SOC Ch. 4

Disengagement theory argues that a)younger people do not know how to assume social roles. b)social roles are passed from one generation to another. c)senior citizens take more social roles as they age. d)senior citizens become more active as they age.

b)social roles are passed from one generation to another.

According to the definition established by Erving Goffman, which of the following is not an example of a total institution? a)the military b)a convent c)a mental hospital d)a social club

d)a social club

The impact of significant others on peoples' lives illustrates a)the importance of social interaction on development. b)the role that biology places in the development of self. c)how little ordinary people pay attention to others. d)how social interaction is not needed for development.

a)the importance of social interaction on development

According to the economists Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, schools have less to do with teaching academic content than with teaching a)social skills important for personal relationships. b)personal and public safety practices. c)healthy lifestyle practices. d)social skills important for the workplace.

d)social skills important for the workplace.

The way in which societies deal with their elderly populations a)depends upon the dominant religious tradition. b)varies significantly across cultures. c)is normally legislated by the government. d)is surprisingly the same.

b)varies significantly across cultures.

The automatic and unconscious association of value, whether positive or negative, with particular groups, subgroups or characteristics of people is called a)explicit bias. b)prejudice. c)Implicit bias. d)social comparison.

c)Implicit bias.

In the U.S., people have begun, increasingly, so see gender as a)encompassing three or more categories. b)strictly divided into two categories. c)a fluid concept.

c)a fluid concept.

Learning to behave appropriately at work represents a)an end to socialization for both adolescents and adults. b)the end of one's formal education. c)a fundamental aspect of occupational socialization. d)the end of a family's influence on socialization.

c)a fundamental aspect of occupational socialization.

Because they influence and alter their family, school, and peers, children's role in socialization is a)neutral. b)uninterested. c)active. d)passive.

c)active.

Which of the following terms refers to prejudice or discrimination based on a person's age? a)disengagement theory b)activity theory c)ageism d)gerontology

c)ageism

A young woman decides she wants to become a professional model, so she surfs the Internet for information and attends modeling classes. This is an example of a)occupational socialization. b)resocialization. c)anticipatory socialization. d)face-work.

c)anticipatory socialization.

According to George Herbert Mead, when people consider the relative positions, contributions, and expectations for an entire group of people, they are considering the a)generalized species. b)significant other. c)generalized other. d)significant role.

c)generalized other.

What two core elements distinguish the Internet as a mass medium? a)intranet communications b)cloud (and other shared) storage c)information retrieval d)social networking

c)information retrieval d)social networking

According to Charles Horton Cooley, the looking-glass self a)is determined by biological factors. b)develops when a person faces illness. c)is a product of our interaction with others. d)develops when a person is isolated.

c)is a product of our interaction with others.

Why are symbols important? a)They are the same in every culture. b)Humans do not learn them until adulthood. c)Governments determine how they are used. d)They form the basis of human communication.

d)They form the basis of human communication.

How did most residents of the United States address death until recently? a)They discussed it thoroughly. b)They discussed it with their families and employers. c)They made elaborate plans for their funerals. d)They treated it as a taboo topic.

d)They treated it as a taboo topic.

Sociologists would consider the transition from student to graduate an example of a)face-work. b)a gender role. c)the play stage. d)a rite of passage.

d)a rite of passage.

Often seen as the opposite of disengagement theory, ______ theory suggests that elderly people who remain engaged and socially involved will be best adjusted. a)behavioral b)labeling c)activation d)activity

d)activity

Even at a young age, children often participate in peer groups that a)have big age differences among their members. b)have members of different social statuses. c)celebrate the individuality of each group member. d)are viewed in hierarchies related to popularity.

d)are viewed in hierarchies related to popularity.

In total institutions, a degradation ceremony a)diminishes the power of groups. b)allows people to express themselves through their appearances. c)transfers power from authority figures to newcomers. d)diminishes the power of the individual.

d)diminishes the power of the individual.

To avoid public embarrassment and maintain a particular image, people often participate in a process sociologists call resocialization. a)alienation. b)make-up. c)the looking-glass self. d)face-work.

d)face-work.

In his stages of the self, George Herbert Mead noted that children eventually develop what he called "generalized other," which applies to the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that children take into account in their behavior. This concept is applied as part of the ______ stage. a)occupational b)preparatory c)play d)game

d)game

Discoveries of children raised in extreme isolation illustrate how isolation can a)help enhance children's intellectual capacities. b)allow children to interact easily with adults. c)prepare them for school and professional life. d)limit children's social and intellectual development.

d)limit children's social and intellectual development.

