Soc. ch 7 & 8 - FINAL

According to your text, the wealthiest 0.1 percent of the population holds the same amount of wealth as the bottom __________ percent?

90%

What is a democracy?

A political system in which the people rule

Which is true about the underclass?

It is extremely hard for a member to move out of it In many ways they are disconnected from the rest of society

Approximately 20 percent of the world's population lives in low-income or lower-middle-income countries.

False, almost half

Social change is a unique type of change because it

requires a significant transformation of society's institutions and culture

Question 4: Lower-Class households (in the U.S.) usually have an annual income lower than:

$20,000

cybercrime

(also called computer crime) illegal activities that are conducted online.

The first cities emerged about 3500 BCE in the:

Nile River valley

patriarchy

Patriarchy: hierarchical system in a society in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men.

Who said about American society, "The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line"?

W.E.B DuBois

The sociologically defined characteristic of minority group is:

a disadvantaged group

The United States is a liberal democracy because:

americans can choose between two or more political parties

victimization survey

interviewing people about their experiences as crime victims.

Belief in a single, all-knowing, all-powerful god is called:

monotheism

A student drops a spoon on the floor as she carries her dish to the kitchen. As the spoon clatters loudly on the tile floor, she exclaims, "Ooooooh, sorry!" This is an example of

response cry

sanctions

rewards or punishments for obeying or violating a norm.

The older Americans get the less likely they are to commit a crime. a. True b. False

true

Predatory crime vs. crimes without vicitms ( examples).

Predatory or street crime: crimes against individuals or property Victimless or public order crimes: criminal acts committed by or between consenting adults (prostituation, gambling, drug use) Conflict crimes: not everyone agrees acts ought to be criminalized

What are some examples of behaviors or conditions that were considered deviant in the past but no longer are?

Premarital sex, unmarried single mothers, divorce, gay, lesbian, etc., women wearing pants, women working

What is an important difference between premodern cities and the kinds of cities that are characteristic of modern, industrialized societies?

Premodern cities were relatively small and had little to no connection with the surrounding rural areas or other cities, whereas modern cities are large and deeply connected with other cities, as well as with rural agricultural production.

Question 6: Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 systems of stratification:

Prestige

In industrial society, what determines one's class position? Micro factors: cultural capital, social capital. - why important? What do we look at in the meso level - institutions. *Macro - core vs. periphery - where are most of the periphery nations located?

Prestige and Influence Property, power, and prestige are accorded to individuals with: Micro Cultural capital: knowledge and access to important information Social capital: networks with others who have influence Meso Access to Resources -Individual status is shaped by access to resources and reinforced by the family through socialization -Our treatment by educational, religious, political, and other institutions often depends on our status, and also reinforces it -Our experiences of life are shaped by our status Macro-level influences on stratification: -Economic systems and resources within a particular country -Position of that country within world systems of economic stratification

Prestige

Prestige: respect, recognition, or regard Based on wealth, family background, fame, occupation, and leadership. Prestigious occupations require more formal education, pay more, involve mental activity, offer autonomy, and are seen as more socially important.

Primary/ secondary - examples,characteristics.

Primary groups: Close, personal relationships Sense of belonging, caring, identity, loyalty Strong influence on behavior Small membership, lasting relationships Have intrinsic value: belonging is the goal Secondary groups: Formal, impersonal, businesslike relationships Exist to accomplish a task or goal Specialized tasks and communication Large membership; may be short or long-term

prisons - what do they do to people? what do they say is the purpose? * Zimbardo study. Recidivism rates -

Prisons and Jails -Total institutions: completely control prisoners' lives and regulate all their activities -Inmates' lives are changed through Degradation: marks inmate as deviant Mortification: breaks down inmate's original self as he/she experiences resocialization -Rigid social systems develop within prisons -Jails as "catchall" asylums for the poor, marginalized -U.S. incarceration rates have increased due to "get tough" policies The purposes of prisons -From the functional perspective, prisons serve many purposes: -Revenge or retribution -Removing dangerous people from society -Deterrence -Rehabilitation -However, the recidivism rate is high -More than half of all men who do time in prison will be confined again for a crime -Suggests deterrence and rehabilitation functions are not working very well Zimbardo: college students -Gaurds mean to prisoners

During summer 2008, gas prices climbed to unprecedented levels. Demand for larger SUVs and trucks declined as consumers opted for smaller cars. Why is it difficult for car companies to make the shift in their production plants to accommodate this demand?

Production planning, changing inventory, and supply chain problems.

Historically, europeans classified individuals they came into contact with in various parts of the world according to physical attributes. These then became the basis of systems that shaped and constrained the people's daily lives. This process is called:

Racialization

Question 20: Historically, Europeans classified the individuals with whom they came in contact in various parts of the world according to categories based on their physical attributes. These categories became the basis of the systems that shaped and constrained the people's daily lives. This process is known as:

Racialization

Which of the following hypotheses might be derived from Mark Juergensmeyer's research on the relationship between religion and violence?

Rather than causing violence, religious ideas are often used to justify and/or escalate violence that began as a material, real-world struggle.

Which U.S. sectors were hit the hardest by the recession in 2008?

Real estate, construction, ?

TANF Program

Recipients must begin working after two years to continue benefits. Families can only receive five years' worth of assistance.

Reference groups, in/ out, peer.

Reference group: members act as role models for one another and establish standards against which members measure their conduct In-group: members feel a sense of loyalty and belonging; often a reference and/or a primary group Out-group: a group that exists in competition with or opposition to an in-group

Status

Refers to the differences among groups in the social honor, or prestige, that others accord them

Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation is a view that appropriate treatment can change offenders into productive, law-abiding citizens. Rehabilitation programs are particularly successful when they provide employment after release.

rehab

Rehabilitation is a view that appropriate treatment can change offenders into productive, law-abiding citizens. Rehabilitation programs are particularly successful when they provide employment after release.

Rational choice - principle of least interest, reciprocity - what are the assumptions of rational choice theory?

Relationships are formed and maintained based on individual rewards and costs Assumptions about interaction: -Are based on calculations of self-interest (current or eventual payoff) -Are guided by reason -Involve expectations of reciprocity (individual contributions will balance out over time)

relative poverty

Relative poverty: not having enough money to maintain an average standard of living

Question 2: A student drops a spoon on the floor as she carries her dish to the kitchen. As the spoon clatters loudly on the tile floor, she exclaims, "Oooooh, sorry!" This is an example of:

Response Cry

What changes in many non-U.S. industrialized nations have contributed to the shrinking of the average work week?

Restrictions on work hours, changes to retirement age

What does the "race to the bottom" refer to, according to Bonacich and Appelbaum?

Retailers and manufacturers will go anywhere in the world to find the lowest wages, the fewest environmental restrictions, and the most lax governmental regulations.

*4. Ted Kaczynski (the Unabomber) engaged in a mail bombing spree that spanned nearly twenty years, killing three people and injuring twenty-three others. In 1971, he moved to a remote cabin without electricity or running water, in Lincoln, Montana, where he lived as a recluse. Utilizing Merton's functionalist framework, Kaczynski could be classified as a(n): • Conformist • Innovator • Ritualist • Retreatist • Rebel

Retreatist.

6. When 3 best friends—Jose, Martin, and George—get together every Friday night Jose usually decides what the group will do. However, one night when Jose said he wanted to go bowling Martin and George told Jose that they decided the group was going to the movies. This is known as: • Transformative leadership • Negative alliance • Dyad coalition • Revolutionary coalitions • A threat to group stability

Revolutionary coalitions.

Social Status Role strain, role conflict.

Role strain: tension between roles within one status Role conflict: conflict between the roles of two or more statuses

Social Status Status and roles

Roles: the expected behaviors, rights and obligations associated with a status Statuses can be formal or informal -Statuses connect us to meso-and micro level organizations.

Reaction to the behavior of an individual meant to ensure that the individual complies with a given norm is called:

Sanction

Question 19: Tim is a construction worker who is unemployed. He blames the recent influx of Mexican immigrants for the reason he can't find a job. This is an example of:

Scapegoating

Question 52:______________ that survive overtime become institutionalized as ______________.

Sects, denominations

Question 29: What is the difference between the terms sex and gender?

Sex is a biological term, gender is a sociological term

What is the difference between "sex" and "gender"?

Sex: biological Gender: social, psychological etc.

Anomie. Durkheim/ suicide study - do not memorize types but know in general what he found it was usually related to ( egoistic).

Showed how groups impact individual behavior by comparing different groups' suicide rates Group conditions leading to suicide: Anomic suicide - the group lacks norms or rules Egoistic suicide - bonds tying individuals to the group are too weak

A common Japanese expression "the nail that sticks up must be hammered down" is a norm that permeates Japanese culture and supports conformity and equality. Sociologists would say that this is a powerful mechanism of:

Social Control

Of the types of rights associated with the growth of citizenship, ____________refers to the right of individuals to enjoy a certain minimum standard of economic welfare and security.

Social Rights

When sociologists study the existence of structured inequalities in a society they refer to that structure as:

Social Stratification

The way in which social structure limits the range of activities and opportunities in individuals' lives is called

Social constraint

Social control

Social control: techniques and strategies that regulate behavior Can be formal or informal Includes positive (rewards) and negative (punishments) sanctions.

CONTROLLING DEVIANCE AND CRIME

Social control—techniques and strategies that regulate behavior Social control can be informal or formal. It includes positive (rewards) and negative (punishments) sanctions.

Structured Inequality

Social inequalities that result from patterns in the social structure.

Social Interaction 3 components.

Social interaction consists of two or more individuals purposefully relating to each other -An action -A common goal -A social context governed by norms

What is one implication of Bourdieu's theory of cultural capital?

Social mobility is less about how hard you work and more about the kinds of tools you work with.

Question 42: Sociologists who study religion are concerned with:

Social reality of religion, i.e. are religions promoting solidarity or increasing conflict

Which two U.S. government programs have been especially important in keeping elderly people out of poverty?

Social security and Medicare

prevention

Social service agencies and community outreach programs try to prevent crime. Treatment for drug and alcohol abuse seems to have a positive effect. Surveillance by police or technology reduces crime rates.

What is social stratification? What 3 main assumptions underlie the concept of stratification?

Social stratification: individuals and groups are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess 3 main assumptions: -People are divided into ranked categories -Desired resources are unequally distributed -Each society determines how individuals are ranked, depending on: History Geographic location Level of development Political philosophy Decisions of those in power

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Socioeconomic status (SES): an overall ranking of peoples positions based on their income, education, and occupation Classes differ in values, power, prestige, social networks, and lifestyle. Four general social classes in U.S.: upper, middle, working, lower

Which of the following is true about the sociological study of religion?

Sociological analyses of religion privilege social forces as explanatory factors for its appeal, rather than spiritual or psychological forces.

The scope of experimentation is much smaller in sociology than in the natural sciences. Why is this?

Sociological researchers can only bring small groups into a laboratory setting, and people may behave unnaturally because they are being watched.

Characteristics of a nation-state:

Sovereignty, military control, nationalism.

Why have divorce rates risen over the past few decades?

*all of the above* 1. Changes in the law have made getting a divorce easier 2. marriage today has less to do with handing down property and status from generation to generation, except for the wealthy 3. women are more economically independent now, and more marriage is less of an economic necessity for them

What does the "race to the bottom" mean in relation to the global economy?

*all of the above* 1. Retailers and manufacturers will go anyplace on earth to find lowest wages 2. Retailers and manufacturers will go anyplace on earth to avoid environmental restrictions 3. Retailers and manufacturers will go anyplace on earth to find lax government regulations

What made suburbanization possible in the United States?

*all of the above* 1. belief in the "America dream"--that is, owning a house and some land 2. Federal Housing Assistance (FHA) loans 3. Federal Veteran Home Loans 4. the massive highway programs of the Eisenhower administration

In what way is the cycle of social reproduction created within the school?

*all of the above* 1. blue-collar children are often uncomfortable in a middle-class school environment, so they rebel and are thereby limited to blue collar jobs when they leave school 2. middle-class children are more accepting of the rules in school are are therefore more apt to success 3. working-class children increasingly see the school as not operating in their best interests; therefore, they are eager to get to work and earn money rather than continuing with schooling 4. in many ways, working-class children have a more preceptive attitude toward the organization of the school than do middle-class children. HOwever, the latter group sees the school as a vehicle for upward mobility.

Which of the following is an example of the socialization of nature?

*all of the above* 1. contraception 2. the medicalization of pregnancy and childbirth 3. genetic engineering

Social Status Status Set

Status set: an individual's combination of statuses

According to sociologists, education is important for economic development. With what reasons do they argue for expanded educational access?

*all of the above* 1. educated workers can become skilled workers for high-wage industries 2. education is a reliable avenue for escaping harsh workers conditions and low wage, unskilled jobs 3. educated people tend to have fewer children, slowing the global population explosion that contributes to global poverty

According to MAx Weber's theory, leaders who are charismatic:

*all of the above* 1. have inspirational qualities capable of capturing the imagination and devotion of a mass of followers 2. are usually the main force behind a religious movement in its early phase 3. may be political or religious leaders

Which of the following trends is a latent consequence of the decline in the manufacturing economy in the United States?

*all of the above* 1. high unemployment in cities that relied on industry for their economy 2. increase in the feminization of poverty 3. a lack of men considered desirable for marriage 4. an increase in female-headed, single-parent households

In the age group of 25 to 47, far fewer African American than white women are married and living with a husband. Which of the following factors contribute to this situation?

*all of the above* 1. historical conditions, including the effects of slavery 2. discrimination 3. conditions of poverty and unemployment in the inner cities today

The study of everyday life shows:

*all of the above* 1. how behavior is shaped and guided by social forces, such as roles and norms 2. how individuals shape their social reality, including social forces, such as roles and norms 3. how individual behavior is neither fixed nor unstructured

Capitalism stimulates social change in an unprecedented way because it:

*all of the above* 1. involves the constant expansion of production 2. involves the ever-increasing accumulation of wealth 3. promotes constant revision of the technology of production, increasingly drawing science into the process

What are some of the actions taken by the Chinese government that affect the use of the Internet?

*all of the above* 1. it has forbidden anyone to send information regarding HIV/AIDS 2. it has closed thousands of Internet cafes 3. it has banned information about democracy 4. it does not allow material about TIbet

Karl Marx argues that workers in capitalist society:

*all of the above* 1. lack ownership of the products they make and often cannot even afford to buy them 2. are dehumanized by tedious and demeaning labor processes over which they have no control 3. find themselves in competition with their fellow workers for scarce jobs

Why do women report poorer health in spite of their longer life expectations?

*all of the above* 1. longer life and aging bring more health problems 2. women are more likely to seek medical care 3. women are more likely to use preventive health care services

Why did formal systems of education develop in modern societies?

*all of the above* 1. mass education promoted nationalism, helping to integrate citizens from different regions and backgrounds into a national society 2. schools promoted the development of personality traits, like self-discipline and obedience, which employers needed in their employees 3. schools provided the credentials needed for a job, and and credentialism reinforced the class structure in a society

Reviewing the evidence involves:

*all of the above* 1. reviewing the research problems that previous researchers have left unanalyzed 2. reviewing related research 3. Examining how previous researchers approached the problem under study

Has globalization contributed to the increasing inequality in American society?

*all of the above* 1. some companies have lowered wages to compete with other companies that use cheaper third world labor 2. globalization has encouraged immigration to the U.S , thus increasing the low wage labor pool and pushing wages down 3. labor unions have been weakened by globalization

Sociological research shows the impact of the Internet on social interaction to be:

*all of the above* 1. that new kinds of electronic interaction enhanced or added to face-to-face relationships 2. that social networks have expanded and enriched relationships 3. that social isolation and automation have increased

To assess the extent of secularization, sociologists examine:

*all of the above* 1. the level of membership in religious organizations 2. trends in the amount of social influence, weather, and prestige, held by religious organizations 3. the amount of religiosity among the population

The elderly can be divided into three age groups. Aside from their younger age, what advantages do the "young old" have over the "oldest old"?

*all of the above* 1. the young tend to by more educated 2. the young old grew up during a time of economic prosperity 3. The Great Depression and World War 2 had little effect on the lives of the young old 4. the young old profited from owning their own homes during a positive-real-estate market

When people have diseases like cancer, they receive comfort and compassion. Why are people with diseases like HIV/AIDS stigmatized?

*all of the above* 1. their disease is thought to be highly infectious 2. the sick person is disgraces by the disease 3. others associate the ill person with shame 4. many people believe in false, negative rumors about the disease

Why do the elderly have such a strong political voice in the U.S. government?

*all of the above* 1. they are growing in numbers 2. they have high voter turnout, accounting for up to one fifth of the vote 3. they have an effective organization representing their interests in the AARP

In what way has the AIDS epidemic contributed to global hunger and food shortages?

*all of the above* 1. too many people of prime working age are dying of the disease 2. most of the AIDS cases are found in low-income countries 3. countries with the highest rate of AIDS are also agricultural countries 4. with few people able to work on farms because so many die from AIDS, fewer crops are harvested

Which of the following is a criticism of the human capital theory made by feminist sociologists?

*all of the above* 1. Due to childhood socialization in traditional gender roles, women are not as free to choose their occupations as the theory suggests 2. Women are prevented from entering certain occupations due to discrimination by "gatekeepers" on the job. 3. The difference in power between men and women in society limits women from redefining their occupations as skilled

A latent consequence of scientific management and mass production has been:

*all of the above* 1. a rigid production system 2. the alienation of workers 3. close worker supervision and control 4. decline in worker autonomy

Which of the following is a characteristic of a nation-state?

*all of the above* 1. it has a government apparatus with sovereign rights within the borders of a territory 2. the government is able to to back its sovereignty by control of military power 3. many of its citizens have positive feelings of commitment based on nationalism

The Internet fosters the creation of relationships that often do not come with the emotional and social baggage or constraints that are involved in traditional face-to face interactions. This allows participation to:

*all of the above* 1. offer and receive support that people may not be able to find in their communities 2. participate in impersonal and fleeting relationships 3. participate in off limits or intimate encounters that could be deemed inappropriate in face-to-face contexts 4. find information or answers to questions that people may be too embarrassed to ask their teachers, parents and/or friends

Which of the following is an example of a caste system?

*all of the above* 1. requiring Jewish families to live in a separate part of European cities, known as ghetto? 2. giving political and economic rights in South Africa only to people who were genetically completely white 3. forcing children to accept their parents' status as their own in India 4. Denying all civil rights to blacks in the U.S

Which of the following statements about the U.S economy is true?

*all of the above* 1. the 200 largest manufacturing corporations control more than half of all manufacturing assists 2. the 200 largest financial organizations control more than half of all financial activity 3. financial institutions hold more than 30 percent of the shares of the 200 largest manufacturing companies

Which of the following has been offered as a sociological explanation for the gap between women's and men's work in the home?

*all of the above* 1. women do most of the housework in exchange for economic support from men 2. Men do the jobs that give them the most control over when to do them 3. When the daily tasks of work in the home are divided along the traditional gender lines (women-as-server, man-as-provider), men and women "do gender" and reproduce the gender roles with which they were socialized

A middle-class white woman walks to the other side of the street when she sees a group of young black men approaching her. Her behavior can be linked to:

*all of the above* gender inequality racial inequality class inequality

Which of the following best describes adults who Never reach the formal operational stage?

*all of the above* they often remain highly egocentric they are more often uneducated people they never quite learn how to "play" with an idea they cannot deal with hypothetical ideas

Which of the following best characterizes the women's movement and its interest in women's equality?

*none of the above*

_________, thinking in terms of fixed and inflexible categories, often involved the psychological mechanism of _________, directing hostility or anger toward objects that are not really the source of those feelings.

Stereotypical thinking: displacement

What is the key feature of a public company?

Stocks of a public company are sold to individual investors.

Strain Theory

Strain theory suggests that people engage in deviance when there is a conflict between goals and means.

Theories of Stratification in Modern Societies What functionalist explanation for social stratification do Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore offer?

Stratification has the benefit of matching the best qualified workers to the most important jobs.

Conflict Perspective

Stratification hurts individuals and society. Capitalism pits the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) against the proletariat (workers). Corporate welfare subsidizes business rather than workers—subsidies, tax breaks, direct assistance

Structural functional/ anomie, strain theory.

