapid growth of income at the top were the structure of executive compensation: high salaries for some "superstars" in sports and the arts; the increasing size of the financial services industry; and growing role of capital gains (which go disproportionately to higher-income households)

RCG 4.3- Apparel Factory Workers Were Cheated, State Says: Steven GREENHOUSE

Factory in Queen (made women's apparel for Banana Republic, Gap, Macy's Urban Apparel, and Victoria Secret) required its 100 employees to work seven days a week, sometimes months at a time (paying 3.79 a hour & training them to lie to gov. inspectors/Chinese immigrants)

RCG 5.3-Rich People Create Jobs! And Five Other Myths That Must Die for Our Economy to Live: Kevin DRUM

Myth 1: The stimulus failed-same mistake made in 1937/ Myth 2: The deficit is our biggest problem right now/ Myth 3: Lower taxes are the best way to grow the economy/ Myth 4: Regulatory uncertainty is clogging the economy/ Myth 5: Obama is debasing the dollar/ (Myth 6: If you unshackle the rich, they'll rev up the economy)

RCG 5.5- Study Finds Big Spike in the Poorest in the U.S.: Sabrina TAVERNISE

Number of ppl living in neighborhoods of extreme poverty grew by a third over the past decade/grew in roughly three-quarters of the nation's largest metropolitan areas (esp. Midwest-Toledo, Youngstown, and Detroit)

RCG 1.0-The Social Construction of Difference: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality (Rothenberg)

Race, Class, and Gender/Sexuality have all been socially-constructed to answer the question of how to distribute its wealth, power, resources, and opportunities

RCG 2.0-Understanding Racism, Sexism, Heterosexism, and Class Privilege (Rothenberg)

Racism, sexism, heterosexism, and class privilege are systems of advantage that provide those w/the "right" race, sex, sexual orientation, and class with opportunities & rewards that are unavailable to "others." ("Others" experience a system of oppression)

An Act Prohibiting the Teaching of Slaves to Read

Reading = knowledge = power = slave rebellion; keeping black people from reading was way to assert dominance over them; less likely to rebel if they couldn't read Abolitionist papers, newspapers, etc.

The Ethics of Living Jim Crow by RICHARD WRIGHT

Set in the Jim Crow Era, a young black male describes his experiences of learning the Jim Crow laws and living as a Negro in the South. Adopts a dual-lifestyle, learning that he has to sacrifice his self-respect to white people in order to save his life, and learning how to maintain his blackness by reading or by subtle rebellion.

The 3/5 Compromise

Slaves represented 3/5 of a person when fixing the representation of the states in the House

RCG 6.0- Many Voices, Many Lives: Issues of Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality in Everyday Life (Rothenberg)

Statistics can tell a story w/numbers but they cannot translate those numbers into lived experiences. Additionally writings and teaching have come from the predominantly privileged (white males) "experts" who define/describe a reality they had never known

RCG 8.0- Maintaining Race, Class, and Gender Hierarchies: Reproducing "Reality" (Rothenberg)

Stereotypes, ideology (beliefs), and language have an important role in maintaining social control through education and media (Rather than having armed militia, etc)

RCG 1.1- Racial Formation: Michael OMI & Howard WINANT

Susie Guillory Phipps case-sued to be classified as white. She lost because of the 1/32 Black Law Race... -was a biological concept --> "amateur biology" -was social historically -->"racial etiquette" -is now a SOCIAL CONSTRUCT that is unstable & decentered complex of social meanings constantly being transformed by POLITICS (political struggle)

RCG 7.0- How It Happened: Race and Gender Issues in U.S. Law

The Declaration of Independence proclaims that all "men" (literally) are created equally. Black people were considered 3/5 of a person

Dred Scott V. Sandford

Was Dred Scott free or a slave? Scott ran away from slavery into a free state, said that he was considered a free citizen. Court decided that he wasn't a citizen because he was black.

White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack by PEGGY McINTOSH

White privilege as an "unearned entitlement." Being white seen as being part of the dominant culture, alienates other cultural groups. Author lists overlooked life experiences of white privilege.