As they move out of childhood, teenagers increasingly begin to rely on which of the following groups? a)school counselors b)religious leaders c)parents d)peers

d)peers

Socialization is a lifelong process through which a)people become more isolated. b)a country changes its form of government. c)a body's DNA changes. d)people learn the patterns of the culture.

d)people learn the patterns of the culture

Religion and government help to socialize people by a)triggering biological changes in people's genes. b)encouraging people to act on their own behalf. c)isolating people from their families and friends. d)providing rites and regulations that mark certain events in a lifetime

d)providing rites and regulations that mark certain events in a lifetime

Since the concept of the self is all about how humans view themselves, this concept is interesting to both sociologists and a)cardiologists. b)geologists. c)economists. d)psychologists.

d)psychologists.

Some economists have theorized that schools can reinforce inequality by a)introducing new concepts to different groups of students. b)eliminating traditional gender roles for students. c)rewarding students who think outside the box. d)rewarding students who internalize "acceptable" ways to work.

d)rewarding students who internalize "acceptable" ways to work.

Milestones in the life course in the U.S. have varied by generation. Today, which of the following is true? a)Completion of formal schooling is identified as a very important rite of passage. b)Getting married has increasingly been identified as a very important rite of passage. c)Becoming a parent has increasingly been identified as a very important rite of passage. d)There is a clear dividing line between adolescence and adulthood.

a)Completion of formal schooling is identified as a very important rite of passage.

Which of the following statements reflect the importance of human contact in the socialization process? a)Human relationships are shaped through socialization. b)Human beings develop just fine with or without normal social interaction. c)Social isolation affects children's ability to communicate effectively. d)Children develop better in isolated environments.

a)Human relationships are shaped through socialization. c)Social isolation affects children's ability to communicate effectively.

Which of the following is true of the retirement stage? a)It is a series of adjustments. b)It means living alone for most Americans over the age of sixty-five. c)It presents the same challenges to all adults. d)It is a single transition.

a)It is a series of adjustments.

Which of the following are true of the looking-glass self? a)It is subject to change. b)It involves imagining how other people view themselves. c)It persists even if the environment changes. d)It may be an inaccurate perception of how others view us.

a)It is subject to change. d)It may be an inaccurate perception of how others view us.

During the 1970s researcher Harry Harlow conducted studies on rhesus monkeys. One of his experiments used artificial mothers, in which monkeys raised in isolation were given a substitute mother. One mother was a cloth-covered replica, and the other was covered with wire but had the ability to provide milk. What were some of Harlow's findings? a)Most of the monkeys spent more time with the cloth mother. b)None of the monkeys went to the wire mother. c)The monkeys preferred the comfort provided by the wire mother because they could feed whenever they were hungry. d)The monkeys' need for warmth and intimacy was stronger than their need for food.

a)Most of the monkeys spent more time with the cloth mother. d)The monkeys' need for warmth and intimacy was stronger than their need for food.

In the 1970s researcher Harry Harlow conducted a study on rhesus monkeys, in which he compared monkeys that were raised in isolation from their mothers and other monkeys with those that were not raised in isolation. What were some of the characteristics of the monkeys that were raised in isolation? a)The monkeys were fearful and easily frightened. b)There were food similarities among the monkeys. c)The isolated monkeys became more caring parents. d)Mating was problematic among the monkeys.

a)The monkeys were fearful and easily frightened.. d)Mating was problematic among the monkeys.

True or false: Parenting norms in the U.S. have shifted in recent years and parents have begun exercising greater oversight of and involvement in children's lives. a)True b)False

a)True

The dramaturgical approach uses theatrical terms to explain human behavior. For example, it calls the place where humans prepare for action a)backstage. b)the id. c)scenery. d)a looking-glass.

a)backstage.

The process of socialization begins at a)birth. b)college. c)kindergarten. d)adulthood.

a)birth.

Agents of socialization encompasses many things, including a)family. b)chromosomes. c)mass media. d)the state. e)the self. f)religion.

a)family. c)mass media. d)the state. f)religion.

Humans learn appropriate social responses by a)gathering feedback from situations. b)entering data into computers. c)isolating themselves from others. d)taking actions that best satisfy their needs.

a)gathering feedback from situations.

In George Herbert Mead's description of the stages of the self, symbols can consist of a)gestures. b)beliefs. c)words. d)thoughts. e)feelings.

a)gestures. c)words.

The term "generalized other" refers to a)how children consider the effects of their behavior on society as a whole. b)the idea that human behavior is like a performance in a play. c)how children imitate the people around them, especially family members. d)the gestures, objects, and words that form the basis of human communication.

a)how children consider the effects of their behavior on society as a whole.