Structural Functionalist Theories: focus on anomie and strain Anomie: -a breakdown of norms caused by lack of shared, achievable goals or lack of socially approved means of achieving those goals -Anomie is likely in conditions of rapid urbanization, war, or economic change Strain: -frustration resulting from gap between socially shared goals and access to legitimate methods of achieving those goals -Strain causes some people to turn to deviant ways of achieving goals

Synthesis of functionalist and conflict theories Life chances Life chances - For each institution ( education, health, etc) how is our social status and social class related to our experience/ access?

Structural functionalism Talented individuals need to be motivated Conflict theory Individuals will attempt to control as much wealth, power, and prestige as possible, resulting in potential conflict Exploitation contributes to creating inequality The micro-level: Individual Life Chances Life chances: one's opportunities, which depend on achieved and ascribed statuses Important factors affecting life chances: Education Health, social conditions, and life expectancy

Question 5: Interaction Vandalism can be defined as a situation in which a:

Subordinate person breaks the tacit rules of interaction that are valued by the more powerful person

Electronic Media: Meso-Level Socialiation

TV, computers, internet, ect. -78% of homes have computer/internet -75% teens own cellphones Concerns: -Influence -Radicalization of young people

7. In what way(s) do teachers show a bias against girls in the classroom? • Teachers punish girls more often for their misbehavior, whereas boys' bad behaviors are more generally tolerated. • Teachers provide girls with the correct answers, whereas they help boys solve the problems. • While it is true that teachers have a bias against girls, female teachers are less likely to show this bias. • Teachers are more likely to call on girls for answers, which often causes embarrassment for the girls. • All of the above.

Teachers provide girls with the correct answers, whereas they help boys solve the problems.

What primary role does technology play in economic change and development?

Technological innovations help businesses produce more goods more efficiently.

1. The ________ are regions of the world that apply technology invented elsewhere in their own production and consumption systems. •Technology innovators •Technology adopters •Technologically disconnected •Technologically discombobulated •None of the above

Technology adopters.

examples .Terrorism - what is state organized crime? * How is Japan different than the U. S. in terms of crime and why?-

Terrorism: premeditated, politically motivated violence against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience State organized crime: criminal acts committed by government officials E.g., complicity in smuggling, assassination, torture, eavesdropping, accepting bribes, corruption

__________ is directly challenged by the idea that structural forces shape the way resources are distributed.

The "culture of poverty" thesis

*What is meant by status inconsistency? Be able to recognize examples. Social mobility ( micro-meso connection). What is it?What factors affect an individual's mobility? Types of Social Mobility

The Micro-Meso Connection: Social mobility: the extent to which people move up and down in the class system Four issues dominate analysis of mobility: -Types of social mobility -Methods of measuring social mobility -Factors that affect social mobility -Whether there is a "land of opportunity" Factors Affecting Individual Mobility Micro-level factors -Family background, socialization, marriage, and education Macro-level factors -National population trends and economic vitality -Gender, race, ethnicity, and earnings -The interdependent global market Many of these factors are interrelated Intergenerational mobility: change in status compared to parents' status, usually resulting from education and occupational attainment Intragenerational mobility: change in status within an individual's life, whether up or down Vertical mobility: movement up or down the stratification hierarchy, sometimes including a change in social class

The National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS)

The National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) is a federally funded resource "offering justice and substance abuse information to support research, policy, and program development worldwide." They have an ambitious mission and their sponsors include the Office on Violence Against Women, the National Institute of Corrections, and the Office of Community Oriented Policy Services. The NCJRS homepage is chock-full of helpful resources, including the Community Policing Newsletter, reports on improving responses in mental health court, and special thematic reports from the Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Dependent Development

The Theory that poor countries can still develop economically, but only in ways shaped by their reliance on the wealthier countries.

Question 12: Which of the following nations consistently has the highest levels of income inequalities, especially since the 1970's?

The United States

What reasons do researchers give for why the United States has a lower unemployment rate than many European countries?

The United States has a stronger economy The United States has a large service sector. European countries provide a stronger social safety net, including unemployment benefits

Which of the following most accurately describes the number of people in U.S. prisons?

The United States has the highest incarceration rate per capita in the world.

At present, the United States has the highest incarceration rate per capita than any other country. What is one of the biggest challenges of this approach?

The annual cost of housing a prisoner is so high

According to Weber's analysis of organizations, the most significant relations between people as stated in the rules of an organization are:

The annual cost of housing a prisoner is so high.

3. Which of the following statements about class systems is NOT accurate? • The boundaries between classes are very clear-cut. • Class systems are fluid. • Class positions are in some part achieved. • Class is economically based. • Class systems are impersonal.

The boundaries between classes are very clear-cut.

6. What do sociologists mean when they refer to the "second shift" for working women? • The shift of women workers from industrial jobs to service jobs. • The movement of women from teaching primary grades to high school or secondary teaching. • The fact that most women found it more acceptable to work from 5:00 P.M. to 1:00 A.M. rather than the first shift from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. • The burden of housework that awaits a woman when she returns home from work. • The fact that women are mothers from 3:00 P.M., when school is over, to 9:00 P.M., when the children go to sleep, followed by the wife role from 9:00 P.M. until the morning.

The burden of housework that awaits a woman when she returns home from work.

9. Who among the following is most likely to experience intergenerational mobility? • The child of a university president. • The child of two university professors. • The child of a high school teacher. • The child of a school cafeteria worker. • The child of a university groundskeeper.

The child of a high school teacher.

crime control model

The crime control model emphasizes protecting society and a get tough attitude. The U.S. leads the world in inmates per capita. In 2008, one in every 100 Americans was in prison.

criminal justice

The criminal justice system refers to government agencies that are charged with enforcing laws, passing judgment, and correcting behavior. Includes police, courts, and prisons Relies on prevention and intervention, punishment, and rehabilitation

The criminal justice system

The criminal justice system refers to government agencies that are charged with enforcing laws, passing judgment, and correcting behavior. It includes police, courts, and prisons.

Neoliberalism

The economic belief that free-market forces, achieved by minimizing government restrictions on business, provide the only route to economic growth.

The text notes both a rising popularity in conservative Christian denominations and increasing numbers of both Catholics and Muslims in the United States. How do explanations for these phenomena differ?

The increase in number of conservative Christians seems to be largely a result of conversion from mainline Protestant churches, whereas the rise of Catholicism and Islam is largely a result of immigration.

Your text points to several factors that support the idea that the internet has important potential to facilitate widespread democratic participation. What is the underlying theme of those factors?

The internet creates pathways for communication and collective action that subvert or exist outside of established power structures

According to research on class and the family conducted by Annette Lareau, why might working-class families be more likely to follow the "accomplishment of natural growth" model, rather than the "concerted cultivation" model of child rearing?

The lack of financial resources held by working-class families prevents them from engaging their children in organized, developmental activities such as music lessons that they otherwise might choose to do.

Which of the following best characterizes the family in the United States today?

The largest group of American families is that in which there is only one parent or both the husband and wife are working

What is Max Weber's definition of social status based on?

The lifestyle one is seen as leading. Certain lifestyles translate into social honor or prestige in the eyes of society.

Recidivism Rates

The likelihood that someone is arrested, convicted, and imprisoned will later be a repeat offender

What is true about the middle class in the United States?

The middle class represents a shrinking share of the total US population. Most households in the US are middle class

Question 38: With which of the following statements would a market-oriented theorist agree?

The most effective way for low income countries to develop economically is to mimic the successful capitalist practices of the United States

What is the basic meaning of democracy?

The people rule

Which of the following best describes Americans' beliefs about capital punishment?

The percentage of Americans supporting the death penalty has nearly doubled in the past 40 years.

Which of the following is true of the relationship between race and suburban communities?

The percentage of racial minorities living in suburbs has risen steadily over the past 35 years.

9. Which of the following statements accurately describes the political status of women in the United States? • Equal rights for women is important in American ideology, which explains why the United States leads the world in the number of women participating as elected officials. • The percentage of women in the U.S. Congress is similar to the percentage of women in national assemblies throughout the world. • Using the United Nations' gender power rankings, the United States ranks highest among Western industrialized countries. • Women's representation in the U.S. Congress mirrors their proportion in the total population. • None of the above; women have no political status in the United States.

The percentage of women in the U.S. Congress is similar to the percentage of women in national assemblies throughout the world.

What are some characteristics of a "Knowledge Economy"?

The population is relatively highly educated The physical production of goods no longer plays a large part of a country's economy. Many workers are employed in research, technology, design, and marketing fields.

How did Jane Jacobs argue that cities meet the challenge of incorporating strangers in a way that does not overly compromise the sense of safety experienced by inhabitants?

The presence of many different, but respectable, people on the street ensures a constant succession of eyes and ears that tend to reinforce safe and acceptable behavior.

10. Why has illegal drug use in the United States continued to escalate even though billions of dollars have been spent to curb its use? • Some people are genetically deviant, and their numbers are growing as more and more people become addicted to drugs. • The profits from drugs are so high and the ease of moving the drugs and money across global areas is so great that more drugs are being sold. • The U.S. officials in charge of the so-called war on drugs have been corrupted by the Russian mafia. • Drug users are mostly political neophytes who enjoy taunting the legal system. • None of the above; drug use in the United States has declined, thanks to the work of the Office of National Drug Control Policy and other government programs.

The profits from drugs are so high and the ease of moving the drugs and money across global areas is so great that more drugs are being sold.

Why has illegal drug use in the United States continued to escalate even though billions of dollars have been spent to curb its use?

The profits from drugs are so high and the ease of moving the drugs and money across global areas is so great that more rugs are being sold.

Which of the following most accurately describes the number of people in the U.S prisons?

The proportion of people in U.S prisons is at least five times that of western European countries

Underclass

A class of individuals situated at the bottom of the class system, normally composed of people from ethnic minority backgrounds

1. Which of the following is a social group? • A couple married less than one year • Everyone in your sociology class who has brown hair • People waiting at Terminal C for Flight 18 • Passengers on Flight 181 • Microsoft stockholders

A couple married less than one year.

Slavery

A form of social stratification in which some people are owned by others as their property.

1. Which of the following is true of all systems of social stratification? • If a person no longer identifies with the other members of his category, he is no longer classified at that level. • A person's life chances are significantly influenced by his position. • Ranks tend to fluctuate rapidly and significantly over time. • Wealthy people are always ranked higher than poorer ones. • Upward mobility is a norm that is valued in all societies.

A person's life chances are significantly influenced by his position.

Upper Class

A social class broadly composed of the more affluent members of society, especially those who have inhertied wealth, own businesses, or hold large numbers of stocks (shares) Households that earn more than $200,000 5% of American households

Middle Class

A social class composed broadly of those working in white-collar and lower manager occupations.

Occupational crime. Types (4)

A violation of the law committed by an individual or group in the course of a legitimate, respected occupation for financial activity -Crimes against companies (employee theft) -Crimes against employees (wage theft) -Crimes against consumers -Crimes against the public

What is an example of economic interdependence?

A woman buying meat from a butcher, clothes from a retailer, and is a pet groomer.

What are the four core elements of world-systems theory and which are not?

A world market for goods and labor Division of the population into different economic classes An international system of formal and informal political relations Division of the world into three unequal economic zones

Age and internet use is:

A. a positive correlation

An ethnomethodologists would likely study the:

A. conversations among roommates in a college dormitory

A good hypothesis will be formulated in such a way that the:

A. factual material gathered will provide evidence either supporting or disproving it

Which theoretical approach places gender, class, and race at the core of the theory?

A. feminst theory

According to Nancy Chodorow's theory of gender development, men are more analytical and manipulative because they:

A. gain a sense of self by making radical rejection of their closeness to ehir mothers

According to sociological perspective, peoples behavior

A. influenced by the social context

For a sample to accurately reflect the characteristics of the study population, it must be:

A. representative

absolute poverty

Absolute poverty: not having enough money to afford the most basic necessities

Absolute vs. relative poverty.

Absolute poverty: not having sufficient resources to meet basic survival needs (food, shelter, clothing) Also no prestige, power, or accumulated wealth Relative poverty: having an income below the poverty line, and an inadequate standard of living relative to others in the same country Also poorer health, shorter life expectancy, greater infant mortality than others in the same country Feminization of poverty: trend in which single females, often young and with children, make up a growing proportion of those in poverty

Racism is increasingly based on cultural differences as opposed to "scientific" racism. Which of the following examples illustrates "new racism," or cultural racism?

African Americans who do not value family because of the high rates of single-parent households

The main economic activity in most low-income countries is?

Agriculture

Problems of bureaucracies Example of conflicting loyalties of professionals, alienation, oligarchy ( iron law of oligarchy) .

Alienation: workers with boring, dead-end jobs feel uninvolved, uncommitted, unappreciated Oligarchy: concentration of power in a small group The iron law of oligarchy Goal displacement: original purposes are displaced by new, secondary goals

*6. In what way has the AIDS epidemic contributed to global hunger and food shortages? • Too many people of prime working age are dying of the disease. • Most of the AIDS cases are found in low-income countries. • Countries with the highest rate of AIDS are also agricultural countries. • With few people able to work on farms because so many die from AIDS, fewer crops are harvested. • All of the above.

All of the above.

*8. In what way(s) is the plight of American women similar to that of women in less-industrialized countries? • When a woman is employed, she has more options for ending an unhappy marriage through divorce. • Education provides one of the best opportunities for a woman to leave an impoverished life. • Women all over the world must complete a second shift after working in their paid jobs. • Regardless of what country you examine, women are underrepresented in upper management—that is, their advancement is often blocked by a glass ceiling. • All of the above.

All of the above.

2. Which of the following is an example of a caste system? • Requiring Jewish families to live in a separate part of European cities, known as a ghetto. • Giving political and economic rights in South Africa only to people who were genetically completely white. • Forcing children to accept their parents' status as their own in India. • Denying all civil rights to blacks in the United States. • All of the above.

All of the above.

3. Which of the following is a criticism of the human capital theory made by feminist sociologists? • Due to childhood socialization in traditional gender roles, women are not as free to choose their occupations as the theory suggests. • Women are prevented from entering certain occupations due to discrimination by "gatekeepers" on the job. • The difference in power between men and women in society limits women from redefining their occupations as skilled. • All of the above. • None of the above.

All of the above.

5. How has globalization contributed to the increasing inequality in American society? • Some companies have lowered wages to compete with other companies that use cheaper third world labor. • Globalization has encouraged immigration to the United States, thus increasing the low-wage labor pool and pushing wages down. • Labor unions have been weakened by globalization. • All of the above. • None of the above; inequality is not increasing in the United States.

All of the above.

5. Which of the following has been offered as a sociological explanation for the gap between women's and men's work in the home? • Women do most of the housework in exchange for economic support from men. • Men do the jobs that give them the most control over when to do them. • When the daily tasks of work in the home are divided along the traditional gender lines (woman-as-server, man-as-provider), men and women "do gender" and reproduce the gender roles with which they were socialized. • All of the above. • None of the above.

All of the above.

7. According to sociologists, education is important for economic development. With what reason(s) do they argue for expanded educational access? • Educated workers can become skilled workers for high-wage industries. • Education is a reliable avenue for escaping harsh working conditions and low-wage, unskilled jobs. • Educated people tend to have fewer children, slowing the global population explosion that contributes to global poverty. • All of the above. • None of the above.

All of the above.

8. What factor accounts for racial disparities in wealth and income? • Education. • Parents' social class. • Discrimination. • All of the above. • None of the above.

All of the above.

9. The Internet fosters the creation of relationships that often do not come with the emotional and social baggage or constraints that are involved in traditional face-to-face interactions. This allows participants to: • Offer and receive support that people may not be able to find in their communities. • Participate in impersonal and fleeting relationships. • Participate in off-limits or intimate encounters that could be deemed inappropriate in face-to-face contexts. • Find information or answers to questions that people may be too embarrassed to ask their teachers, parents, and/or friends. • All of the above.

All of the above.

Question 9: Which of the following is an example of vertical mobility? -A person working as a cashier at a grocery store eventually gets promoted to a position in the chain's national headquarters -A national president gets overthrown in a bloodless coup and flees to another country where he works as a farmer -A NFL star suffers a career ending injury and gets a job as an automechanic

All the above

5. There is significant evidence that the high rates of HIV/AIDS infections in African countries reflect the: • Lack of willingness of African people to practice safe sex. • Lack of willingness of African people to get medical treatment. • Already weakened health these people experience due to malnourishment, poor water, and other infectious diseases. • Inability of the United States to help with the crisis. • All of the above.

Already weakened health these people experience due to malnourishment, poor water, and other infectious diseases.

Which of the following is true of single-parent households?

Although most single-parent households are headed by women, there is a great deal of economic and social diversity within female-headed, single-parent households.

Question 25: The system of state controlled racial segregation in South Africa was known as

Apartheid

Question 33: According to the dependency theory, low income countries:

Are exploited by wealthy countries

Dependency Theories

Argues that the poverty of low income countries stem from their exploitation by wealthy countries and the multinational corporations based in those wealthy countries.

World-systems theory

Argues that the world capitalist economic system is not merely a collection of independent countries engaged in diplomatic and economic relations with one another but rather must be understood as a single unit.

Warren S. Thompson (1929) described a three-stage process governing changes in population growth rates as societies move from a pre-industrial to an industrial stage. What is the central principal guiding his theory?

As societies develop, one mode of population stability is replaced by another.

2. Which of the following is one explanation for the persistence of global economic inequality? • People in low-income countries lack a strong Protestant work ethic. • As the technology gap between countries widens, it is more difficult to eliminate poverty. • As AIDS continues to rampage throughout high-income and middle-income countries, they will have fewer technology workers. • Whatever medical and technological aid is given to low-income countries is hoarded by corrupt government officials. • Capitalism is innately unequal, and socialism is innately equal.

As the technology gap between countries widens, it is more difficult to eliminate poverty.

Social Status ascribed vs. achieved

Ascribed status: a status that is assigned at birth and does not change during an individual's lifetime Achieved status: a status that is chosen or earned by decisions one makes or by personal ability Master status

*8. Which of the following most accurately describes the number of people in U.S. prisons? • Because of the excellent job the prisons are doing in rehabilitating inmates, the number of people incarcerated in the United States continues to decline. • The United States may have more people in prison than other countries, but it has a larger population than other countries. • The ethnicity of prisoners in any state resembles the proportion of citizens in that state. • The proportion of people in U.S. prisons is at least five times that of western European countries. • Because many activities have been decriminalized, the number of people arrested and incarcerated in U.S. prisons is at an all-time low.

The proportion of people in U.S. prisons is at least five times that of western European countries.

Ascribed vs. achieved social mobility - caste system/ estate systems - examples.

Ascribed stratification systems: individuals' positions in society are determined by characteristics they are born with Estate systems: one is born into the nobility, the political-military elites, or into the peasantry, whose labor supports the elites Peasants receive protection and enough food to survive from the nobility Peasants are tied to a noble's land and are rarely able to become independent land-owners Ranks and rights are clearly spelled out The system is bolstered by arranged marriages Achieved stratification systems: individuals earn their positions through ability and effort Social class system: social class is defined by property, power, and prestige; it is officially achieved, but actually inherited in part Property: income and assets Power: ability to control or influence others (Power Elite vs. Pluralism models) Prestige: recognition, esteem, respect given those whose occupation and lifestyle are socially valued Class members share similar lifestyles, education, culture, and interaction patterns Caste systems: the caste one is born into determines one's occupation, potential marriage partners, residence, group memberships, and prestige level

Ethnic groups in order from highest to lowest median household income

Asian, white, hispanic, black

Market-oriented Theories

Assumes that the best economic consequences will result if individuals are free (from governmental restraint) to make their own economic decisions.

Which sociological theorist first used the word sociology to describe the science that seeks to understand human behavior?

Auguste Comte

What term refers to the legitimate use of power?

Authority

Human behavior and cultural beliefs:

B. Vary widely from culture to culture

According to Merton,the intended consequences of an activity or institution are called:

B. manifest functions

The way in which social structure limits the range of activities and opportunities in individuals' lives is called:

B. social constraint

what is called when we "think ourselves away" from the familiar routine to see things in a different, more sociological perspective?

B. sociological imagination

Why do people use impression management?

B. they are sensitive about how others see them

In developing countries the global economic crisis has been hardest on:

B. women in poverty

What did the 1964 Civil Rights Act do?

Banning of discrimination in public facilities, education, employment, and agencies giving funds.

What is one of the reasons that critics of classical views on religion suggest that in modern societies, religion is losing its ability to create widespread social solidarity?

