SOC 340 Midterm

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons Africans were originally enslaved in the Americas.

Africans were enslaved due to anti-black racism

Which of the following racial/ethnic minority groups did NOT resist their oppression and exploitation?

All the above

In the current era, which of the following terms used to refer to Black people is no longer considered acceptable?

Negro

This refers to the idea, formerly legally enforced and later a U.S. cultural norm, that if a person has any Black ancestry, they are considered to be Black.

One drop rule

This specifically refers to a group of people that share some socially defined physical characteristics, for instance, skin color, hair texture, or facial features.

Race

This refers to using science to prove the innate inferiority of some racial groups and the innate superiority of others.

Scientific Racism

This is a type of racism that refers to attitudes and beliefs rather than actions.

symbolic racism

Cox argues that American racism, particularly in the South, was created by _________because it benefitted them: they could exploit Black workers and keep white workers from realizing their potential solidarity with the Black working class. Such a "divide and conquer" strategy benefits capitalism in that a divided workforce has less power in the labor market.

white capitalists

When sociologists speak of a minority group, they are referring to

A group that has less than their proportionate share of society's goods and resources

Short Answer: Describe two reasons why Africans were considered the most suitable for chattel slavery in North America

Africans were perceived as suitable for chattel slavery due to the perceived availability of a large and potential workforce. The conception of Africans as chattel or property, making it easier for slaveholders to justify the harsh conditions and forced labor imposed on them

Which of the following racial groups did the COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affect (in terms of infection, hospitalization, and death rates)?

All

Which of the following racial/ethnic groups have had demeaning sexualized stereotypes about them that are designed to portray them as deviant and "other?"

All

Which of the following terms are considered acceptable when referring to the Indigenous people of this continent?

All

Which of the following ways has racism been found embedded in modern technologies?

All

Slave owners used which of the following justifications for their role in "breeding" more slaves with slave women.

All the above

Capitalism as an economic system emerged in conjunction with ________, the European contact with and exploitation and domination of the Native peoples of Africa, Asia, and the Americas.

Colonialism

___________ is the current racial ideology, which argues that race is no longer a significant factor in our society and any evidence of racial inequality can be explained by non-racial factors such as culture.

Color-blind ideology

This refers to the discrimination that darker-skinned Latinos and African Americans face within their own group compared to lighter-skinned group members.

Colorism

Which of the following theoretical perspective on race embraces an activist agenda instead of objectivity and emphasizes narrative and storytelling as a method of knowledge production?

Critical Race Theory

This is a term that refers to a group of people that share a culture, nationality, ancestry, and/or language.

Ethnic Group

This refers to the belief that one's own culture or group's ways of doing things are superior to others and is one of the necessary conditions for racial/ethnic inequality to emerge.

Ethnocentrism

Which of the following sociological perspectives emphasizes social order and the value of consensus, harmony, and stability for a society, as well as the interdependence of social systems.

Functionalism

Between the 1500s and the mid-1800s, Native Americans experienced a ________, or the deliberate and systematic attempt to eradicate a group of people, at the hands of whites through the introduction of disease, war, forced relocation, and cultural denigration.

Genocide

This refers to the everyday business practices and policies which disadvantage minorities and offer advantages to dominant group members; it is often written off as "just the way things are

Institutional Racism

This theory emphasizes the distinction between voluntary immigrants, known as immigrant minorities, and involuntary immigrants, known as colonized minorities.

Internal colonialism theory

This refers to anxiety, self-doubt, and in extreme cases, self-hatred felt by some members of stigmatized groups because of the pervasiveness of derogatory stereotypes, ethnocentrism, and other forms of racism.

Internalized racism

This focuses on the interactions between different systems of oppression, as all individuals hold positions in multiple status hierarchies (such as gender, race, class, sexuality, nationality, and/or age).

Intersectionality

This term refers to a now defunct branch of science that compared the skull sizes of various racial groups and used that data to try to determine group intelligence, social and cultural characteristics, and the presumed innate group differences between races.