The "looking-glass self" refers to our view of ourselves that comes from a)our impressions of how others perceive us. b)our perception of our physical appearance. c)imagining how it is we present ourselves to others. d)television, radio, and other media sources.

a)our impressions of how others perceive us. c)imagining how it is we present ourselves to others

Examples of age-related discrimination include a)people not receiving jobs because they are considered too old. b)people not receiving jobs because of their youth. c)a person's eligibility to receive Medicaid. d)changes in the distribution of Social Security benefits.

a)people not receiving jobs because they are considered too old. b)people not receiving jobs because of their youth.

Anticipatory socialization refers to the process of socialization in which people a)rehearse for future positions, occupations, and social relationships. b)adopt the behavior of an earlier time in their lives. c)regulate all aspects of their lives. d)discard former behavior patterns and accept new ones.

a)rehearse for future positions, occupations, and social relationships.

According to gerontologist Richard Kalish, preparing for a good death includes a)restoring harmony to social relationships. b)avoiding saying farewell because of the pain it will cause. c)denying impending death and living as normal. d)completing unfinished business.

a)restoring harmony to social relationships. d)completing unfinished business.

Transitions that bring about changes in one's life are called a)rites of passage. b)dramaturgical approaches. c)formal norms. d)looking-glass theories.

a)rites of passage.

Social psychologist Henri Tajfel's three core elements include which of the following? a)social categorization b)social comparison c)social identification d)social ostracization

a)social categorization b)social comparison c)social identification

Social psychologist Henri Tajfel's experiments revealed that when people with no group history or common culture are randomly placed into groups, a)they will privilege each other. b)they will identify with each other. c)they will seek to deny benefits to people in other groups. d)they will fail to recognize differences between groups.

a)they will privilege each other. b)they will identify with each other. c)they will seek to deny benefits to people in other groups.

Significant others are individuals a)whose interactions are crucial in shaping individual selves. b)who occasionally interact with other people. c)who are strangers to people as adults. d)that have little impact on shaping a person's life.

a)whose interactions are crucial in shaping individual selves.

Globally, in "high-income nations," life expectancy is a)90 years. b)80 years. c)76 years. d)63 years.

b)80 years.

True or false: Government regulations constitute strict rights of passage. a)True b)False

b)False

Which of the following best defines occupational socialization? a)socialization at places such as school and the mall b)behavior that people learn where they work c)acceptance of a single lifetime occupation d)learning skills by observing one's parents

b)behavior that people learn where they work

According to George Herbert Mead, the self a)has three parts: the id, ego, and superego. b)consists of a part that takes action and a part that evaluates actions through social interaction. c)is the perception of how we perceive ourselves without considering others. d)relies entirely on the outside environment and not internal cues.

b)consists of a part that takes action and a part that evaluates actions through social interaction.

In George Herbert Mead's stages of the self, children begin to understand not only their own social positions but also those of others around them in the ______ stage. a)play b)game c)generalized other d)looking-glass self

b)game

The study of the aspects of aging and the problems of the aged is known as a)elder studies. b)gerontology. c)paleontology. d)ageism.

b)gerontology.

Which of the following require resocialization? a)planning a wedding b)having a baby c)attending a high school reunion d)moving to another country

b)having a baby d)moving to another country

Introduced in England during the 1960s, the process devoted to easing the transition from life to death is known as a)a total institution. b)hospice care. c)occupational socialization. d)the game stage.

b)hospice care.

An Internet video of chattering seventeen-month-old twins demonstrates how a)socialization does not relate to language. b)humans have the ability to communicate without words. c)languages are the same in different cultures. d)genetic material structures determine language usage.

b)humans have the ability to communicate without words.

The fact that some unemployed people dress in business clothes and leave home for the duration of the workdays to make it look like they still have their former jobs shows how a)people do not care about other people because they are too busy with their own lives. b)humans often have a strong need to maintain their self-images. c)humans do not want to engage in activities. d)occupations and work do not matter to humans.

b)humans often have a strong need to maintain their self-images.

Susan is texting on her cell phone while taking an exam. When her professor walks toward her desk, she hides the phone so she appears to be focused on the exam. Susan is engaging in a)gender roles. b)impression management. c)the looking-glass self. d)resocialization.

b)impression management.

Which of the following is a type of crisis that may be experienced by both men and women beginning around age 40 as a stressful period of self-evaluation? a)adolescent b)midlife c)resocialization d)cognitive

b)midlife

The process of socialization begins when children are a)learning to talk. b)newborns. c)three or four years old. d)kindergarteners.

b)newborns.

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's pioneering work On Death and Dying (1969) encouraged a)the inclusion of religious rites in the process of dying and death. b)open discussion of the process of dying. c)viewing dying and death from a financial perspective. d)the pursuit of the "good death."

b)open discussion of the process of dying.