Because modern societies are more often marked by religious pluralism than religious domination, there is no longer a single set of religious values that unify the entire society.

Question 45: Why might changes of the percentage of regional populations in extreme poverty not accurately represent changes of the actual number of people in poverty?

Because of drastic increases in population, drops in percentage of extreme poverty may hide an actual increase in the numbers of people experiencing extreme poverty

The text names trade unions, ethnic groups, and business organizations as examples of interest groups. Which of the following is the best critique of the view of some pluralist theories that the more pluralistic a society, the more democratic it is likely to be?

Because some interest groups are extremely powerful with nearly unlimited financial resources and others have very few resources, interests groups do not always provide the balance suggested by pluralist theories

Dara and her fiancé are contemplating whether they should move in together before the wedding (a year away) or wait until they are married. Neither of them have cohabited before. Although they are anxious to begin their lives together, Dara has heard that living together before marriage increases the likelihood of divorce. What is one reason Dara may have little to fear?

Because they are beginning the period of cohabitation already having made a serious commitment, Dara and her fiancé will not be conditioned by cohabitation to see relationships as easily dissolvable.

Why are world-rejecting religious movements more likely to display characteristics of total institutions than other kinds of religious movements?

Being in direct opposition to the outside world, they must take far more care to maintain separation from it by regulating many aspects of followers' lives.

4. When businesses such as State Farm Insurance and Wal-Mart deny women the ability to advance in their companies, the textbook refers to these companies as: • Being workplace gatekeepers. • Equitable places for women to work • Practicing sound management. • Corporations that may discriminate, but there is nothing that can be done to remedy the discrimination. • None of the above.

Being workplace gatekeepers.

What is the explanation offered by Chris Kollmeyer for why unemployment in Europe has been somewhat higher than in the United States?

Better social services and unemployment benefits in Europe allow unemployed individuals to wait for a relatively good job, thus making unemployment spells longer.

The theory offered by Simon Kuznets regarding the relationship between inequality and economic development is challenged by which of the following facts?

Between 1990 and 2004, CEO pay increased by 300 percent, while production worker pay increased by only 4.5 percent.

What do sociologists mean by the phrase "racial literacy"?

Black children should learn methods of dealing with white racism

10. Which perspective focuses on the interaction of race, class, and gender in the disadvantages faced by women? • Liberal feminism • Radical feminism • Black feminism • Parsonian functionalism • Marxism

Black feminism.

Indian Castes

Brahmins: educated priests and scholars Kshatriyas: kings and warriors Vaishyas: merchants and farmers Shudras: peasants and laborers, craftspeople Dalits: poor, untouchables, menial and unpleasant jobs

Which theory of crime contends that any social disorder in a community encourages more serious crimes to flourish?

Broken Window Theory

Question 24: What happened in 1954 to set the Civil Rights Movement in motion?

Brown v. Board of Education

Which type of organization causes problems for effective democratic participation, according to Max Weber?

Bureaucracy

What are characteristics of flexible business structures?

Businesses rely on advanced technology to communicate with other businesses. Businesses are networked together horizontally, compartmentalizing pieces of the manufacturing-to-sales pipeline.

Why is France is averse to supporting the internet?

C. France is reluctant to support American "cultural imperialism"

What would a symbolic interactionist say is involved in nearly all social interactions?

C. an exchange of symbols

At what age do children learn that gender does not change?

C. approximately 5 years

According to Emile Durkheim sociologists must study social facts, which are:

C. aspects of social life that shape our individual actions

Behavior that is oriented toward self interest is often called:

C. instrumental or rational action

Studying day to day interactions is important because:

C. it gives us insight into the similarities and varieties of behavior

At which stage in the development process does gender socialization begin?

C. mature adulthood

Identify the type of mobility for each example. Cameron graduated from college, left welfare, and secured a semiprofessional position. Tom left his job in the factory to work in maintenance at the college. Cecelia grew up with a mother who worked cleaning motels, but Cecelia is a doctor.

Cameron: intragenerational mobility Tom: vertical mobility Ceecelia: Intergenerational mobility

Is it formal or informal, negative or positive?

Capital punishment: formal A smile: positive Employee of the month designation: informal Mother spanking a child: negative

What is the difference between capitalists and proletariats?

Capitalist: Want to see wages go down Earns money by taking a share of the profits Control the means of production Proletariat: Want to see wages go up Earn money by selling their labor

Question 8: Which of the following terms is used to refer to hereditary ranks that are relatively fixed, immobile, and is generally seen in India?

Caste

Question 51:Most of the lowest Income Countries are found in?

Central/Sub-Saharan Africa

With respect to the changes that are occurring in the family globally, which of the following statements is NOT true?

Changes are occurring in both urban and rural areas

What is the most significant difference between children raised by straight parents and those raised by gay parents?

Children raised by gay parents were less likely to adhere to gendered expectations and norms.

Women and children and poverty

Children under 18 years old are 36% of the poor. Women are 58% of those over 18 living in poverty. Feminization of poverty: higher likelihood that female heads of households will be poor

Untel has approximately one-third of its workforce located outside of the United States, It selected Dalian, China, to be the home to its chip fabrication plant. Why did Intel select this site?

China hasa growing supply of engineers and offers incentives

According to a recent study by the Economic Policy Institute, the hourly earnings of college graduates compared to people without a degree in 2013 were almost double. Why is this significant in the matter of social stratification?

College graduates' earnings make their overall net worth—wealth—higher.

Comparative criminology

Comparative criminology is a branch of sociology in which cross-national analysis has increasingly become a major focus. At the Global Criminology Website, Crime and Society: A Comparative Criminology Tour of the World, sociology professors and students can research subjects in global criminology by accessing Interpol and United Nations datasets, as well as text information for all countries of the world. Published papers, works-in-progress, and articles pertaining to global criminology are all available on the site.

Criminal justice process - How do conflict theorists look at prison - what do they say is the purpose?

Conflict perspective: the justice system supports the powerful by depicting crime as a threat from poor people and minorities Structural-functionalist perspective: the justice system is important for maintaining order in society Policy should focus on deterring deviance Policy should focus on the injustices of the system

Strain: five ways of adapting (Merton)

Conformity: embracing society's goals and adhering to approved means of achieving them Innovation: using illicit means to reach approved goals Ritualism: strict adherence to social rules, but with no hope of achieving goals Retreatism: giving up on both the goals and the means Rebellion: rejecting socially approved goals and means and replacing them with alternative goals and strategies

5 Modes of Adaptation to strain

Conformity—accept goals and means Innovation—accept goals but reject means Ritualism—reject goals but accept means Retreatism—reject goals and means Rebellion—replace goals and means

Why have employers in the United States been relying more and more on part-time and temporary workers?

Corporations save money by using part-time and temporary workers

Crime statistics

Crime Statistics Official Data—Uniform Crime Report Includes crimes reported to the police and arrests Does not include federal offenses or unreported crimes

FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVES ON DEVIANCE AND CRIME

Crime and deviance can be both functional and dysfunctional.

Which of these statements does not contribute to the explanation for why measuring crime is difficult? a. People are unlikely to report their own illegal behavior if they fear incrimination. b. Some types of crime are more likely to be reported than others. c. Victims have poor memories when it comes to their victimization. d. Women tend to feel more guilt and over-report their own criminal behavior. e. Crime victims are often unwilling to answer surveys about their experience.

Crime is difficult to measure primarily because underreporting is likely for a variety of reasons. b. Some types of crime are more likely to be reported than others.

Crime

Crime: a violation of societal norms and rules written into public laws that is subject to punishment

What is crime?

Crime: deviance that violates laws and is punished with formal penalties

6. Which of the following is an example of a sociological explanation for deviant behavior? • The physical characteristics of criminals help explain their behavior: for example, large, muscular men are more likely to commit crimes than smaller, thinner men. • Withdrawn individuals are more often lone deviants, whereas gregarious individuals lean more toward gang behavior. • By understanding the family's history, we can predict who will become deviant and who will not. • Criminal behavior arises when people associate with deviants and learn their norms. • All of the above.

Criminal behavior arises when people associate with deviants and learn their norms.

Criminologists

Criminologists: researchers who use scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior

The term Pierre Bourdieu uses for the advantages that a good home confers; such as parent involvement with a child's homework is:

Cultural Capital

As a sociological concept, ethnicity refers to:

Cultural practices and outlooks of a given community that have emerged historically and set people apart.

Everyday life is an important part of understanding the social world. The pioneering sociologists who developed microsociology and emphasized and importance of understanding the "seemingly trivial" was:

D. erving goffman

Frank develops a questionnaire for his study on internet dating. One of his questions asks, "How do you feel about internet dating?" This type of question is known as:

D. open-ended

For human to socialized, it is imperative that they have:

D. regular social interaction with adults

The use of two or more methods of research to verify results is called:

D. triangulation

3. The countries of the former Soviet Union began to industrialize in the late twentieth century. Since then, their standard of living has: • Increased dramatically • Increased somewhat • Decreased • Stayed the same • Become equal to that of the United States

Decreased.

Periphery

Describes the countries that have low-income and that are largely agricultural that are often manipulated by core countries for their own economic advantage. (some countries in Africa, Latin America, and Asia)

Semi-periphery

Describes the countries that supply sources of labor and raw materials to the core industrial countries and the world economy but are not themselves fully industrialized societies.

Core

Describes the most advanced industrial countries, which take the lion's share of profits in the world economic system. (Japan, United States, Western Europe)

Structural/ functional theory of deviance - what functions does it serve?

Deviance serves vital functions by setting examples of unacceptable behavior, providing guidelines for behavior necessary to maintain social order. -jobs -stimulate positive change

Deviance

Deviance: traits or behaviors that violate expected rules or norms Usually has a negative connotation in everyday society

With which of the following statements might a conflict theorist most closely agree?

Deviant behavior could be a response to inequalities in capitalist society.

SYMBOLIC INTERACTION PERSPECTIVES ON DEVIANCE AND CRIME

Differential association theory suggests that people learn deviance through interaction. People are most likely to engage in crime if they are exposed to deviant values early in life, frequently, over a long period of time, and from important people.

Differential associations theory

Differential associations theory suggests that people learn deviance through interaction. People are most likely to engage in crime if they are exposed to deviant values early in life, frequently, over a long period of time, and from important people.

The digital divide today. What county has the lowest inequality in the world? What helped shrink the digital divide more than anything?

Digital divide: the gap between those with and without access to information technology. Results from differences in socioeconomic status, minority group status, and urban versus rural residence Individuals with insufficient computer and internet access or skills face barriers to many professions and opportunities Public and private organizations are developing low-cost technologies that may help level the digital playing field

Which crime are the most people in prison for? Purpose of prisons - functional . What is the trend with private prisons? Do they make $? How?

Drugs -Inmate labor -Prisons can be a source of jobs for communities -More prisons are now operated by for-profit companies -Privatizations of prisons has grown over time -Profits are found through inmate labor

Dysfunctions

Dysfunctions of crime and deviance: Create tension and insecurity Erode trust in relationships Damage confidence in institutions Are costly

What are the main causes behind the rising economic inequality in the US over the past few decades?

Economic Globalization Declining role of governments

The Coleman (1966) studies and the Jencks (1972) research indicate which of the following two important points concerning education in our society?

Educational and occupational attainment is governed by family background. On their own, educational reforms can produce only minor effects on social inequality.

Which of the following is a strong predictor of one's occupation, income and wealth later on in life?

Educational attainment

8. Neoliberalism argues that global free trade will enable all countries to prosper and therefore it is necessary to: • Continue to promote the logic of growth. • Eliminate all governmental regulation and disavow a minimum wage and other labor laws. • Loan money with interest to the NIE countries so they have capital to invest in their economies. • Ignore political and military power. • Enable third world governments to regulate wage and labor laws.

Eliminate all governmental regulation and disavow a minimum wage and other labor laws.

Which sociologist showed that social factors exert a fundamental influence on suicidal behavior?

Emile durkheim

5. Merton's functional analysis of deviance and crime addressed one of the pressing questions in the study of deviance. He focused on the issue that society has become much more affluent but crime rates continue to rise. Merton responded to this quandary by: • Emphasizing the contrast between rising aspirations and persistent inequalities; he focused on a sense of relative deprivation. • Emphasizing the rigid nature of social structure; he uncovered the genetic processes that are illustrated in criminal minds. • Emphasizing the morality socialized into particular groups. • Indicating that when we have deviant peers we are more likely to participate in deviant behavior. • Indicating that we have reached an acceptable level of equality in income; he determined that deviance was no longer relevant to crime.

Emphasizing the contrast between rising aspirations and persistent inequalities; he focused on a sense of relative deprivation.

Everyday life is an important part of understanding the social world. The pioneering sociologist who developed microsociology and emphasized the importance of understanding the "seemingly trivial" was:

Erving Goffman

In several parts of former Yugoslavia certain ethnic groups are subjected to harassment, threats and campaigns of terror forcibly expel them and create ethnically homogenous regions. This is called:

Ethnic cleansing

what regions have the lowest and highest levels of poverty in 2015? (lowest to highest)

Europe and Central Asia Latin America and the Caribbean South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa

The majority of immigrants to the U. S. in the 1900s were from________ and the majority of immigrants in the 1990s were from______.

Europe, Latin America & Asia

How do European countries provide their citizens with more services than the U.S government provides its citizens?

Europeans pay higher taxes than Americans

The structural view

Evidence supports the structural view. People are poor because of economic conditions, disabilities, and lack of social support such as health insurance.

Evolutionary theories ( combine which theories = what do they say - is it true today in the U. S. ? ) What % of people go to college ( worldwide/) How does the US compare with other countries regarding health/ life expectancy/ social class?

Evolutionary Theory of Stratification -To survive people must cooperate, but conflicts occur when important decisions advantage one group over another -Valued items are always in demand but short supply; struggle over these scarce items is likely -Custom shapes the distribution of scarce resources, but after basic societal needs are met, power determines distribution of surplus U.S. 1% owns more wealth than 90% 7% world college degree better edu = poli involvement, better health, reli, marry, longer life expectancy

Which of the following statements best illustrates Howard S. Becker's labeling theory of deviance?

Ex-offenders are much less likely to be called back by employers than men with similar resumes but no criminal record.

explanations blaming society

Explanations blaming society (based on structural characteristics) Society's organization creates and sustains poverty. Poverty persists because many people benefit from the consequences.

explanations blaming the poor

Explanations blaming the poor (based on individual characteristics) Poor people are genetically deficient. A culture of poverty transmits values, beliefs, and attitudes that encourage poverty. The poor are lazy. A majority of Americans believe is it possible to get rich through hard work.

As with earlier recessions, the recovery following the 2008 recession brought with it a drop in the child poverty rate.

False

Deviance is not universal; it is only common in complex societies. a. True b. False

False

Question 46: Rather than seeking to a legislative solution, the liberal feminist tends to overthrow the patriarchial structure.

False

Question 47: The largest minority group in the U.S. is African Americans.

False

Question 50: Low countries contained 12 percent of the world population and produce 40 percent of total wealth.

False

True or False: historically, American society has been characterized by high social mobility

False

By which criteria does Erik Olin Wright differentiate the class locations of the workers who must sell their labor power?

The relationship to authority and the possession of skills or expertise

What type of homeless families has risen in recent years?

Families with children

4. Which of the following best explains the relationship between wealth and income? • While income is influenced by race, education, and age, wealth is independent of these variables. • Wealthy people almost always inherited their money; thus there is no relationship between wealth and income. • The same factors that limit people's incomes also limit their ability to accumulate wealth. • Income disparities between rich and poor have increased in the past three decades, whereas wealth disparities have decreased during the same time. • Education has a strong connection to income, but a weak relationship to wealth.

The same factors that limit people's incomes also limit their ability to accumulate wealth.

How does divorce impact the living standard of the spouses following their dissolution?

The standard of living drops by 27 percent for women and goes up 10 percent for men.

9. Sexual minorities experience a high incidence of violent crime and harassment. More often than not they are perceived as being deserving of crime rather than innocent victims. This is because: • Gay and lesbian relationships are seen as belonging to the private realm, and some people believe they should not display their homosexual identities in public. • "Homosexual panic" is often used successfully as a legal defense. • Crimes toward gays and lesbians don't qualify as "hate crimes" and so carry less severe punishments. • Gay and lesbian couples who aggressively display their sexuality are seen under the law as asking for trouble. • In the past, the law has done little to recognize crimes against sexual minorities, thus they are victimized without penalty.

Gay and lesbian relationships are seen as belonging to the private realm, and some people believe they should not display their homosexual identities in public.

Scholars use the term _________ to refer to the physiological, social, and cultural differences between women and men.

Gender

Question 27: The learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and the family, is known as:

Gender Socialization

Intersectionality

The study of interacting effects of different sources of inequality, and the resulting experiences of oppression.

Question 30: In female journalist Norah Vincent's Self Made Man: One Womans Year Disquised as a Man, which documented her for one year disquised as a man, she found that:

Gender is powerful in shaping even the most ordinary encounters

Question 31: Variations in gender roles found in many different societies studied by social scientists demonstrate that:

Gender roles are culturally/socially determined

Question 36: Which of the following is an example of a core nation?

Germany

More than 1/2 of graduates from colleges for BA are women and usually find decent entry level positions. However, for women, their mobility up the corporate hierarchy is thwarted. This barrier is called:

Glass ceiling

Question 40: Worldwide networks of labor and production processes yielding a finished product is:

Global Commodity Chain

Why have jobs shifted from manufacturing to service and from the Northeast to the South and West?

Globalization and the mobility of capital allow firms to seek areas where labor costs are lower due to weaker unions and bigger tax breaks

How has globalization contributed to the increasing inequality in American society?

Globalization has encouraged people to immigrate to America; lower wages, less job demand etc.

Which of the following are reasons why most Americans are more affluent than anyone in the past has ever been?

Globalization of labor force & technological advances

*5. For a reference group to be effective, it must meet which of the following criteria? • The group must have active members. • It must be considered a primary group. • The group members must interact. • Group members must spend five to ten hours a month with group leaders. • Group members must identify with each other or the group's goal.

Group members must identify with each other or the group's goal.

Pariah Groups

Groups who suffer from negative status discrimination — they are looked down upon by most other members of society

What health epidemic has been tied to hunger in many countries because it has killed so many working-age adults?

HIV/AIDS

Who was the first sociologist to look at previously ignored issues, such as domestic life and race relations?

Harriet Martineau

Hate crimes - why , who?

Hate crimes: criminal offenses motivated by the offender's bias against a particular social group -Hate crimes are committed on the basis of religion, ethnicity or race, national origin, gender, and sexual orientation and are often under-reported

Some time around the 1920's in American sociology, largely at the University of Chicago, sociology as a discipline began to transform in what way?

There was a stronger attempt to ground sociological concepts and theories in facts and data

10. Which of the following would NOT be considered cultural capital? • Reading to your child and encouraging her educational endeavors. • Sending your children to summer camp. • Having your child work at a fast-food restaurant after school. • Living in the right neighborhood and coming from a "good" home. • Enrolling your child in after-school activities, such as piano lessons

Having your child work at a fast-food restaurant after school.

Why did Marx call religion the "opium of the people"?

He argued that a belief in afterlife rewards for living a meek and humble life encouraged people to accept their oppression in this life, rather than struggling against injustice.

horizontal mobility

Horizontal mobility: moving from one position to another at the same level

International organizations established by treaties between governments for purposes of conducting business between the nations making up their membership. (page 549)

IGO's

International organizations established by agreements between the individuals or private organizations making up their membership. (page 549)

INGO's

Introductory sociology classes tend to have fairly large enrollments, perhaps more than 100 students. In contrast, graduate seminars have small enrollments, usually fewer than 15 students. How does this difference in enrollment influence the dynamics of the different classes?

If a student skips the introductory class, it will have little or no effect on the class, whereas if a student skips the seminar, it will influence the class more.

Slavery

In slavery, some people own others and have control over their lives. Slaves are abducted, inherited, or given as gifts to pay debts. In chattel slavery, people are bought and sold as commodities. Although banned by the United Nations in 1948, slavery persists.