Phrenology

_________ refers to a set of beliefs, narratives, and practices within an organization, which are supported by discourse, which make up commonly recognized understandings of race.

Racial Orthodoxy

Sociologists Howard Winant and Michael Omi introduced a new theoretical perspective on race referred to as ___________, which emphasizes the ways racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed over time, and the ways race plays out structurally in our everyday, lived experience, becoming "common sense" or a way of making sense of our world.

Racial formation perspective

Which of the following is an example of how New World slavery differed from slavery in the ancient world?

Slavery in the ancient world was generally an outcome of war; people were enslaved as the spoils of war.

When sociologists describe race as being socially constructed, which of the following pieces of evidence can NOT be offered to support that statement?

Societal racial categories have a biological or genetic basis

This is a concept introduced by American sociologist, C. Wright Mills, which refers to a perspective that helps us understand the ways history, society, and biography intersect.

Sociological Imagination

Cultural ideologies are fueled through _______, which are exaggerated and/or simplified portrayals of an entire group of people, based upon misinformation or mischaracterizations.

Stereotypes

Which sociological perspective on race/ethnic relations is concerned with racial/ethnic identity development?

Symbolic Interactionism

Sociologist Joe Feagin identified the theoretical perspective known as (the) ____________, which refers to a worldview that includes racial beliefs, racially loaded terms, racialized images, verbal connotations, racialized emotions, and interpretations as well as discriminatory actions that help justify ongoing racism

White racial frame

This refers to an institutional space where white privilege is maintained and reproduced and nonwhites are perceived as intruders and unwelcome.

White space

Robert Ezra Parks' "race relations cycle," his theory for the incorporation of immigrants into American society, culminated with ________________.

assimilation

The ______________ challenges the idea of color-blindness through the theoretical contribution to race scholarship by referring to a process of knowing that is designed to produce not knowing

critical race theory

James C. Scott argues that subordinate group resistance takes the form of a _________, which are the actions and interactions that occur outside the gaze of members of the dominant group and challenge the subordinate status of minority groups.

hidden transcript

The epidemic of violence directed at LGBTQ people of color is an example of ________, because it is more than homophobia and transphobia; it is racialized homophobia and transphobia.

intersectionality

The term _______________ was introduced by sociologists Oliver and Shapiro to describe how government policies have impaired the ability of Black people to accumulate wealth and facilitated white wealth accumulation, with slavery being the most blatant example.

racialization of state policy

Short Answer: Describe two ways that the Indigenous People living in North America were displaced from their ancestral land prior to 1899.

· Forced removals and treaty violations. Many Indigenous communities were forcibly removed from their ancestral lands through government policies and military actions. Treaties were frequently violated or manipulated, leading to further land dispossession.

Short Answer: A debilitating medical condition is found to be more prevalent in Race "X" rather than Race "Y". What would be the most logical and historically consistent explanation for this phenomena? (Source: Power of an Illusion Part I)

· Historically, marginalized racial and ethnic groups have experienced systemic discrimination and unequal access to resources, leading to disparities in health outcomes. For example, if members of Race "X" have been subjected to limited access to quality healthcare, higher levels of environmental pollution, or socio-economic disadvantages, it could contribute to a higher prevalence of certain medical conditions within that racial group.

Short Answer: 1. In contrast to today's myth of innate Black athletic superiority, a hundred years ago many whites felt that Black people were inherently sickly and destined to die out. How do you explain this change in thinking? (Source: Power of an Illusion Part I)

· Over time, societal attitudes and perceptions have evolved due to various factors, including changes in cultural norms, civil rights movements, increased representation of Black athletes in sports, and advancements in scientific understanding. The emergence of successful Black athletes, breaking records and excelling in various sports, challenged the stereotypes of physical inferiority. This exposure contributed to a changing narrative, highlighting the diversity and individual capabilities within the Black community.