A preconceived and unjustified judgment of individuals, whether positive or negative, based on their membership in a particular group is called a)implicit bias. b)prejudice. c)explicit bias. d)social comparison.

b)prejudice.

According to George Herbert Mead, when children enter the play stage of development they begin to a)consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously. b)pretend to be other people. c)mimic the people around them by doing exactly what they do. d)think of society as a whole in the abstract.

b)pretend to be other people.

Of the seven types of major media, which was earliest? a)recordings b)print c)radio d)cinema

b)print

Role taking is a process that a)is inherited through genetic history. b)requires people to take the perspectives of other people. c)is best developed in isolated situations. d)helps solve difficult math problems.

b)requires people to take the perspectives of other people.

The life course approach is a research orientation that studies how a)childhood is the most important period in a person's life. b)social factors help shape behavior. c)DNA influences a person's psychological state. d)biology dictates human behavior.

b)social factors help shape behavior.

Scholars who study the physical and mental aspects of aging and the problems of the aged use information primarily from the fields of a)hospitality. b)sociology. c)economics. d)medicine. e)psychology. f)history.

b)sociology. d)medicine. e)psychology.

The agent that exerts the most influence on the socialization of children is a)their schools. b)the family. c)the workplace. d)the Internet.

b)the family.

When sociologists use the term agents of socialization, what are they referring to? a)federal government agencies such as the EPA, IRS, and FDA b)the various contexts within which individuals and groups shape our society c)law enforcement agencies such as the FBI, CIA, and Secret Service d)biological factors that determine how humans behave

b)the various contexts within which individuals and groups shape our society

The self is a distinct identity that sets us apart from others and a)is a static phenomenon that does not develop once it is established. b)once we have a sense of self locked in place, it can never be changed. c)is not a static phenomenon but continues to develop and change throughout life. d)develops organically within us as our biological drives develop.

c)is not a static phenomenon but continues to develop and change throughout life.

As compared to Japanese or Swedish parents, U.S. parents exercise ______ oversight of young children. a)about the same level of b)less c)more

c)more

What do sociologists examine when considering gender roles in our society? a)genetic differences between men and women b)personality traits that individuals develop throughout childhood c)normative expectations associated with maleness and femaleness

c)normative expectations associated with maleness and femaleness

Resocialization is a process where people a)reject society and stop communicating with people. b)keep their same behavior throughout their lives. c)reject old patterns of thought and behavior and accept new ones. d)rehearse situations before experiencing them.

c)reject old patterns of thought and behavior and accept new ones.

Introduced by Elaine Cumming and William Henry in 1961, the disengagement theory suggests that senior citizens a)enjoy staying active within society after retirement. b)take on more social roles as they age. c)sever relationships with society, and society severs relationships with them. d)are less alienated from work than younger workers.

c)sever relationships with society, and society severs relationships with them.

If children read or hear negative messages about their race, it can affect their a)physical growth. b)mental capability. c)social development. d)religious expression.

c)social development.

According to Erving Goffman's dramaturgical approach, what do people's social interactions resemble? a)animals in a zoo b)directors of a movie c)stage performers in action d)the characters of a novel

c)stage performers in action

The seventeenth-month-old twins communicating on an Internet video illustrates how socialization a)requires the use of words and formal language. b)does not start until a child attends school. c)teaches people how to communicate with each other. d)is a biological process.

c)teaches people how to communicate with each other.

Schools are agents of socialization because they introduce people to new ways of acting and a)worshiping. b)playing. c)thinking. d)moving.

c)thinking.

What is the near phase of the retirement experiment, according to gerontologist Robert Atchley? a)the often euphoric period in which the person pursues activities that he or she never had time for before b)the period of anticipatory socialization as the person prepares for retirement c)when the person establishes a specific departure date from his or her job d)the period in which retirees feel a sense of letdown or even depression

c)when the person establishes a specific departure date from his or her job

Researchers found that senior citizens with strong connections to their family and friends were less likely to die in heat waves, illustrating how a)senior citizens prefer to be inactive. b)genetics determines the size of a person's social network. c)isolation has no impact on senior citizens' lives. d)socialization improves the quality of senior citizens' lives.

d)socialization improves the quality of senior citizens' lives.

In the preparatory stage of George Herbert Mead's stages of the self, symbols are a)used as a substitute for social interaction. b)a person's emotions and feelings. c)what a person believes in a religion. d)the basis of human communication.

d)the basis of human communication.

In the sandwich generation, the role of caring for aging parents falls primarily on a)men. b)church groups. c)social service agencies. d)women.

d)women.