Symbolic Interaction theories - labeling (primary/ secondary)

Individuals and behavior become deviant because they are labeled as such -Societies define behaviors as deviant and impose sanctions -Primary (isolated) deviance—actors are not labeled deviant: a violation of a norm that may be an isolated act or an initial act of rule breaking. -Secondary (ongoing) deviance—actors are labeled: If an individual continues to violate a norm and begins to take on a deviant identity. -Being labeled reinforces deviant behavior -Those with less power and status are more likely to be labeled as deviant Self-fulfilling prophecy

Rational choice theory- social control theory. 4 ways people are bonded to others - internal vs. external controls.

Individuals make choices about deviance based on costs and benefits to themselves Positive sanctions: rewards (benefits) for socially approved behaviors Negative sanctions: punishments (costs) for breaking social norms Social control occurs when costs of deviance are higher than benefits People are bonded to society in 4 ways: 1)Attachment to others 2)Commitment to conventional activities 3)Involvement in activities that keep them busy 4)Belief in the social rules of their culture Internal controls: voices within that tell us when a behavior is acceptable or unacceptable External controls: society's formal or informal controls against deviant behavior

Social Stratification

Inequalities among individuals and groups that are determined not so much by individual personality or small-scale social situations, but more broadly, by attributes such as gender, age, ethnicity, or religious affiliation.

4. Which of the following best describes the health conditions in high- and low-income countries? • While the services available in high-income countries are more accessible, the life expectancy is similar in both groups. • Infant mortality is more than ten times higher in low-income countries. • The AIDS epidemic has ravaged both groups of countries equally and placed a serious strain on their resources. • Conditions have worsened in high- and low-income countries as more government resources are spent on the military. • All of the above.

Infant mortality is more than ten times higher in low-income countries.

Zenzele is interested in comparing population growth between developing and industrialized countries. She notices that in certain countries there has been a great deal of population growth, despite the fact that fertility rates have remained the same. What is one potential explanation for this apparent contradiction?

Infant mortality rates have gone down in these countries.

Racism that includes not simply the opinions of a small segment of the population, but systematically pervades all of a society's structures and operations:

Institutional Racism

What do sociologists look at to explain deviance ( not biology or psych).

Interactionist Theories: focus on relationships and meanings Rational Choice Theories: focus on individual choices, costs, and benefits Social control theory: why people obey social norms. -Attachment to other people -Commitment to conventional activities -Involvement in activities -Belief

Intergenerational mobility:

Intergenerational mobility:the degree to which one is better or worse off then one's parents

As the global economy becomes more knowledge-based, the likely outcome is that:

Internet access will become the new line of demarcation between the rich and the poor

1. Some sociologists argue that women are just as aggressive as men, but women display a different style of aggression that is consistent with gender norms. For women in the United States this is called: • Interpersonal aggression • Feminized aggression • Friend aggression • Relationship violence • Relationship aggression

Interpersonal aggression.

"The life chances of a black woman with a high school diploma and a white woman with a bachelors degree are stratified. However, it is necessary to examine this not so much as just a racial issue, but as a ___________________ issue. "

Intersectional

Intragenerational mobility

Intragenerational mobility: the extent to which an individual experiences upward or downward mobility

What change in investment strategies has contributed to our economic system evolving into institutional capitalism, according to some analysts?

Investors now bundle money into group accounts, and this money is then used to invest in several corporations

Question 39:According to world systems analysis, a periphery nation is a nation that:

Is poor, developing nation exploited by more powerful nations and corporations

How do fertility rates influence mobility and what did I discuss in class related to this? What about gender and ethnicity? Cross cultural mobility - how has globalization impacted this? What types of jobs are most prevalent in the US?

Is there a "land of opportunity"? -Comparing mobility across cultures It is difficult to identify opportunity-rich countries due to the complex factors that influence mobility -Opportunities for upward mobility are changing due to globalization -Manufacturing jobs are now in developing countries, leaving less-educated US workers with fewer opportunities -The US has high-tech jobs, providing opportunity for those from small, educated families that value individual achievement -u.s. jobs providing services

Characteristics of Deviance

It can be a condition, belief, or behavior. It is accompanied by social stigmas. It varies across and within societies. It can be formal or informal. Perceptions change over time.

Question 26: How is the word gender defined, in sociological terms?

It compromises the social and cultural significance that we attach to the biological differences of sex

Why does Walmart define a full-time work week as comprising 32 hours

It gives managers great flexibility and power

How is the "technology gap" related to global inequality?

It is both a consequence of inequality and serves to reinforce it

Which of the following is a central characteristic of the urban ecology approach as developed by Robert Park?

It understands the formation of urban arrangements as analogous to the way plants and organisms adjust to the physical environment.

Culture of Poverty

Thesis popularized by Oscar Lewis that states that poverty is not a result of individual inadequacies but is instead the outcome of a larger social and cultural atmosphere into which successive generations of children are socialized. Refers to the values, beliefs, lifestyles, habits, and traditions that are common among people living under conditions of material deprivation

Which of the following is true of new social movements?

They are a response to globalized risks resulting from the effects of large-scale systems that national democratic institutions are unable to fix.

Unionized workers at Bill's Bulb World would like to change the overtime regulations at work. What options do the union workers have to make changes?

They can suggest new regulations to management, and if management does not agree, the union can vote to strike.

Which of the following is true of global cities, as Saskia Sassen described them?

They contain vast economic inequalities marked by prosperous central business districts adjacent to deeply impoverished areas.

What roles do nation-states still play, even in the current era of globalization?

They form alliances with one another Enforce laws facilitate communication between their citizens and citizens of other countries

Durkheim argues that deviance allows us to understand the standards of a society. What solution to deviance does he propose?

To not eliminate it but keep it in acceptable bounds.

Wealth and income inequality

Top 1%: 43% of income / 36% of wealth Next 4%: 29% of income / 28% of wealth Next 5%: 11% of income Next 15%: 24% of wealth Next 10%: 10% of income Bottom 80%: 7% of income / 13% of wealth

If parents wish to raise their children in a nonsexist way, why do they have difficulty doing so?

Traditional gender roles are reproduced in very many areas of everyday life

The religious denomination that has the highest percentage of college graduates in the United States is

Judaism

Dependency theories rely on theories developed by:

Karl Marx

The main argument of Thomas Picketty's book Capital in the Twenty-First Century, that increasing wealth inequality is an inevitable feature of most capitalist economic systems, is MOST akin to the ideas of which theorist?

Karl Marx

1 out of 1 points Émile Durkheim argues that deviance is necessary for a society, as it has an adaptive function. In suggesting this, Durkheim felt that society should respond to deviance in what way?

Keep deviance in acceptable boundaries.

7. Rupert is the president and CEO of a multinational corporation. The corporation has made a substantial profit since Rupert's presidency. What type of leader is Rupert? • Bureaucratic • Transactional • Transformational • Network • Mechanistic

Transactional.

1. Durkheim argues that deviance allows us to understand the standards of a society. What solution to deviance does he propose? • Eliminate all deviance through social cohesion. • Keep deviance in acceptable boundaries. • Allow deviance to flourish and it will burn itself out. • Legalize certain types of deviance and heavily regulate the rest. • Ignore deviance and focus on similarities and society will have equilibrium.

Keep deviance in acceptable boundaries.

Government policies designed to increase the employment rate as a mechanism for improving the economy are consistent with what economic philosophy?

Keynesianism

One flew over the cuckoos nest; theory which explains inmates behavior?

Labeling

labeling theory

Labeling theory holds that deviance depends on how others react. Primary deviance is the initial violation of a norm or law. Secondary deviance occurs when individuals have been labeled deviant.

During the Great Recession, Jerry was laid off from his banking job. As a result his wife went from part-time to full-time work, and Jerry spent the term of his unemployment taking care of most of the domestic responsibilities. What can be concluded about family structure from stories like Jerry's?

Large-scale social and economic changes yield changes in family structure and dynamics.

Individual Social Status Individual Lifestyle

Lifestyle: one's attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns, which depend on socialization into one's culture and status Factors affecting lifestyle: -Attitudes toward achievement -Family life and child rearing patterns -Religious membership -Political involvement -Status inconsistency

Which of the following statements is true about low-wage work?

Low-wage workers in the United States not only have declining real wages, but also have little access to various kinds of employment benefits or job security.

Lower classes

Lower Classes Working poor—work at least 27 weeks a year but live in poverty Underclass—persistently poor, segregated residentially, relatively isolated, chronically unemployed, lack skills and education

Socialization and Macro-Level Issues

Transnationalism: the situation of individuals or families who have national loyalty to more than one country, often a result of migration -may result in conflicting messages Global communication and events -interacte "we" vs. "they"

According to Edin and Kefalas's study of low-income, single mothers, why do so many women continue to have children out of wedlock?

Many low-income women feel that marriage could cause more problems, both financial and emotional, than it would solve.

Identify the class illustrated by each example. Maria is a dental technician working in a large clinic. Kevin dropped out of high school, works in agriculture only in the summer, has trouble making ends meet. William inherited family wealth, attended private schools, and became a politician.

Maria: Working class Kevin: Working poor William: Upper, upper class

Marx. Are there any classless societies?

Marx described two economic classes The bourgeoisie, capitalists, or "haves" The proletariat, working class, or "have nots" Conflict arises from struggle between classes: Capitalists remain in control because: They control the norms and values of society They use their power to make inequality seem "fair" and justified This system will last until: The working class develops class consciousness, or shared awareness of the causes of their low status They may be aided in this by intellectuals Based on class consciousness, the working class will overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a classless society in which wealth is shared

Characteristics of ideal type bureaucracies.

Max Weber Studied growth of bureaucracy in the 20th century Developed "ideal types," or conceptual models Ideal type bureaucracy characteristics: -Division of labor based on technical -competence -Administrative hierarchy -Formal rules and regulations -Impersonal relationships -Emphasis on rationality and efficiency -Provision of life-long careers Bureaucracies also have an informal structure, unwritten rules and relationships

Question 48: Race is socially constructed.

True

Question 49: Global inequality is increasing.

True

The United States spends much less of its total economy on government at the federal, state, or local level than other developed countries.

True

The current gap between the rich and the poor in the United States is the greatest since the Census Bureau started measuring income in 1947.

True

Identify the theory: Inequality ensures that important jobs are filled by the most talented. High-income countries set prices for raw materials and labor. Parents teach children the habits and attitudes of their children.

Meritocracy Conflict perspective Symbolic interactionist perspective

Meso - Structure functional -5 basic elements. *Conflict theory -what causes stratification?

Meso- and Macro-Level Theories -Structural-Functional Theory Stratification within societies is inevitable -The stratification system provides each individual with a position in the social world -The stratification system motivates individuals to carry out their roles -As a result, each individual contributes in some way to the maintenance of society The Davis and Moore Thesis Some positions are more highly valued because people feel they are very important Rewards for these positions are high because society must motivate talented individuals to undertake the necessary but difficult preparation for them Differential rewards for positions result in unequal distribution of resources; stratification is inevitable Conflict Theory -Karl Marx originator of conflict theory Stratification is the outcome of struggles for dominance and scarce resources Individuals and groups act in their own self-interest, taking advantage of others Conflict—between those trying to hold onto existing advantages and those trying to gain new advantages—is inevitable 1)what a person wants 2)what a person needs 3)what a person earns 4)what a person can take

Microlevel theories - symbolic interaction -*What do upper class families stress for their children ? *What is an example of conspicuous consumption?

Micro-Level Theory -Symbolic Interaction Individuals take up social positions through socialization, in which they learn the appropriate cultural capital -Cultural capital influences children's school and home environments -Social positions are represented by symbols -Conspicuous consumption: displaying goods in a way that will be noticed and will earn the owner respect

Rational choice theory -delayed gratification.

Micro-Level Theory Rational Choice People make decisions influenced by their perception of costs and benefits . In order to take this view, one needs a sense of delayed gratification—delaying rewards or benefits until a later time.

Middle upper and lower classes

Middle Classes Upper-middle class—live on earned income, professional and managerial occupations Lower-middle class—non-manual, semiprofessional occupations, rely on two incomes, maintain comfortable lifestyle

Sharon and Luke, both IT workers, make a point to read to their children every night before putting them to sleep. Which explanation of the achievement gap does this example best illustrate?

Middle- and upper-middle-class parents tend to invest more heavily in their children's cognitive development.

theories

Modernization theory suggests that low-income countries lack modern, progressive cultures. Dependency theory contends that low-income countries are exploited and dominated by high-income countries. World systems theory argues that high-income countries extract raw materials from low-income countries and set export prices.

Modes of adaptation to strain

Modes of Adaptation to Strain: Conformity (not deviant)—accept goals and means Innovation—accept goals but reject means Ritualism—reject goals but accept means Retreatism—reject goals and means Rebellion—replace goals and means

Wealth

Money and material possessions held by an individual or group. (assets)

Why is a job important to most people?

Money, activity level, variety, structure time, social, personal identity, shape lifestyle.

What was the main finding in Richard Freeman and Joel Rogers's survey regarding the most desirable working conditions?

More than any other one thing, workers want more influence at work.

Being a private secretary was once a very prestigious male occupation. What happened to cause this occupation to lose prestige?

More women entered into the field, and as it became an occupation associated with women it became a clerical position

3. Functionalist theories emphasize connections between conformity and deviance in different social contexts. A common criticism of this approach, however, is that: • There is no sense in connecting the macrosociological to the microsociological. • Most people adjust their aspirations to their reality, and functionalists tend to presume everyone has middle-class values. • It is outdated as their premises no longer apply in the information age. • American society no longer experiences internal contradictions. • The aspirations held by groups in society do not coincide with available rewards.

Most people adjust their aspirations to their reality, and functionalists tend to presume everyone has middle-class values.

Most of us adhere to social norms and limit our deviance because of the __________ we learn and internalize during childhood. a. positive sanction fears b. informal social controls c. laws d. fear of the law e. formal social controls

Most people conform because of the informal social controls they internalize during childhood socialization. b. informal social controls

Social class in the US - don't need to know numbers for this but general idea ( example on board I discussed). What has happened with our social class? Where are most people? What has happened with the gap between top and bottom? How many people in the US are hungry?

Most people in the U.S. identify as "middle class" or "working class" The gap between the richest 1% of U.S. households own more wealth than all of the bottom 90% combined

Question 10: Class systems differ from slavery and castes in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

Movement is possible in Class

Intergenerational Mobility

Movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy from one generation to another

Intragenerational Mobility

Movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy within the course of a personal career

Macrolevel - networks - what has happened? ( ex. Of Apple)

National and global networks -New transportation and communication systems, including the internet, are generating global networks -Multinational corporations make their own rules, without oversight bodies - Profit, efficiency, and calculability are highly prized - National and international organizations are governed through rational, bureaucratic systems

2. When a professor is delivering a lecture and some students begin to whisper back and forth, the professor may stop the lecture and remain silent. The professor's behavior is an example of: • Deviant behavior • Role playing • Civil inattention • Negative sanction • Positive reinforcement

Negative sanction.

Police forces have grown steadily in the past 30 years in response to public demands for more protection. How has this affected the rate of violent crime in the United States?

No causal relationship between the number of police and violent crime rates has been identified.

Verbal/ nonverbal interaction - what is most important - know how we learn.

Non-verbal communication: interactions using facial expressions, the head, eye contact, body posture, gestures, touch, walk, status symbols, and personal space Non-verbal communication are: Culturally specific Learned through socialization Used in all cultures

Absolute Poverty

Not meeting the minimal requirements necessary to sustain a healthy existence

What is meant by " deviance is socially constructed?"

Nudity Illegal in some places, legal in others

Sources of Crime Statistics

Official Data—Uniform Crime Reports Victim Surveys—National Crime Victimization Survey

How is unionization associated with average wages?

On average, workers in the union make more per week than those who are not.

What did Max Weber include among the bases of class divisions?

Ones control of the means of production, intangible set of non economic resources (set of skills, talents, etc)

According to sociologists, which are aspects of "lifestyle"?

Ones recreational activities, ones diet, and ones clothing

what is state organized crime? Where today is the Mafia?

Organized crime: on-going criminal enterprises that aim to obtain personal economic gain through illegitimate means Mafia: Russia 100,000 people 70-80% private business, 40% of russias wealth.

3. The rich and varied group life of societies reflects: • How we conform to the wishes of transformative leaders • Our need to congregate and belong. • How we resist governments. • Our natural tendency to exclude others. • That most people do not have a self-identity.

Our need to congregate and belong.

Question 32: Since the 1950's, womens participation in the labor force has risen more or less continuously, and now women:

Outnumber men in the labor force

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

People create and share stratification. Social position affects attitudes, behaviors, and lifestyle. People socialize their children to acquire and use the symbols of their class.

Bourgeoisie

People who own companies, land, or stocks (shares) and use these to generate econmic retuens

Proletariat

People who sell their labor for wages according to Marx

Working Poor

People who work but whose earnings are not enough to lift them above the poverty line

Agents of socialization

People, organizations, and institutions that enable us to learn the beliefs, values, and behaviors of our cultures - Micro-level: family, peer group, local organizations (Japan example) - Meso-level: educational, religious institutions; media - Formal: socialization is stated goal (e.g., the family) - Informal: socialization isn't a stated goal but occurs anyway (e.g., the media) Agents of socialization shift over the life course Different agents' messages may concur or conflict

Natural resources flow from the_______ to the____________according to the world-systems theory.

Periphery , Core

Personal space 4 different types and what it varies by.

Personal space communicates social positions People in higher positions have greater control of physical space Gender differences -Cultural setting -Gender -Status -Social context

Question 21: A situation in which ethnic cultures have a distinct and separate existence whereas there members participate in the economical and political life of the larger society is known as:

Pluralism

Which of the following research findings supports the chivalry thesis?

Police are less likely to arrest women than men for similar activities

Which of the following research findings supports the chivalry thesis?

Police are less likely to arrest women than men for similar activities.

Contradictory Class Locations

Positions in the class structure, particularly routine white collar and lower manager jobs, that share characteristics with the class positions both above and below them

conflict

Poverty creates desperation, forcing many to work for low wages under dangerous conditions. Capitalism results in a concentration of power among a small upper-class.

Relative Poverty

Poverty defined according to the living standards of the majority in any given society

Poverty

Poverty is increasing in America. 15% of the population lives in poverty.

Poverty line

Poverty line: the minimal level of income that the federal government considers necessary for basic subsistence Used to determine eligibility for government assistance 2010 poverty line was $22, 113 for a family of four

Power

Power: the ability of individuals to achieve goals, control events, and maintain influence over others despite opposition. Power is based on tradition, personal charisma, and social class. Power elite: a small group of white men who make the important decisions in U.S. society

Which country is the exception to the general pattern of shorter working weeks in industrialized countries since the mid-1980s?

US

How do we measure crime?

Uniform Crime Reports - FBI Type I crimes: murder, rape, robbery, etc. Type II crimes: fraud, simple assault, vandalism, etc. Self-reported criminal participation surveys Self-reported victimization surveys Each method has flaws; triangulation of data leads to the most accurate results

Upper and lower class

Upper Classes Upper-upper class—enormous wealth, inherited fortunes, considerable economic and political power Lower-upper class—nouveau riche, engage in conspicuous consumption (lavish spending to display status)

William lives in Chicago but is visiting his sister, who lives in a small town some distance from the city. Driving through her town, he notices a skateboarding park built in the corner of a field. A little further on, he sees a large, colorful piece of graffiti art covering one wall of the town's power plant. The existence of these sights in a small town far from the metropolitan center is an example of what concept put forth by Louis Wirth?

Urbanism expresses and influences the nature of the wider social system.

Deviance varies

Varies across situations Can be formal or informal—against the law or merely inappropriate Perceptions change over time—What was deviant in the past is not longer, while other actions are now considered deviant. Situations: What is deviant in church may not be at a ballgame.

Victim surveys

Victim Surveys—National Crime Victimization Surveys Based on interviewing people about their experiences Does include some unreported crimes

Serious crime in the US by volume and rate, 2010

Violent crimes, 1.3m, 404 per 100,000 inhabitants Murder: 14,748, 5 per 100,000 Rape: 84,767, 28 per 100,000 Robbery: 367,832 per 119 Aggravated assault: 778,901 per 252 Property crime: 10.3m per 3,514 Burglary: 2.1m per 730 Larceny, theft: 6.9m per 2,362 Motor vehicle theft: 1.2 million per 422

Why are Americans less likely to vote than citizens in many other countries?

Voters lack candidates that address their concerns Registration process is more complex Voter burnout

Which of the following is a key conceptual difference between Weber's view of democratic elitism and Mills' theory of the power elite?

Weber emphasized the importance of quality leadership in meeting the interests of the people, while Mills emphasized the idea that those in charge constitute their own social, political, and economic interest group and make decisions accordingly.

White collar / corporate crime

White collar crime: illegal activities committed by high-status people in the course of their occupation Corporate crime: illegal acts committed by executives to benefit themselves and their companies

Types of Crime

White collar crime—illegal activities committed by high-status people in the course of their occupation Occupational crimes—illegal activities committed by individuals in the course of their work Corporate crimes—illegal acts committed by executives to benefit themselves and their companies Cybercrime—illegal activities conducted online Organized crime—activities of individuals and groups that supply illegal goods and services for profit

CONFLICT PERSPECTIVES ON DEVIANCE AND CRIME

Why are some acts defined as criminal while others are not? Powerful groups control the law and its application. Behaviors that injure the economic interests or challenge the political power of the dominant class are punished.

Feminist Perspective

Women are almost always at the bottom. Patriarchy benefits most men. Men control a disproportionate share of wealth, prestige, and power.

While there are many reasons why a relatively small number of women hold elected political offices in the United States, the text cites which of the following as a "critical factor" that explains why relatively few women run for office?

Women are less likely than men to be recruited by party leadership to run for office.

2. Which of the following assumptions is (are) commonly held about women and work? • Women are naturally better in support positions in office settings than in managerial positions. • Women have natural leadership skills that are best displayed in emergency situations. • Women are naturally more capable than men in executive situations that require quick responses. • Women have a more global perspective on economic issues than men do. • All of the above.

Women are naturally better in support positions in office settings than in managerial positions.

Global Commodity Chains

Worldwide networks of labor and production processes yielding a finished product

closed stratification system

a system in which movement from one social position to another is limited by ascribed statuses such as sex, skin color, and family background.

open stratification system

a system that is based on individual achievement and allows movement up or down.

What is the definition of democratic elitism?

a theory of the limits of democracy that holds that in large-scale societies democratic participation is necessarily limited to the election of political leaders

What is state overload?

a theory that modern states face major difficulties as a result of being overburdened with complex administrative decisions

Which of the following is an example of situational ethnicity?

a third-generation Cuban American speaks Spanish only in Miami

Consensual sex should be something desired by both participants equally, but the realities of sexual violence would suggest that between consensual sex and rape lies:

a willingness on the part of men to use pressure, threats, coercion, and force to obtain sex

Which of these is not one of the reasons that white-collar crime thrives in the U.S.? a. Law enforcement has limited resources for fighting white collar crime. b. White collar crime has a negligible or limited cost to society. c. There are few penalties for white collar crime. d. White-collar criminals are seldom criminalized. e. White collar criminals tend to come from backgrounds of privilege.

a. Law enforcement has limited resources for fighting white collar crime.

__________ elaborated on Durkheim's concept of Anomie to explain how social structure can create deviance. a. Merton b. Becker c. Lembert d. Sutherland e. Bogel

a. Merton

A teacher smiles at a student who is participating in class. This is an example of a __________. a. informal positive sanction b. informal negative sanction c. nonsanction gesture d. formal positive sanction

a. informal positive sanction

If one has been labeled stupid and dishonest, they are more likely to cheat on an exam. The cheating would be considered an act of __________. a. secondary deviance b. tertiary deviance c. reflective deviance d. primary deviance

a. secondary deviance

wealth

abundance of economic assets and material possessions that a person or family owns, including property and income.

The phenomenon that explains why rural places have a disproportionately higher number of older adults is called:

aging in place

Among other factors, population decline in rural areas is in part caused by a phenomenon in which young people leave rural areas in search of opportunities, leaving older adults behind. This phenomenon is called

aging in place.

There is significant evidence that the high rates of HIV/AIDS infections in African countries reflect the:

already weakened health these people experience due to malnourishment, poor water, and other infectious diseases

According to Émile Durkheim, the rapid process of social change gives rise to many social difficulties that he linked to

anomie

Which of these is not a valid statement about deviance from a sociological perspective? a. Social stigma is generally attached to acts of deviance. b. Definitions of deviance do not change over time in any society. c. Behaviors considered deviant may be formal or informal. d. Deviance can be a condition or belief rather than a behavior. e. Deviance varies across and within societies.

b. Definitions of deviance do not change over time in any society.

Monica is nervous about walking alone at night and is wary of any new men that she meets. Some scholars would argue that this is a consequence of:

being a woman

An example of audience segregation is:

being openly gay at home but being "straight" at work for the fear of discrimination

According to Max Weber, all large organizations tend to be:

bureaucracies

Despite the common perception that it is an urban problem, __________ is a particularly dire problem in rural America.

childhood poverty

The largest religion in the world, with 2.3 billion followers, is:

christianity

Roman Catholic Church

church

What are the most recent projections for global urban growth?

city populations throughout the world are growing more rapidly than rural communities

According to Elijah Anderson, the sight of "public mothering" is a cue that indicates a space is what?

civil

The right to a fair trial is a ________ right.

civil

Ownership of wealth, occupation, income, and education are the four main bases of which kind of stratification system?

class

Despite the Equal Pay Act of 1963, the gender gap in pay has not been eliminated but has been partially changed by the implementation of:

comparable worth policies

As both men and women increasingly work outside the home, there is more frustration over women's "second shift" housework. As a result, men are doing more housework than they did in the past.

conflict

In a patriarchal society, men wield more power both inside and outside the home, which demotes women to subordinate statuses and tasks.

conflict

Powerful groups determine deviant behavior based on their own norms in order to maintain power. People with power are able to avoid punishment more often than the poor and working class.

conflict

The upper classes use their wealth and influence to maintain their prestige status. The wealthy exploit the poor and working class in order to gain wealth and power.

conflict

What type of theorist might argue that even the definition of crime is class biased, for example, that the crimes listed in the Uniform Crime Reports are crimes disproportionately committed by members of the lower class in the United States?

conflict

Jessica and her husband, Jim, are working-class Republicans who are strongly opposed to same-sex marriage. Jessica works at a day-care center out of necessity, although both she and Jim would prefer it if she could stay home instead. Jessica and Jim are most likely ______.

conservative Protestants

A researcher's study of the text messages exchanged among a group of friends can be referred to as:

conversation analysis

The technique used by Mitch Duneier and Harvey Molotch to compare interactions between street people and passersby in New York City was:

conversation analysis

In recent years, participants in social movements have learned to do something that is particularly worrisome to governments, which is the ability to:

coordinate international political campaigns by using the internet and other technology

Heaven's Gate

cult

How does crime differ from deviance? a. Crime violates rules about behavior that is seen as sinful or immoral. b. Crime is always more serious than deviance. c. Crime involves a larger share of the population. d. Crimes violates written laws. e. Crime is always less serious than deviance.

d. Crimes violates written laws.

__________ believe that deviance and crime are normal parts of the social structure. a. Feminist theorists b. Symbolic interactionists c. Criminologists d. Functionalists e. Conflict theorists

d. Functionalists

John is unable to comprehend other people's perspectives and believes that only his outlook is accurate. How would Jean Piaget describe JOhn's behavior?

egocentric

An "opening" is necessary for the type of focused interaction that Erving Goffman calls a(n):

encounter

What is meant by a geography of "centrality and marginality" in global cities?

enormous affluence and acute poverty reside side by side with minimal interaction

Strategic alliances formed among the largest corporations for the purposes of planning production and managing problems are known as:

enterprise webs

Croatia has become a monoethnic state because of the racialized policies of mass expulsion during the 1990s. This is an example of:

ethnic cleansing

Technologies like 3D printing that allow mass-customization of products are created in part in response to which of the following?

ever changing demands of consumers as they are shaped by advertising

After failing to show up on time for a month straight, Joseph, the boss's nephew, was fired and replaced by Rodney, who had worked his way up from an entry-level position in the company.

exchange mobility

Suppose a society has truly equal opportunity, and w/i each generation, the more talented people move up in position while the less talented move down. What would such a society have?

exchange mobility

A classical experiment conducted by Harold Garfinkel involved researchers violating everyday norms of behavior and observing how subjects react. This research used what method?

experiment

According to the functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons, the family is most efficient when it operates with a clear sexual division of labor, with the males being the breadwinners and females providing care and security as well as emotional support, something he referred to as the:

expressive role

Dangers that spring from the natural world and are unrelated to the actions of humans. Examples of external risk include droughts, earthquakes, famines, and storms. (page 554)

external risk

A consistent criticism of functionalist theories of deviance is that they focus on deviance among the higher-income elite. a. True b. False

false

All sociological perspectives view deviance as a normal and desirable part of the social structure. a. True b. False

false

Market-oriented theories advocate for the greater involvement of government in setting labor market and business regulations.

false

Most of the time it is very easy to study the extent, cause and control of crime. a. True b. False

false

Rape is considered a crime almost everywhere in the world. a. True b. False

false

The incidence of violent crime in the U.S. has been steadily increasing since 1990. a. True b. False

false

What advantage do female-headed African American families have over female-headed white families?

female-headed African American families have more extended kinship relationships

Which perspective has been most concerned with the domestic division of labor, unequal power relationships, and caring activities in the family?

feminism

Dominant social institutions have historically refused women. This reduces women's career independence, and encourages marriage for economic support and a domestic role in the home.

feminist

Female roles in gangs mirror their subordinate status in outside society. Female gangs are a rational response to violence from men toward women.

feminist

In patriarchal societies, men enact mechanisms of sexual control, both formally and informally, in order to subjugate women.

feminist

Lack of economic opportunity and legal safeguards for women, particularly single mothers, leaves a disproportionate number of women in poverty.

feminist

Same sex marriage challenges traditional gender and sexual norms, by legitimating relationships, which do not support patriarchal values.

feminist

A sociologist who puts gender at the center of the analysis of the social world can be said to be using:

feminist theory

The question of generational equity will become more acute as:

fewer and fewer people of working age pay more and more in taxes to support elderly retirees

Sexual minorities experience a high incidence of violent crime and harassment. More often than not they are perceived as being deserving of crime rather than innocent victims. This is because:

gay and lesbian relationships are seen as belonging to the private realm, and some people believe they should not display their homosexual identities in public

Differences in status, power, and prestige between men and women in groups, collectives, and societies is known as:

gender inequality

An ethnomethodologist would study all of the following except:

gender socialization

According to the text, __________ and __________ are categories that contribute to structured inequalities.

gender; racial identity

The concept of global commodity chains attempts to describe what characteristic of the global economy?

he increasing globalization in manufacturing

Jonathan Kozol's (1991) study of American schools found that:

high levels of segregation within schools and great inequalities between them exist

Which group benefits from the tracking of students according to abilities?

high-achieving students, because teachers do not have to spend time working with slow learners

Why is there a social-class gradient in obesity in our society?

high-fat food and super sized meals are cheaper and more accessible than more nutritious foods

The National Crime Victimization Survey has found that compared to rates reported by official agencies, actual crime rates are:

higher for both property and violent crime

dismantling overly romanticized views about previous family forms

historical perspectives

The idea of using understandings of history as a basis for creating informed social change is known as ______.

historicity

What is the principal asset in the net worth of most American families?

homes

When your professor wears a tie to the first day of class and later changes into shorts and a T-shirt for a barbecue with friends, he is engaging in:

impression management

At Jamie's high school, the "jocks" made fun of the drama club members. This increased the bonding and sense of loyalty among the jocks; therefore, we could consider the jocks a(n):

in - group

Which of the following is a manufactured risk?

in 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear disaster in Pennsylvania

According to Marx, religious beliefs can provide justification for those people who are:

in a position of power

The cycle of social reproduction is created within the school because:

in many ways, working-class children have a more perceptive attitude toward the organization of the school than do middle-class children, but the latter group sees the school as a vehicle for upward mobility

Sometimes a female lawbreaker is able to avoid punishment by invoking the gender contract. This concept allows the female lawbreaker to play on the idea that women in general are both erratic and:

in need of protection

According to the sociological perspective, people's behavior is:

influences by the social context

Peter Blau studied government agencies and discovered what factor that allowed more flexibility than was possible within the formal structure of the bureaucracy?

informal relations

A society no longer based primarily on the production of material goods but rather on the production of knowledge. The notion of the information society is closely bound up with the rise of information technology. (page 560)

information society

What powerful force today is changing the face of many organizations, enabling them to avoid layoffs by allowing workers to telecommute or work from home as independent contractors?

information technology

A sex worker repeatedly tries to initiate conversation with a businessman despite his obvious unwillingness to respond. This is an example of:

interactional vandalism

A student who sends a photograph of himself drinking with a suggestive message to his boss can be considered to be engaging in an electronic form of:

interactional vandalism

If a person has a different class position from that of his parents or grandparents, he has experienced

intergenerational mobility

Rosario's working-class parents saved money for years to send her to college, where she developed an interest in law; in the private firm she works for now, she earns more than both her parents combined.

intergenerational mobility

The campaign for global justice:

is a movement to protest the World Trade Organization's emphasis on economic issues over human rights issues

According to the sociological perspective, people's behavior is...

is influenced by the social context

According to you textbook, minorities more to the suburbs for the same reasons other people move to the suburbs, such as better schools, and less crime. Therefore, some sociologists argue that suburbanization:

isn't about race but about social class

What is the social function of religion, according to Emile Durkheim?

it aids in cohering or providing solidarity by ensuring that people meet regularly to affirm common beliefs and values

Why does the topic of eating disorders offer a good opportunity to apply the sociological imaginations?

it is a case where what appears to be a personal trouble is part of a larger, public issue

In India, individuals who fail to carry out the duties of their caste are doomed to be reborn in an inferior caste in the next life. How does this describe how social status is held in India?

it is held for life

The "new" economy in which ideas, information, and forms of knowledge support and sustain innovation and growth is most commonly called the:

knowledge economy

A common term for information society referring to a society based on the production and consumption of knowledge and information. (page 560)

knowledge society

Traditionally, police work involved controlling crime. Increasingly, however, police officers are:

knowledge workers, mapping and predicting risk within the population

In the movie "One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest," one of the patients in the mental hospital tells the other inmates that they are not crazy and they should not act as though they are just because the head nurse tells them they are. Which of the following theories best explains the patients' behaviors?

labeling

Lower-class households typically have an annual household income below $20,000, and due to their employment being unstable, are most likely to:

lack health care and social security

Schools originally arose:

largely as a result of the development of printing and the ensuing need for broader literacy

What kinds of jobs are primarily replacing the disappearing blue-collar manufacturing jobs in the new economy?

low-skilled service-sector jobs

Which of the following is most likely to significantly increase voter turnout in the United States?

making voting legally compulsory

Corporations become more defined economic entities as managers gain a much more central position than owners.

managerial capitalism

As a result of globalization, humans now face risks created by the effects of their own knowledge and technology on the natural world, or:

manufactured risk

Dangers that are created by the impact of human knowledge and technology on the natural world. Examples of manufactured risk include global warming and genetically modified foods. (page 554)

manufactured risk

What played a significant role in the recent democratization of formerly nondemocratic countries?

mass media, such as television and the Internet

Sociologists use the phrase "racial literacy" to refer to the fact that:

multiracial children can learn methods of dealing with racial hierarchy

Research indicates that ___________ families are most likely to have elders playing active roles in rearing their grandchildren?

native american

When a professor is delivering a lecture and some students begin to whisper back and forth , the professor may stop the lecture and remain silent. The professor's behavior is an example of:

negative sanction

When a professor is delivering a lecture and some students begin to whisper back and forth, the professor may stop the lecture, remain silent, and stare at the students. What is the professor's behavior an example of?

negative sanction

A common criticism of labeling theory is that labeling theorists:

neglect the processes that lead to acts being defined as deviant

The music market study demonstrated that groups have the influence to shape:

our personal taste and decisions regarding music

The growth of communication technology such as the Internet and e-mail in the last thirty years has changed:

our social interaction

Class systems differ from slavery in several ways. Class systems allow for movement within the social structure, are economically based, are large and impersonal, and are built around income, ownership of wealth, education, occupation, and lifestyle. Which of these characteristics of class as a system is most closely tied to the defining characteristic of slavery as a system?

ownership

According to the leading research findings on academic achievement, which of the following has the greatest influence on a student's success in school?

parents' socioeconomic status

Recent sociological studies on the relationship between social networks and health outcomes such as obesity demonstrate that:

people develop their ideas about what is acceptable behavior by looking at those in their social groups

Which of the following is a social aggregate?

people waiting at Terminal C for Flight 181

Which of the following is a social aggregate?

people waiting at Terminal C for flight 181

underclass

people who are persistently poor and seldom employed, residentially segregated, and relatively isolated from the rest of the population.

Within those of the same age group, who is more likely to get married?

people who have been married and divorced compared with people who have never been married

Research (see Klinenberg's study) suggests that people who live alone do not tend to feel lonely and socially alienated, because:

people who live alone actually tend to have more social interactions than their married counterparts.

working poor

people who work at least 27 weeks a year but receive such low wages that they live in or near poverty.

A situation in which ethnic cultures have a distinct and separate existence even while their members participate in the economic and political life of the larger society is known as:

pluralism

Emir and Michael live in a large house with their adopted daughter, Lilly; Emir's son, Amid; and Michael's aging aunt, Cecilia. Judith Stacey would describe this family as an:

postmodern family

Quality of a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images. (page 560)

postmodern society

President Dwight Eisenhower delivered a farewell address in 1952 that warned of an impending change in the nature of our democracy, and suggested that the large corporations and the military, in cooperation with the government, would soon run the United States and exercise a huge amount of power. Just as sociologists have suggested, this same unified group is referred to as the:

power elite

When listing countries in the order of money spent on the military, the United States spends more than 15 countries combined. The public figure who warned the country to beware of the expanding military and the industries that cater to it was:

president Dwight D. Eisenhower

A mother and daughter enrolled in a large introductory sociology class would be considered a:

primary group

Which is more likely to be an in-group?

primary group

Labeling theorists interpret deviance as a(n):

process of interaction between deviants and nondeviants

The case of Rachel Dolezal, former head of the Spokane, Washington, NAACP chapter, generated controversy in 2015 when she was outed as having white parents despite having publicly identified herself as black. Her case brought to the fore the ways in which race is not only biological but also performed and enacted in daily interactions. Her case could thus be analyzed through which type of theory?

processual

Word gap and children. Who actually graduates from college ( is it connected to social class)?meritocracy.

professional parents use 3 times more words 3 year old prof: 1,100 words work:700 low income:500 College: middle/top class Meritocracy: positions would be allocated in a social group or organization according to individuals abilities and credentials.

Postmodernists argue that we have reached the end of history because:

progress is no longer unified and linear

The theory that offers an understanding of race as a form of inequality that emerged through past political struggles establishing and contesting white dominance is:

racial formation theory

Historically, Europeans classified the individuals with whom they came into contact in various parts of the world according to categories based on their physical attributes. These categories became the basis of systems that shaped and constrained the people's daily lives. This process is known as:

racialization

Recent media analysis of police departments across the United States found a huge backlog of "rape kits" in evidence rooms. There are many reasons for this, including the cost of testing and the difficulty in linking forensic evidence to the crime. One other aspect to this problem might be that:

rape is often seen as a sexual offense and not a violent crime

According to Robert K. Merton's structural strain theory, anomie results from the strain on behavior that is imposed through norms that conflict with social reality. Looking at the figure in the text (Figure 7.2, Merton's Deviance Typology), in which of the four types listed would we see the higher levels of anomie (note that conformity is excluded on the basis of this group being the largest)?

rebellion

In 2011, the Occupy Wall Street movement drew large numbers of people to New York City to protest rising income inequality. To make their point, these protesters marched on the city streets, built tent cities where they lived and slept while the demonstrations were ongoing, and actively worked to disrupt the flow of life. In Robert K. Merton's view, these people would be what kind of deviants?

rebels

In 2011, the Occupy Wall Street movement drew large numbers of people to New York City to protest rising income inequality. To make their point, these protestors marched on the city streets, built tent cities where they lived and slept while the demonstrations were ongoing, and actively worked to disrupt the flow of life. In Robert K. Merton's view, these people would be what kind of deviants?

rebels

The goal of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and Empowerment is to:

recognize that equality for women and girls is a human right and a social and economic imperative

Audience segregation allows people to:

reconcile their role in one part of life with their role in another part of their social world

The process of bringing community and family members into court to publicly state their condemnation of a criminal's behavior and to accept the responsibility for reintegrating the offender back into the community is called:

reintegrative shaming

What are the three key elements of the sociological definition of religion?

religion is a form of culture; religion involves beliefs that take form in ritualized practices; religion provides a feeling that life is ultimately meaningful because it frames life in a way that other institutions do not

Martina's church slowly began losing members several years ago to a new, nondenominational worship center that opened in the same community. As a result, her pastor made some changes designed to appeal to a wider, more contemporary congregation, including changing the music selection and beginning a spiritual study group open to all members and nonmembers that became a dynamic weekly group. This is an example of ___________.

religious revitalization as a consequence of competition

prestige

respect, recognition, or regard attached to social positions.

The "race to the bottom" in relation to the global economy means that:

retailers and manufacturers will go anywhere to find the lowest wages

Ted Kaczynski (the Unabomber) engaged in a mail bombing spree that spanned nearly twenty years, killing three people and injuring twenty-three others. In 1971, he moved to a remote cabin without electricity or running water, in Lincoln Montana, where he lived as a recluse. Utilizing Merton's functionalist framework, Kaczynski could be classified as a:

retreatist

Additional income received in the workplace for each additional year of schooling or academic degree is referred to as:

returns on education

When three best friends- Jose, Martin, and George_ get together every friday night Jose usually decides what the group will do. However one night when Jose said he wanted to go bowling Martin and George told Jose that they decided the group was going to the movies. This is known as:

revolutionary coalitions

Ideal bureaucratic systems that Weber describes tend to reinforce the:

rise of numerous unofficial ways of doing things because of the lack of flexibility in completing tasks in a bureaucracy

"A group of sociologists are collecting data on single-parent families and comparing thier lives to two-parent families. in the same communities They are focusing on the who does the housework, cooking, bill paying, and home repairs. These variables are what is referred to as the family ____________. "

roles

Socially defined expectations of a person in a given social position are referred to as social:

roles

secondary deviance

rule-breaking behavior that people adopt in response to the reactions of others.

Your friend has requested you as a bridesmaid at her wedding, and asks that you wear a full-length dress, something that is physically uncomfortable for you. When you tell her you plan to wear a knee-length version, she is mortified, and says that she expects you to agree to her request. To get you to comply, she may use a:

sanction

Early Mormanism

sect

The physical separation of a racial or ethnic group is called

segregation

New information technologies and the growth of the knowledge economy will affect education by:

shifting the emphasis toward active, lifelong learning in diverse settings

The idea of the welfare state has generated a lot of debate in the United States over the past 50 years, especially during an election. The idea of the welfare state, though, is an integral part of our ________ rights.

social

Open stratification systems

social classes are relatively fluid Based on achieved statuses A social class is a category of people who have a similar rank based on wealth, education, power, or prestige.

We can say that something is socially constructed when it is based on:

social context

A child's father is likely to tell the child to "say thank-you" when the child receives a gift. This is an example of:

socialization

The significance of a sociological imagination is that:

sociology attempts to connect individual experiences to a conception of a larger social structure

Select the attribute that is NOT considered part of developing countries:

stable borders what is part: 1. rapid process of urban development 2. influenced by contact with Western industrialization 3. most crops produced for sale rather than directly consumed

Elijah Anderson would most likely characterize a ________ as a cosmopolitan canopy

state fair

The potential of the internet to encourage democratic exchange that may oppose or question existing power structures is most challenged by which of the following observations?

states are able to use the internet to spy on and control their own citizens

A family in which at least one partner has children from a previous marriage, living in the home or nearby, is known as a/an _____.

step-family

Elijah Anderson's study (1990) of everyday life in two adjacent urban neighborhoods showed that tensions in social interaction are often based on the:

stereotypes about the presumed statuses of the individuals involved

The term __________ refers to a negative label that devalues a person and changes his or her self-concept or social identity. a. innovator b. retreatist c. status inconsistency d. stigma e. deviant

stigma

During the post-World War II economic boom in the United States, the quality of life and financial resources of the average American rose considerably.

structural mobility

Harold Garfinkel developed "ethnomethodology," which is the:

study of folk or lay methods people use to make sense of what others say and do

Cities can be seen as a series of concentric circles with the inner ring designated as the inner-city and the outer rings as:

suburbs

Individual tastes reflect class position and status.

symbolic interactionalist

Social divisions are maintained by displays of cultural competency, making it difficult for poor people to fit in with the upper class.

symbolic interactionalist

The institution of marriage has undergone substantial changes over time, thus new marriage arrangements should be expected as societies change.

symbolic interactionalist

Schools teach us various academic subjects. However, they are also involved in the socialization process in more latent ways, exemplified by their emphasis on:

teaching students the importance of observing rules

Which of the following is part of the hidden curriculum in schools?

teaching students to respect authority

Harnessing science to machinery to achieve greater productive efficiency is known as:

technology

The _________ are regions of the world that apply technology invented elsewhere in their own production and consumption systems.

technology adopters

A characteristic of the Tea Party is:

that it is not actually a party at all

The high rates of births to unmarried women in African American, Puerto Rican, and Native American communities suggests ___________.

that people who live in poverty are less likely to get married, even when they have children or cohabitate

The credentialism approach in understanding sociology and education advocates:

that the content is much less important than the diploma or credential itself

power

the ability of individuals or groups to achieve goals, control events, and maintain influence over others despite opposition.

What is the definition of power?

the ability of individuals or the members of a group to achieve aims or further the interests they hold

According to the text, what does biological sex refer to?

the anatomical differences distinguishing males from females

Which of the following statements about class systems is NOT accurate?

the boundaries between classes are very clear cut

Karl Marx defined the relationship between those who own the means of production and those who make their living by selling their own labor power for a wage as two classes that he referred to as:

the bourgeoisie and the proletariat

In matrilocal societies, newly married couples set up their household with or near ______.

the bride's family of orientation

Most cities of the ancient world had an outer wall offering defense and separation, and did this largely because:

the buildings at the core were religious and political

Who among the following is most likely to experience intergenerational mobility?

the child of a high school teacher

An environment made up of constructions established by human beings to serve their needs, including roads, railways, factories, and other buildings is called

the created environment.

A central argument of Ulrich Beck's Risk Society is that:

the decline of social traditions and institutions make risks more pervasive and more global

Which of the following is the best example of social change?

the desegregation of colleges and universities in the United States

What is the strongest evidence offered by the text in support of C. Wright Mills's position that the military plays a central role in the power elite in the United States?

the enormous size of the U.S. military budget relative to other countries

Jeremy buys a new iPhone each time a more advanced model is introduced. His discarded phones are sent out to a recycling company that ships them to India, where poorly paid workers disassemble them, releasing toxic materials into the land and water as well as into their own bodies. This is one way in which

the environmental hazards of consumption patterns in rich countries are disproportionately borne by poor countries.

Nonverbal communication is:

the exchange of information through facial expressions and movements of the body

life chances

the extent to which people have positive experiences and can secure the good things in life because they have economic resources.

A large, well-known Wall Street investment banking firm is seeking good candidates to fill a newly created position in upper management. Among the criteria are that the individual must have had at least 15 years of experience and an advanced degree. One factor that may affect the chances of a woman being hired into this position might be:

the glass ceiling

The "glass ceiling" prevents women from improving their salaries and positions. At the same time, men who enter a field that is usually dominated by women find that they encounter:

the glass escalator

According to the text, which of the following was arguably a consequence of the third religious disestablishment in the 1960s and 1970s?

the growing strength of conservative religious denominations during and after that period

strain theory

the idea that people may engage in deviant behavior when they experience a conflict between goals and the means available to obtain the goals.

Alan Krueger and Stacy Dale found in their 2002 study comparing the average yearly income of students who had been admitted to and attended an Ivy League college with the average yearly income of students who had been admitted to but did not attend an Ivy League college that:

the individual matters, despite an apparent disparity in opportunities between Ivy League and non-Ivy League colleges

Which of the following was a focus of Max Weber's research?

the influence of cultural ideas and values on social change and individual behavior

In sociological terms, economic transactions carried on outside the sphere of orthodox paid employment are known as _____.

the informal economy

Individuals and families living in shantytowns and favelas are more likely than their better-off urban counterparts to find work in

the informal economy.

The specialization in producing goods for the world market that divides regions into zones of industrial or agricultural production or high- or low-skilled labor is called ______.

the international division of labor

Expert skiers and snowboarders use such terms as black ice, corn, powder, packed powder, and so on to describe differing snow and ice conditions. They do this in order to perceive the environment in a particular way and to a void life-threatening situations. Many social scientists would argue that this is an example of:

the linguistic relativity hypothesis

Religious nationalism is _________.

the linking of strongly held religious convictions with beliefs about a people's social and political destiny

poverty line

the minimal level of income that the federal government considers necessary for basic subsistence.

The term economic interdependence implies that ___________________.

the modern division of labor has made individuals dependent on many others to produce many or most of the goods they need to live

Emerging Economies

the rapidly growing economies of the world, particularly in East Asia but also in Latin America

A sociological analysis of education would include:

the relationship between education and social inequality

According to Karl Marx's materialist conception of history, which of the following would be considered a source of social change in society?

the relationships between the working class and the owning class

Which of the following best explains the relationship between wealth and income?

the same factors that limit people's incomes also limit their ability to accumulate wealth

What is status, according to Max Weber?

the social honor or prestige a particular group is accorded by other members of a society

What are some of the important factors that have led to the development and increasing popularity of the Islamic State, or ISIS?

the social, political, and economic destabilization of the Middle East as a result of Western presence and civil war

What is the definition of civil society?

the sphere between the state and the marketplace occupied by family, community associations, and other noneconomic institutions

Demography is:

the study of populations

Which respect to health care, how do the elderly differ from other age groups in the U.S?

they are almost all covered by government-fundeed health insurance

Why should farmers, cattle ranchers, and animal feed manufacturers accept responsibility for mad cow disease?

they are feeing cows grains mixed with animal parts

Voter turnout in the United States is among the lowest in the world. What reason do many Americans give for why they don't vote?

they believe it is too much effort to vote

Some researchers argue that people often "get religion" when:

they have established a sense of discipline that they can devote to religious practice

Which of the following would be a positive, albeit latent, consequence of the preoccupation with video games?

they provide young people with skills useful in an electronic age

The term minority group is potentially ambiguous and confusing, particularly for sociologists, because:

they use the term to mean disadvantaged, not necessarily a group of less than 50 percent of the population

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is a more accurate about many types of crime than the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports. a. True b. False

true

What is deviant in one time and place may not be considered deviant in another time or place. a. True b. False

true

Theda Skocpol believes that revolutions are not the direct result of a deliberate pursuit of interests, but instead are ambiguous in nature and result from the more limited aims of different groups as:

unintended consequences

Consciously or unconsciously, a person may use impression management to influence other people's reactions to them. An example of this is:

wearing a business suit to a community business meeting

In which class does the family income just cover basic living expenses and perhaps a summer vacation?

working

in which does the family income just cover basic living expenses and perhaps a summer vacation?

working

In which class does the family income just cover basic living expenses and perhaps a summer vacation?

working class

People working in blue collar or pink collar occupations make up the

working class

Which of the following would NOT be classified as civil inattention?

working on a group project in your sociology class

Which of the following factors has consistently influenced social change over time?

*all of the above* 1. the physical environment 2. political organization 3. cultural factors

The combination of the graying of the population and globalization will mean:

*all of the above* 1. traditional patterns of family care will be challenged 2. a probable increased burden on government support programs for the elderly 3. challenges to traditional ways of thinking and behaving toward the elderly

Question 15: Top 1% owns approximately what percentage of all wealth in America?

40%

Question 44: What is the definition of civil religion?

A set of religious beliefs through which a society interprets its own history in light of some conception of ultimate reality

Lower Class

A social class comprised of those who work part-time or not at all and whose household income is typically lower than $20,000 a year

The study of everyday life and face to face interaction is called:

A. microsociology

Question 14: Which of the following phrases was used by Erik Olin Wright to demonstrate class characters in capitalism.

Contradictory Class location

When two variables are closely correlated:

C. we can control for other variables to determine whether the relationship is a causal one

Question 13: Karl Marx called those who own the means of production __________ and those who make their living by selling their own labor power for a wage ______________.

Capitalists(Bourgeoisie) and the working class (proletariat)

When it comes to work in the home, women do most of the _____ while men do most of the _________

Daily chores, occasional tasks

9. Which theory would best fit this statement: "Low-income countries are not underdeveloped, they are misdeveloped.": • World-systems theory • Market-oriented theory • Dependency theory • State-centered theory • Conflict theory

Dependency theory.

Social Stigma

Deviance can be a trait, belief, or behavior Accompanied by social stigma: a negative label that devalues a person and changes her or his self-concept and social identity Varies across and within societies

What is Deviance?

Deviance: the violation of social norms

Which of the following explanations does your text give to explain, in part, why blacks and Hispanics were particularly hard hit by the recession of 2008?

Lenders of subprime loans tend to focus on minority communities that were often passed over by prime lenders.

Life chances

Life chances: the extent to which people have positive experiences and can secure good things in life Food, housing, good health, education Life chances are a consequence of social stratification.

Robert Park's vision of sociology included:

E. a focus on careful firsthand observations

Goffman and other social interactionists brought sociology the notion that:

E. all of the above

Which of the following stages in the life course are relatively new developments?

E. all of the above

Young adulthood seems increasingly to be a stage in personal and sexual development in modern societies, particularly among affluent groups. This is evident because:

E. all of the above

The highest status in traditional cultures was the age-grade of an:

E. elder

According to sociobiologists, __ __ has led to female chasity and male promiscuity.

E. reproductive strategy

Weber regarded Christianity as a salvation religion, one in which human beings can be "saved" if they follow its moral tenets. How do Eastern religions differ from Christianity according to Weber?

Eastern religions tend to lack emotional dynamism and cultivate an attitude of passivity or acceptance.

The Davis-Moore Thesis

Every society must fill a variety of positions and ensure that important tasks get done. Some positions are more important than others. The most qualified people fill the most important positions. Society offers greater rewards to motive the most qualified.

Deviance and sanctions reaffirm what is acceptable in a society. Deviance of outsiders enhances in-group solidarity. Deviance is often a source of innovation. Deviance occurs when people find legitimate pathways to success are

Functionalist

What is a common criticism of the functionalist theories of crime and deviance?

Functionalists tend to presume that everyone has middle-class values.

Functions of Crime and Deviance

Functions of Crime and Deviance Affirm cultural norms and values Provide temporary safety valves Create social unity Improve the economy Trigger social change

Functions

Functions of crime and deviance: Affirm cultural norms and values Provide temporary safety values Create social unity Improve the economy Trigger social change

Question 7: A bus driver who became a hotel clerk, moving from one social position to another of the same approximate social rank, is an example of

Horizontal Mobility

Which factors make it harder for people with college degrees to find work in the future?

Increased competition from overseas workers, increased workplace automation, increased competition from others with college degrees

Which of the following statements about the position of women in religion is true?

Islamic doctrine places women at a level of far greater subordination than Christian doctrine.

Weber - what are the 3 P's?

Max Weber, also a conflict theorist, critiqued Marx's sole focus on economic factors. His stratification theory included power and prestige, as well as property. are 5 social classes: Capitalists Managers Petty bourgeoisie Workers Underclass

The first systematic interpretation of modern organizations was developed by:

Max weber

Men vs Women and arrest rates

Men are still more likely to be offenders, but female arrest rates are rising.

Question 41: The belief that free market forces, unimpeded by government restrictions on business, provide the only route to economic growth, is referred to as:

Neoliberalism

10. The music market study demonstrated that groups have the influence to shape: • How we think about others' musical choices. • Our personal taste and decisions regarding music. • How music companies limit our music choices. • How the Internet has hurt small bands. • What music is played on radio stations.

Our personal taste and decisions regarding music.

Which of the following examples best supports a pluralist theory of democracy, as opposed to the theories of democratic elitism and the power elite?

State and national laws have been passed because of the efforts of Mothers Against Drunk Driving

Mobility is affected by:

Structural factors: changes in the economy, government policies and programs, immigration Demographic factors: education, gender, race and ethnicity Individual factors: family background, socialization, connections and chance

In which form does most of the average American family's wealth exist?

The equity in a family-owned home

What sociological question is most important to keep in mind when considering deviance?

Who's rules are being broken.

FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES ON DEVIANCE AND CRIME

Women and girls are commonly the victims of sexual assault, rape, intimate partner violence, and other crimes that degrade women.

Women and girls

Women and girls are commonly the victims of sexual assault, rape, intimate partner violence, and other crimes that degrade women. Men historically dominated the government, judiciary, and the law. Women have been socialized to be weaker.

You might want to be part of a secondary group to:

accomplish a specific goal, such as graduating from college

The belief in romantic attachment as a basis for contracting marriage ties is known as ______.

affective individualism

Although social behavior is guided to some extent by forces such as roles, norms, and shared expectations, microsociology shows us how individuals also have:

agency

A commonly held assumption about women and work is that women:

are naturally better in support positions in office settings than in managerial positions

Which group has a strong commitment to family interdependence, family and friend networks that help members financially, and higher median incomes than non-Hispanic whites?

asian americans

Gender socialization begins:

at birth

Why is the term minority group potentially ambiguous and confusing, particularly for sociologists?

because sociologists use the term to mean disadvantaged, not necessarily a group of less than 50 percent of the population

What accounts for most of the difference in life expectancy in the United States now compared with 100 years ago?

better chances that young people will live to adulthood

The parts of the U.S. economy in which the entrepreneur is still common are:

big corporations

Which perspective focuses on the interaction of race, class, and gender in the disadvantages faced by women?

black feminism

Mislabeling of behavioral problems in school, according to sociologists, may have resulted in the placement in special education programs of dramatically higher numbers of:

boys

Which theory explains why focusing on minor crimes like traffic violations, drinking, or using illegal drugs in public underpinned proactive policing in the late 1980s and early 1990s?

broken windows

Feminist theory. . # of women globally who are sexually assaulted.

Women are often victimized or defined as deviant due to secondary social status 7/10 sexually assaulted

Which of the following assumptions is commonly held about women and work?

Women do better in supporting roles rather than managing positions.

Working class

Working Class Working class—skilled and semiskilled laborers, possess high school education

6. People working in blue-collar or pink-collar occupations make up the: • Lower middle class. • Upper middle class. • Old middle class. • New middle class. • Working class.

Working class.

7. In which class does the family income just cover basic living expenses and perhaps a summer vacation? • Lower middle class. • Upper middle class. • Old middle class. • New middle class. • Working class.

Working class.

According to differential association theory, which kind of person is more likely to be a delinquent?

a middle-class person whose friends frequently commit crime

What does that term social structure refer to?

a regularity or pattern in people's behavior and relationships

What is the definition of civil religion?

a set of religious beliefs through which a society interprets its own history in light of some conception of ultimate reality

rehabilitation

a social control approach that holds that appropriate treatment can change offenders into productive, law-abiding citizens.

Meritocracy

a society that rewards individuals for what they do and how well, rather than on the basis of their ascribed status

Bureaucracy

a specific type of large, formal organization that attempts to maximize efficiency by establishing formal relations, clear procedures, and stated goals

What is union density?

a statistic that represents the number of union members as a percentage of the number of people who could potentially be union members

Which of the following is an example of interactional vandalism?

a student shouts out, "Hey teach', lookin' good today!"

For humans to be socialized, it is imperative that they have:

regular social interaction with adults

criminologists

researchers who use scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.

social stratification

the hierarchical ranking of people in a society who have different access to valued resources, such as property, prestige, power, and status.

What should knowledge of society be based on, according to Auguste Comte?

scientific evidence

Alteration in basic structures of a social group or society. Social change is an ever-present phenomenon in social life but has become especially intense in the modern era. The origins of modern sociology can be traced to attempts to understand the dramatic changes shattering the traditional world and promoting new forms of social order. (page 541)

social change

What is the difference between social identity and self-identity?

social identity focuses on similarities among people, whereas self-identity focuses on individual differences

Incidences of rape increase significantly during war. This happens because for men:

social norms condemning rape do not apply during war

When sociologists visit college campuses, they witness a variety of behaviors and social relationships that are not necessarily immediately apparent to the members of the college community. The ability to interpret all the events taking place within the campus is referred to as:

sociological imagination

The undisputed political rule of a state over a given territorial area is called ______

sovereignty

Sexual norms are always changing, are socially constructed as a response to shifting social conditions

symbolic interactionalist

Globalization

the increased economic, political, and social interconnectedness of the world

According to the text, social change is:

the transformation of social institutions and culture of a society over time

In modern societies, most of the population lives:

in cities

The industrialized and developing societies have developed:

in interconnection with one another

Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the reasons for the reversal of the gender gap in education?

more stay-at-home father role models

According to estimates by the United Nations, approximately how many people worldwide lived in urban slums in 2010?

more than 1 billion

vertical mobility

moving up or down the class hierarchy.

One of the ways in which electronic media changes impression management is that:

nonverbal language plays much less, if any, part in many communications

relative poverty

not having enough money to maintain an average standard of living.

Most rapes in the United States are

not reported to the police

Since the 1950s, women's participation in the labor force has risen more or less continuously, and now women

now outnumber men in the labor force

"The discourse of family values tends to privilege the ____________, regardless of the fact that it represents only 38% of American households. "

nuclear family

The domination of a small number of firms in a given industry is known as ______.

oligopoly

What is the term for a small number of firms that dominate the market in a given industry?

oligopoly

At the time of the Revolutionary War, ______ Americans belonged to a religious organization. In the 1990s, that number was ______.

one in six; two in three

A large group of people that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve specific objectives is called a(n):

organization

Cultural tool kits:

contain a variety of social scripts that we can draw on

understanding and charting the transformations of family forms

contemporary perspectives

As world hunger has grown global food production __________

continues to increase above the growth of population

According to Erik Olin Wright, there are people in "in-between" classes of a society whose positions are ambiguous, which he analyzed using the concept of contradictory class locations. Bookending these groups of people are the capitalists and the working class, where the key difference is one of:

control

What effect did the Supreme Court decision in the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission have on elections in the United States?

corporations and unions can spend unlimited amounts of money expressing their political opinions as long as they do not coordinate with the campaigns.

What are the main features of global capitalism?

corporations conduct operations in more than one country shareholders, top management, and executive officers come from more than one country

The country with the highest rate of incarceration per capita is __________. a. Lithuania b. Russia c. Vietnam d. United States e. China

d. United States

In which of these age groups is a person must likely to be arrested? a. ages 22 to 29 b. ages 30 to 45 c. ages 50 and over d. ages 12-15

d. ages 12-15

Policing efforts concentrated in particular areas of high criminal activity a. have an even broader impact on reducing crime. b. has no impact on crime rates. c. actually lead to increased crime activity. d. reduce crime only temporarily. e. reduce crime in the long term

d. reduce crime only temporarily.

Which of following racial groups has the largest number of persons arrested annually? a. American Indians b. Asian Americans c. Latinos d. whites e. African Americans

d. whites

Which of the following occupations is most likely to evoke a sense of alienation from those who perform it?

data entry clerk at a large corporation

According to __________, people turn to deviant behavior (such as cheating) when they experience a conflict between goals (like good grades) and limited means of success (time conflicts or limited study time). a. anomic theory b. symbolic interactionists c. functionalist theory d. conflict theory e. strain theory

e. strain theory

Modern societies have thousands of occupations and therefore a great deal of:

economic interdependence

What is one of the strongest predictors of income and wealth in later life?

education

Regarding bureaucracies, Max Weber concluded that the closer they were to the ideal type, the more they would become:

effective in achieving their objectives

`The most far-reaching economic influence on social change is considered to be the:

effects of industrial capitalism

Tasha lives with her mother, father, and her father's parents. She lives in a/an _____.

extended family

Negative deviance

falls below social expectations.

One benefit of the Internet is that it has minimized the importance of socioeconomic differences between people within the United States and abroad; everyone has access to the Internet, and therefore can take part in online activities

false

Men have more access to positions of power, which they use to protect their status at the expense of women.

feminist

Social structures founded on sexist principles place women in socially and economically vulnerable positions. Patriarchal societies devalue the skills and traits developed by women.

feminist

Women may engage in deviant behavior, such as exotic dancing, in order to earn money or independence within a society that subordinates them.

feminist

charting and analyzing the inequalities and power struggles inherent within families

feminist approaches

Unemployment is increasingly a standard condition in the U.S. economy because:

the worldwide economic recession was combined with a reduced need for labor power

According to Émile Durkheim, societies must have organic solidarity based on cooperation and a general agreement on basic values and customs in order to:

persist over time

Official crime statistics published by the government are based on information obtained from:

police reports

In which social class are you most likely to find midlevel corporate managers and high-income professionals?

upper-middle

Mae just joined a religious group that holds weekly support groups for divorced people; has workshops on bringing spirituality into our everyday lives; and provides life coaches who help members learn to invest, train for new jobs, and set and maintain goals in their lives. This religious group would be an example of a:

world-affirming religion

Which theory uses the concept of global commodity chains to describe how manufacturing has become globalized?

world-systems theory

Who are the most common victims of murder and other violent crimes in the United States?

young African American urban males

When sociologists analyze the contexts of social interaction, it is often helpful to look at how people move through

zones of time and space

How large is the American "upper class" according to the U.S. Census?

~ 6 million

Sociological research indicates there is a significant correlation between level of education attainment and occupational success. Identify the casual mechanism for this correlation.

positive parental attitudes toward education and such tools as books and computers for learning in the home

Those who would argue that we have come to the end of history are the:

postmodernists

The mass media are important because they affect our attitudes and experiences, and because they:

provide a means of access to knowledge

Explanations for poverty focus on

Explanations for poverty focus on individual characteristics or societal characteristics.

Feminist Theories

Explanations for women's victimization: Men have historically dominated the government, judiciary, and the law. Women have been socialized to be weaker.

To the detriment of his rivals, Ford raised the wages at his production facility to obtain the best workers

False

Question 34: In April 2013, in Savar Bangladesh, 1,129 workers were killed when a building housing several garment factories collapsed. Workers in the factory produced clothing for Walmart, Mango, Bonmarche, and Gap. These workers were part of:

Global Commodity Chain

According to world systems theory, why must the global economic system be approached as a single capitalist unit?

The current system of world capitalism is not a collection of independent countries.

Labeling

Labeling theory holds that deviance depends on how others react. Primary deviance is the initial violation of a norm or law. Secondary deviance occurs when individuals have been labeled deviant.

Victims and Offenders

Most crime victims are men, African Americans, people under age 25, poor, and live in urban areas. Offenders are likely to be under age 30, male, white, and live in poor, inner-city areas.

Social status

Social Statuses: positions that individuals hold in the social world

social mobility

Social mobility: a person's ability to move up or down in the stratification hierarchy

What do the high rates of HIV/AIDS infections in African countries suggest?

The African people already experience high rates of malnourishment, poor water quality, and other infectious diseases.

Indian system

The Indian system is the classic example of a caste system. The system was outlawed in 1949. Social distinctions persist.

social class

a category of people who have a similar standing or rank in a society based on wealth, education, power, prestige, and other valued resources.

A cluster of cities and towns forming a continuous network is called:

a conurbation

Which of the following is a social group?

a couple married less than one year

The reading, research, and other preparation that your professor did to get ready for the lecture in your sociology class was done in what Erving Goffman refers to as:

back regions

When businesses such as State Farm Insurance and Wal-Mart deny women the ability to advance in their companies, the textbook refers to these companies as:

being workplace gatekeepers

Social Class: Meso-Level Socialization

The wealth, power, and prestige rankings individuals hold in society. -Parents socialize kids to meet expectations -Middle class: Autonomy, creativity, self-direction -Working class: rule-following, respect authority.

From a sociological perspective, deviance is not a derogatory term. a. True b. False

True

In 2011, what was the most common status of recent high school graduates who did not go on to college?

Unemployed and looking for work (37%)

According to David Harvey, industrial capitalism continually restructures space in its pursuit of profits. This process is not found in traditional cities because:

city and country boundaries were clearly defined in traditional cities, but are blurred in modern cities

Two people walking on a city sidewalk quickly glance at each other and then look away as they pass. Erving Goffman called this type of interaction:

civil inattention

Individuals and groups have unequal access to societal rewards based on their position within a stratified society, which is called:

class system structured inequalities

According to Robert K. Merton's strain theory, what are the majority of people in society?

conformists

The countries of the former Soviet Union began to industrialize in the late twentieth century. Since then, their standard of living has:

decreased

Which theory draws primary attention to the exploitation of poor countries by rich ones?

dependency

Which theory would best fit this statement: "Low income countries are not underdeveloped, they are misdeveloped"?

dependency theory

After Jamaica gained independence from its colonial ruler, Britain, it was able to develop its banana industry by having access to the banana market in Britain. How would a dependency theorist describe this process?

dependent development

A common criticism of functionalist theory is that it:

emphasized the need for the elderly to adjust to existing conditions rather than participate in changing them

Jared Diamond's explanation of the collapse of Rwandan society:

emphasizes environmental factors and minimizes political and cultural factors

The FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR) is a complete accounting of the number of crimes committed in the U.S. a. True b. False

false

The subprime mortgage crisis described in the beginning of this chapter has potentially contributed to the rapid growth rate of which of the following populations of homeless people?

families with children

Ownership and management of capitalistic enterprise is family based and passed down from one generation to the next.

family capitalism

The World Trade Organization's position on free trade is that it:

insists that poor countries open their markets while industrialized countries maintain barriers

Large corporations are highly interconnected through partial mutual ownership, creating large blocks of corporate power transcending single corporations.

institutional capitalism

What are conflict crimes?

members of society disagree about the seriousness of the acts, and/or the law disadvantages a particular group

As a sociological concept, race refers to:

physical variations in human beings singled out by members of a community or society as socially significant

Oligarchy means

rule by the few

A reason why having a job is important to people is

to make social contacts

deviance

traits or behavior or trait that violates expected rules or norms.

Rupert is the president and CEO of a multinational corporation. The corporation has made a substantial profit since Rupert's presidency. What type of leader is Rupert?

transactional

What are consensus crimes?

Consensus crimes: members of society agree about the seriousness of the deviant acts

Which of the following best describes the relationship between group size, intimacy, and stability?

Larger groups, such as fraternities, are less intimate than small cliques, but the fraternities are a more stable group

Rape is considered a crime almost everywhere in the world. a. True b. False

False

Since 1990, the gap in Gross National Income (GNI) between high- and low-income countries has increased.

False

In recent years, diseases that had been nearly eradicated in the United States and other advanced industrial nations have resurfaced due to declining standards of hygiene and nutrition.

False- due to lack of parents failing to immunize their children due to fear of autism

According to Figure 8.3, how can you describe the relationship between race and household income since 1970?

Gap between whites and blacks has increased

World Bank's Classification

High-income countries have a developed industrial economy and 96% of the world's income. Middle-income countries have a developing industrial economy and a lower GNI per capita Low-Income countries are the least industrialized and largely agricultural. Many people are impoverished with a low standard of living. Many lack access to clean water, education, or health services

What is one reason sociologists are concerned with civil inattention, which appears to be a rather unconscious behavior?

If an individual implies to another person that he is not suspicious of the other's behavior, there is no reason to be hostile toward the other person whose social life is allowed to proceed in an orderly fashion

Which of the following best describes the health conditions in high- and low- income countries?

Infant mortality is more than ten times higher in low-income countries

The country that has no separation of mosque and state is

Iran

Women are much less likely than men to obtain a secondary education in:

Iran

Which early theorist saw class conflict as the main source of social change?

Karl Marx

According to researchers for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, approximately what percentage of child deaths from abuse or neglect are not recorded?

50-60%

Criminologists have suggested that among the reasons for the decline in reported crime rates in the 1990s are the improved economic conditions and lower unemployment. How might a sociologist explain this in regard to the idea of anomie?

As more people find jobs, there is a corresponding decline in the numbers of people who feel disoriented.

Which of the following is one explanation for the persistence of global economic inequality?

As the technology gap between countries widens, eliminating poverty is more difficult.

Question 35: The view that more "primitive" nations move from having traditional or less developed institutions to those characterized more developed and civilized of Western Nations indicates:

Modernization

Which of the following statements best characterizes the risks we now face as we enter a postindustrial age?

Manufactured risks are becoming more common than natural risks.

What is one of the factors complicating research on the effects of divorce on children?

Marriages in which the partners are unhappy but stay together may adversely affect children in ways difficult to detect in divorce studies.

Structural Mobility

Mobility resulting from changes in the number and kinds of jobs available in a society.

Which type of sexual harassment involves the demand for sexual favors as a condition of the job or in return for work related benefits?

Quid pro quo

As unemployment rises

Tent cities have sprung up in places like Sacramento, CA

What is the primary goal of scientific management (Taylorism)?

maximize output

In the preceding 350 years or so, there have been at least four massive population shifts. The following example that most closely represents these massive shifts is the:

movement of europeans to other parts of the world

Functionalists argue that social roles:

direct an individuals behavior as people learn these roles from their culture and perform these roles as they have been defined

For a religious movement to survive after its leader dies, usually the:

new leaders establish regulations and formalize structures

Sociologists use the term organization to refer to a group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a common purpose. What is most likely to make up an organization?

out - group

Exchange Mobility

The exchange of positions on the socioeconomic scale such that talented people move up the economic hierarchy while the less talented move down.

In sub-Saharan Africa, what is likely to happen to children under 5 years of age?

They are more likely to die than to enter school.

Which of the following would NOT be considered cultural capital?

having your child work at a fast food restaurant after school

stigma

a negative label that devalues a person and changes her or his self-concept and social identity.

The person most likely to participate in the New Age movement is:

a recently divorced man who just dropped out of college

Who among the following is most likely to participate in the New Age movement?

a recently divorced man who just dropped out of college

What does the term social structure refer to?

a regularity or pattern in people's behavior and relationships

The fact that cultures are neither wholly isolated nor entirely distinct, but instead constantly borrow from one another. (page 541)

hybridity

Which of the following believe that globalization is challenging the power of nation-states?

hyperglobalizers

Which of the following believes that globalization is challenging the power of nation-states?

hyperglobalizers

While many Malthusians argue that high rates of population growth, such as we are currently experiencing, inevitably lead to misery and famine, a study by the UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) concluded that

famine is less a result of overpopulation than it is of unequal distribution of food supplies.

socioeconomic status (SES)

an overall ranking of a person's position in the class hierarchy based on income, education, and occupation.

Karl Marx argues that workers in capitalist societies:

are dehumanized by tedious and demeaning labor processes over which they have no control

Charles Darwin believed that basic human emotional expressions:

are innate and the same in all human beings

The recent rise of ISIS or ISIL—the Islamic State movement—in the Middle East has led to a broad attempt to exert forceful, military and cultural control over different parts of the region. The reason that ISIS cannot be considered a modern state is because they:

are not an authority backed by a legal system and governmental apparatus

Although today sociologists tend to use the terms interchangeably, ghettos are areas where particular people are forced to live whereas slums are:

areas populated by poor people

Karl Marx differs from Émile Durkheim in that Marx:

argued that social change is caused by economic influences as opposed to values and ideas

Which of the following is one explanation for the persistence of global economic inequality

as the technology gay between countries widens, it is more difficult to eliminate poverty

The number of children it is biologically possible for a woman to produce is known as __________, while the average number of live-born children produced by women of childbearing age in a society is known as __________.

fecundity; fertility

The number of live-born children the average woman has is known as:

fertility

Social norms channel and control sexuality and are sanctioned by social institutions.

functionalist

Some poverty is necessary to motivate people to work hard and invest in education. Society needs the poor to do undesirable but necessary work for a functioning society.

functionalist

Stratification ensures the most talented, hardworking people end up in important and valuable positions.

functionalist

The traditional home, with a male breadwinner and a female homemaker, mimics the division of labor in the professional world. As gendered workforce roles have blended, so have their domestic roles at home.

functionalist

Evangelicals who are highly anti-modern in many of their beliefs and adhere to strict codes of morality and conduct are called _____.

fundamentalists

Robert K. Merton's functional analysis of deviance and crime addressed the issue that although society became much more affluent in the twentieth century, crime rates continued to rise. Merton responded to this quandary by:

identifying a sense of relative deprivation as a factor in deviance

The success of unions associated with service jobs and the decline of unions associated with manufacturing jobs that have moved overseas suggests that ______.

industries subject to global labor competition are those in which workers are the most vulnerable

Which of the following statements is true?

infants have facial expressions similar to those of adults

Advances in information technology, communication and transportation have made it possible for people & goods to be transported around the globe and have also made it possible for people to get in touch with each other. This means that American society is:

influenced at every moment by globalization

Which of the following is problematic in a traditional bureaucratic organization?

innovation

how far an individual moves up or down the socioeconomic scale in her lifetime is called:

intragenerational mobility

According to sociologist William Julius Wilson, one potentially negative consequence of the civil rights movement is that black middle-class families have left the central cities, leaving only poor black families in the urban areas. This happened because:

newly won civil rights opened up new chances outside of ghetto environments

The battle over same sex marriage is about who controls sexual norms. Denying same sex partners full marriage rights economically marginalizes people who do not follow mainstream sexual norms.

confict

Sexual norms are a mechanism of control used to benefit those who fit the dominant heterosexual ideals.

conflict

The stereotypical gang's illegal actions are not socially acceptable. By comparison, a stereotypical college fraternity may also break the law, but it is often overlooked as part of college life. This shows social preference based on class and prestige

conflict

absolute poverty

not having enough money to afford the most basic necessities of life.

Sociologists would term a set of beliefs adhered to by the members of a community and that incorporates symbols regarded with a sense of awe or wonder together with ritual practices as:

religion

What played the fundamental role in developing the capitalistic outlook, according to Max Weber?

religious values

For a sample to accurately reflect the characteristics of the stud population, it must be:

representative

In terms of people's working lives, globalization makes it more likely that individuals will experience a:

self-made career path with several changes over their lifetime

A concept related to postindustrial society, it refers to a social order distinguished by the growth of service occupations at the expense of industrial jobs that produce material goods. (page 560)

service society

Social networks:

sets of relationships between individuals, groups, and/or organizations Micro-, meso-, and macro-level networks: -Friends and family -Local civic, sports, and religious organizations -Alumni groups, political parties, subcultures -The nation -Global entities

The significance of a sociological imagination is that..

sociology attempts to connect individual experiences to a conception of a larger social structure

Young people join gangs because of their association with other gang members. Police typically monitor suspected gang activity, and thus gangs' illegal behavior is more likely to be discovered.

symbolic interactionalist

In what way(s) do teachers show a bias against girls in the classroom?

teachers provide girls with the correct answers, whereas they help boys solve the problems

What appears to be one of the biggest incentives for the wave of business mergers and acquisitions in the past two decades?

the desire to eliminate competition and productive overcapacity

Secularization is:

the diminished influence and power of religion in society

Émile Durkheim analyzed the social changes transforming society in his lifetime in terms of:

the division of labor

Why has respect for the elderly declined throughout the world?

the elderly are too great an economic burden on younger families

Davis-Moore thesis

the functionalist view that social stratification benefits a society.

feminization of poverty

the higher likelihood that female heads of households will be poor.

primary deviance

the initial act of breaking a rule.

The feminization of migration patterns refers to the fact that:

the number of women migrants has increased in part because of changes in the global labor market

In what ways have the changes in work brought by industrialization been socializing agents?

the separation of work and home requires workers to adapt to a variety of situations

social control

the techniques and strategies that regulate people's behavior in society.

Erving Goffman and other theorists who focus on social interaction often use the analogy of:

theater and drama

The most essential type of employee in the postindustrial order, according to Daniel Bell, is a ________ worker.

white collar

An unintended consequence of school busing is that:

white families fled from the city into suburban areas, leaving the center cities to decay

Which of the following assumptions is commonly held about women and work?

women are naturally better in support positions in office settings than in managerial postions

Among the elderly, which group is more likely to have problems of isolation and loneliness?

women, because they are more likely to outlive husbands and have more difficulty finding another mate

The text refers to companies such as State Farm Insurance and Walmart that deny women the ability to advance in their companies as:

workplace gatekeepers

Approximately what percentage of high-school-aged young men and women attend secondary school in low-income countries?

44%

Why has the welfare state recently come under attack?

*all of the above* 1. the movement of jobs to lower-cost countries has made it more difficult 2. the spread of neoliberalism 3. anti-immigrant sentiment

Which of the following is a fact regarding racial and ethnic inequality in the United States today?

*all of the above* 1. Since the civil rights movement of 1960s, increasing numbers of African Americans have joined the middle class by attaining a college education, professional occupations, and new homes. 2. Blacks are much more likely than whites to live in poverty and be socially isolated from good schools and economic opportunity 3. immigrants from Mexico seek economic opportunity but have among the lowest levels of educational attainment of all groups, and many live in extreme poverty

What is necessary for effective democracy in modern, large, bureaucratic states, according to Max Weber?

*all of the above* 1. a large substratum of bureaucrats who have the expertise to run the government 2. parties that represent different interests and have different outlooks 3. courageous and imaginative political leaders

Conflict theory of deviance.

-Deviance results from power struggles between socially unequal groups -Elites use deviance to maintain control -They have the power to define as deviant activities and groups that threaten their interests or norms -To reduce crime and deviance, we must alter the structure of society, making it more equal

Symbolic Interaction theories of deviance

-Focus on how others shape one's definition of what is normal and acceptable -Examine how society defines some acts as deviant - Examine deviance-related symbols and how they affect the self

Symbolic Interaction theories - differential association,

-Focuses on how we learn deviant and criminal behavior from others -By associating with others who engage in crime and have criminal values, -We learn how to commit crimes -Criminal behavior is reinforced -Possibility of becoming deviant depends on duration, intensity, priority, and frequency of time spent with deviant others

Networks and connections Social networks/ 6 degrees of separation. ? What difference do strong social networks make in our lives?

-Networks connect society, create opportunities, but also generate obligations that limit members freedom. six degrees of Kevin Bacon now its 4.74 world 4.37 u.s. 1

An ethnomethodologist would likely study the:

. conversations among roommates in a college dormitory

What are some example of behaviors or conditions that were not considered deviant in the past but are now?

...

Undernourishment is defined as an adult diet of under how many calories per day?

1800

In 2014, there were 1,645 billionaires worldwide. Their combined assets were more than the total gross national income of all but the top ten economies of the world and were estimated to what value?

6.4 trillion

What percentage of Americans live in extreme poverty, meaning at near-starvation levels?

6.7%

According to the text, in 2013, high-income countries had just 18 percent of the world's population. How much of the world's total income did these same countries have?

68%

Agricultural giant Monsanto is a leader in technology and the world's food supply. It is estimated that it has widespread influence on genetically modified crops because the amount of food sold in grocery stores that has some type of genetically modified ingredient is about:

70 to 75 percent

Given past and recent rates of exploding population growth, what is the most widely accepted official prediction for the global population in 2050?

9-10 billion

Kuznets Curve

A formula showing that inequality increases during the early stages of capitalist development then declines and eventually stabilizes at a relatively low level

Working Class

A social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar or manual occupations

Which of the following is true of all systems of social stratification?

A person's life chances are significantly influences by his or her position.

Those societies that have begun to successfully develop industrial systems are known as:

A. Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs)

How is sociology different from a natural science?

A. sociology studies objects that are self-aware (i.e humans)

About one third of the world's poor live in:

A. south asia

Nonverbal communication is:

A. the exchange of information through facial expressions and movements of the body

Crime facts

All crime statistics are estimates. 88% of crimes are property crimes. Victimless crimes: illicit drug use, prostitution, drunkenness, illegal gambling Victimless crimes are the least likely to be reported.

Prevalence of Crime

All crime statistics are estimates. There are more arrests for property crimes and drug abuse violations than for violent crimes. Victimless crimes are least likely to be reported.

What do Christianity, Islam, and Judaism have in common?

Abraham figures prominently in each religion.

What kind of crime is it?

Amanda overcharges customers and keeps the extra money: occupational crime Ken obtains and uses others' credit card numbers.: cybercrime A manufacturing firm knowingly installs dangerous equipment in order to save money.: corporate crimes

Merton's Social Strain Theory

American society has culturally approved goals and institutionalized means Strain theory suggests that people engage in deviance when there is a strain or conflict between goals and means.

Question 11: What is meant by the feminization of poverty?

An Increase in the proportion of the poor that are female

Why would an administrative assistant in a larger, multinational corporation who decided to falsify financial data for personal gain not be seen as an example of corporate crime?

An administrative assistant doing so for personal gain is not acting on behalf of the corporation.

Question 37: Dependency theory is defined as:

An approach that contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain

Feminization of Poverty

An increase in the proportion of the poor who are female

Select the item listed below that is NOT part of the informal economy.

An informal economy is neither taxed, and it's when a Person is paid "off the books"

Poverty Line

An official government measure to define those living in povety in the United States

Anomie Theory

Anomie theory suggests that people become deviant when they are unsure of how to behave because of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms. Periods of rapid social change produce anomie.

Anomie

Anomie: the condition in which people are unsure of how to behave because of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms

The resurgence of local cultures is a response to:

B. increasing globalization

Formalized peer groups are known as:

B. age grades

Communicating through plain, everyday language requires:

B. an array of complex, shared background understanding

Charles Darwin believed that basic human emotional expressions:

B. are innate and the same in all human beings

The interpretation of the results of sociological research projects:

B. is rarely easy

WHAT IS CRIME?

Crime is a violation of societal norms and rules written into public laws that is subject to punishment.

The idea of a sociological imagination originated with:

C. Wright Mills

what should knowledge of society be based on, according to Auguste Comte?

C. scientific evidence

Out of the types of rights associated w/the growth of citizenship, __________ refer to individual rights.

Civil rights

Rosie, a woman from a working-class family who works as an administrative assistant, won a huge lottery jackpot. She decided to apply for membership at an exclusive country club in the next town over but felt unwelcome after ordering the "wrong" wine at a prospective member dinner and receiving stares from members when she smoked a cigarette outside. What does Rosie's experience demonstrate about class?

Class is not only determined and expressed economically but also through lifestyle choices and personal tastes.

conflict theories

Conflict theorists focus on why some acts are defined as deviant while others are not. Powerful groups control the law and its application. Behaviors that injure the economic interests or challenge the political power of the dominant class are punished.

Which type of society is more settled and tends to have more material possessions?

D. agrarian

All cultures possess:

D. all of the above

The meaning of expressions in a conversation depends on:

D. all of the above

Functionalism

Deviance and crime are normal parts of the social structure. Crime and deviance can be both functional and dysfunctional.

Question 28: A woman putting on makeup and a man yelling at someone when he really wants to cry are both examples of:

Doing Gender

- Dramaturgy - front stage/ backstage , impression management.

Dramaturgy: -Analyzes interaction as if it were a staged play with audiences, parts, scripts, props, and settings -We perform different parts for different audiences -We learn parts and scripts through socialization -"Impression management": we attempt to convey a positive, advantageous image of ourselves -"Front stage" behavior: public, scripted, presents an image we hope others will take as real -"Back stage" behavior: we relax, let feelings show

A large majority of the homeless have a history with what?

Drugs, alcohol abuse, or mental health issues

Which of the following best describes adults who never reach the formal operational stage?

E. All of the above

Which of the following norm is universal?

E. Marriage

The of everyday life shows:

E. all of the above

Rapid economic growth in East Asia in the 1980s and 1990s was accompanied by___________

Environmental degradation, demands of work force labor (all of the above)

Symbolic interaction -

Focuses on how people interpret interactions and manipulate others' interpretations

Question 3: When your professor is delivering a lecture, they usually use professional behavior: that is they dont yell, scream, or use profanity. Erving Goffman refers to these as characteristic of:

Front Region

An example of the illegitimate sick role is:

HIV/AIDs

What was one of the most significant conclusions of the fifth assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)?

Human activity is the dominant source of the observed changes in the global climate since the mid-twentieth century.

What is the principal difference between participatory democracy and liberal democracy

In the former, decisions are made collectively with the participation of all citizens, whereas in the latter, the people elect individual representatives who in turn make decisions.

Why did the 2010 Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission change the concept of what we define as an interest group?

It recognized the right of corporations to express an opinion on a candidate.

male/female arrests

Men are still more likely to be offenders but female arrest rates are rising. Female arrest rates have risen for robbery, burglary, larceny, and drunk driving. Explanations vary from mistreatment in childhood to limited economic opportunities.

Victims and offenders

Most victims are men, African American, people under age 25, and poor. Offenders are likely to be aged 15-29, male, white, with low levels of education.

Social Mobility

Movement of individuals or groups between different social postions

What proportion of the world's population lives in poverty?

One fourth

Which of the following best explains why different groups of people created different cultures

People learned to adapt to their physical surroundings

Question 43: Religion, according to Emile Durkheim, is based on a distinction between the _____________ and the ________________.

Profane, Sacred

How do class systems differ from slavery and castes?

The main basis of class is economics and individuals have the ability to move between social classes

Crime Control Model

The crime control model emphasizes protecting society and a get tough attitude. Approximately 70 percent of Americans support the death penalty. There is no evidence that executions deter crime.

What is one cause of homelessness today?

The rising cost of housing

Which of the following best explains the relationship between wealth and income?

The same factors that limit people's incomes also limit their ability to accumulate wealth.

Surplus Profit

The source of profit which capitalists put to their own use

Question 1: Erving Goffman in his Impression Management uses the analogy of:

Theater and Drama

Why do people use impression management?

They are sensitive about how others see them.

What do computer hackers and members of white supremacist groups have in common?

They constitute deviant subcultures.

According to Edwin Sutherland, why do criminals adopt criminal behavior?

They learn criminal behavior from peers.

4. Which of the following is a social aggregate? • An unmarried couple who have been living together for less than one year • Middle-class Asian American women • Waiting at Terminal C for Flight 181 • Your family • All of the above

Waiting at Terminal C for Flight 181.

According to dependency theories, why is colonialism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries important for understanding global inequality today?

Wealth and power built through colonialism was used to help corporations continue to exploit these countries' workers and natural resources.

Wealth, money and economic assets

Wealth: money and economic assets Includes property (what people own) and income (money that comes in regularly. Wealth is cumulative, passed on to the next generation, and produces income. Income inequality is increasing in the U.S.

wealth

Wealth: money and economic assets Includes property (what people own) and income (money that comes in regularly. Wealth is cumulative, passed on to the next generation, and produces income. Income inequality is increasing in the U.S.

What was the overall finding regarding the impact of automation on work in Richard Sennet's 1998 study of a bakery?

While automation takes care of the more tedious tasks and has resulted in a more highly skilled labor force, it has also removed much of the freedom of workers to make independent decisions in their work.

South China has been turning into the?

Workforce capital

In terms of people's working lives, globalization makes it more likely that individuals will experience:

a self-made carer path, with several changes over their lifetime

Reference groups provide us

a standard for judging one's attitudes and behaviors

For __________ theorists, those with more power control the law and define what is deviant and who will be punished. a. conflict b. strain c. structuralist d. functionalist e. symbolic interactionist

a. conflict

Nearly 47 percent of state prisoners have a parent or close relative who has been incarcerated. Such data provide support the __________ of deviance and crime. a. differential association theory b. labeling theory c. feminist theory d. functionalist theory e. conflict theory

a. differential association theory

organized crime

activities of individuals and groups that supply illegal goods and services for profit.

victimless crimes

acts that violate laws but involve individuals who don't consider themselves victims.

The use of the Internet, e-mail, chat rooms, and social networking sites such as Facebook:

adds a new and different dimension to the study of everyday life

What has made possible the tremendous increase in transactional corporations over the past thirty years?

advances in transportation and communications

crime control model

an approach that believes that crime rates increase when offenders don't fear apprehension or punishment.

Communicating through plain, everyday language requires:

an array of complex, shared background understandings

corporate welfare

an array of subsidies, tax breaks, and assistance that the government has created for businesses.

Erving Goffman refers to an instance of focused interaction as:

an encounter

What was the major feature of the development of modern health-care systems?

applying science to medical diagnosis and cure

Class is most often used to analyze stratification in industrialized societies because industrialized societies:

are characterized by income, wealth, occupation, and education

The requirement on Facebook that people must send a request and have it accepted to be a "friend" is one way that social media allows the user to employ:

audience segregation

The term that refers to the rightfully executed use of power is called:

authority

A growing number of sociologists have argued that:

both gender and sex are socially constructed

Deviance, as the term is used by sociologists, is defined as a. behavior that violates social institutions. b. the breaking of laws. c. behavior that violates expected rules or norms. d. behavior that conforms to social rules and norms. e. behavior that has a negative social impact.

c. behavior that violates expected rules or norms. Deviance is defined by sociologists as behavior that violates expected rules or norms.

For __________ theorists, those with more power control the law and define what is deviant and who will be punished. a. structuralist b. functionalist c. conflict d. strain

c. conflict

according to Pierre Bourdieu, in a consumer society, lifestyle choices and taste:

can intensify class differences

The economic system in which conflict is inevitable because it is in the interest of the ruling class to exploit the working class and in the interest of workers to overcome that exploitation is called:

capitalism

The existence of the global cultural bazaar, the global shopping mall, the global workplace, and the global financial network, as theorized by Richard Barnet and John Cavanagh, suggest that ________.

capitalism is one of the primary drivers of globalization

People sharing a common characteristic—such as gender, occupation, or ethnicity—but not necessarily interacting with each other, are called a social:

category

One of the principal differences between Fordist corporations and post-Fordist corporations is that the former are _____ while the latter are _____.

centralized; decentralized

What phenomena does Charles Tilly's theory of resource mobilization seek to explain?

collective action

What was the original cause of underdevelopment in the low-income countries according to dependency theory?

colonialism

What type of government has a king or queen whose power is severely restricted by a country's constitution?

constitutional monarchy

What does Elijah Anderson call racially and ethnically diverse spaces that offer "a respite from the lingering tensions of urban life as well as an opportunity for diverse peoples to come together"?

cosmopolitan canopy

Which of the following is a social group?

couple married less than one year

Among the Navajo, averting one's eyes is a sign of respect, and direct eye contact is seen as insulting. This is called a:

cultural norm

As a sociological concept, ethnicity refers to:

cultural practices and outlooks, including language, history, ancestry, religion, and styles of dress or adornment that tend to set people apart

Body modification is an expression of:

culture

The sociological imagination encourages us to look at the way in which an individual's life is shaped by his or her social role, class, gender, and race. This emphasis on the position a person is born into is considered a(n):

deterministic framework

Nonconformity to a set of norms accepted by a significant number of people in a community is called:

deviance

The riots that occurred in some of Boston's predominantly white housing projects in the 1970s because of bussing students to integrate schools are examples of:

displacement

Which of the following arrangements facilitate relationships and social interaction?

diverse and multifunction communities with extensive street traffic

Which of the following arrangements facilitate(s) relationships and social interaction?

diverse and multifunction communities with extensive street traffic

__________ refers to a situation in which people are unsure of how to behave because of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms. a. Social control b. Deviance c. Strain d. Sanction e. Anomie

e. Anomie

Merton's functional analysis of deviance and crime addressed on of the pressing questions in the study of deviance. He focused on the issue that society has become much more affluent but crime rates continue to rise. Merton responded to this quandary by:

emphasizing the contrast between rising aspirations and persistent inequalities; he focused on a sense of relative deprivation

According to Weber, in a modern, bureaucratized democracy what is one of the most important characteristics for a government official to have?

expertise

According to Weber's analysis of organizations, the most significant relations between people as stated in the rules of an organization are:

formal

What type of sanction is applied only by people officially designated to enforce norms?

formal

When did modern organizations form? Rationality Formal organizations

formal, rational, bureaucratic; originated during industrialization in the 1700s Rationality: the attempt to reach maximum efficiency Formal organizations: complex secondary groups formed to pursue and achieve certain goals Contrast: traditional organizations are run on the basis of custom or whim)

Sometimes a person will smile, but an observer notes that the person's eyes look sad. Erving Goffman would say the sad eyes are part of the expression the person:

gives off

Compared with other jobs, union membership is much higher in:

government

In which type of job would a worker most likely be dissatisfied?

helping professions that require physical labor, late-night hours, and low levels of educational attainment

If your instructor were to ask if you cleaned up your room before leaving the house, she would be acting outside of:

her role

Some sociologists argure that women are just as aggressive as men, but women display a different style of aggression that is consistent with gender norms. For women in the United States this is called:

interpersonal aggression

After being laid off from her well-paying job in 2009, Anita was unable to find another job like it, and eventually had to sell her house and move into a small apartment.

intragenerational mobility

According to Thomas Piketty's Capital in the 21st Century, ever-increasing wealth inequality is argued to be a necessary and inevitable feature of almost all capitalist economic systems. The one major exception to this rule was the:

mid-twentieth century

Ming Wei has been given an assignment to write a paper explaining how Christianity and Islam spread across the world. What are the most important explanatory factors she should include in her paper?

military force and missionary work

Neoliberalism holds that only through unfettered global free trade will the world economy prosper and allow all countries to grow. What theory does neoliberalism originate from?

modernization

Social mobility refers to the:

movement of individuals and groups between class positions

Positive deviance

overconforms.

What is Pierre Bourdieu referring to when talking about cultural capital?

parents reading to their children and helping them with homework

Formal systems of education developed in modern societies because:

schools promoted the development of personality traits such as self-discipline and obedience, which employers needed in their employees

What is the primary difference between a caste system and slavery?

slaves are owned, whereas caste members are not

Some researchers argue that people often "get religion" when their fundamental sense of _________ is threatened by economic hardship, loneliness, loss or grief, physical suffering, or poor health.

social order

The norms, beliefs, and values that we learn through socialization make ________ possible

social order

Which types of rights are usually established last?

social rights, because the establishment of civil and political rights underpinned the fight for social rights.

When sociologists visit Starbucks, they witness a variety of behaviors and social relationships that are not necessarily immediately apparent to the coffee drinkers. The ability to interpret all the events taking place within the coffeehouse is referred to as:

sociological imagination

Based on Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore's concept of functional importance, one occupation that would be most important to society, and consequently should receive greater rewards, is:

surgeon

Information about our lives is gathered by all types of organizations. This might be called a ________ society.

surveillance

The extent to which information about our lives is gathered by all kinds of organizations today has led some analysts to conclude that we now live in what kind of society?

surveillance

Placing limitations on economic growth to proceed only insofar as natural resources are recycled rather than depleted; maintaining biodiversity; and protecting clean air, water and land are all considerations contained in the notion of

sustainable development.

Caring or nurturing traits often associated with women are used as insults among powerful groups. This is often seen in language (being "sissy").

symbolic interactionalist

Deviance is a learned behavior. Deviance is socially constructed. Powerful groups label subordinate group activities as not conforming to dominant norms.

symbolic interactionalist

Each gender's household roles are socially constructed from a very young age by rewarding gender conformity. For example, girls play house while boys play sports and war games.

symbolic interactionalist

Putting locks on mailboxes is an example of

target hardening

Putting locks on mailboxes is an example of:

target hardening

In China in 2012, an estimated 538 million people used the Internet. The authoritarian Chinese government has banned the publication of "state secrets" online. Much of the Internet filter is facilitated by companies in

the US

Who among the following would most likely lament the movement toward globalization?

the head of a small-town historical society

Crime prevention is less costly than punishing crime. a. True b. False

true

The connection between religion and violence is that:

violence exists in most religions and is couched in terms of the forces of good against the forces of evil

In Marxian analysis, which group makes up the largest component of society?

wage workers

In general, what kind of ties do women within the job market tend to have in comparison to men?

weaker

The dimensions of stratification are

wealth, power, and prestige.

Corporations provide social goods and securities to employees, rather than leaving such provisions to unions or the state.

welfare capitalism

There is often a clash of ideas when a government attempts to provide material benefits for those who are unable to support themselves, and the result is what we refer to as a:

welfare state

which of the following questions about religion is sociological

what are its principal beliefs and values?

A stereotype threat occurs:

when people believe they are being judged not as individuals but as members of a group

Organic solidarity is:

when the institutions of society function together as a whole

According to sociologists of religion, under what circumstances do cults flourish?

when there is a breakdown in well-established societal belief systems

proletariat

workers who sell their labor for wages.

Why is the internationalization of education considered problematic by some?

*all of the above* 1. foreign students may deprive Americans of slots in competitive programs 2. some foreign students receive financial aid and scholarships, taking money that might otherwise go to Americans. 3. foreign students are likely to return to their home countries and not contribute to American society

How is inequality related to social networks?

-Individuals access to networks differs by gender and other characteristics.

According to the logic of Davis and Moore's functionalist theory of stratification, which of the following occupations must be functionally most important to society?

corporate lawyer

In most countries, the establishment of social rights takes place after the exercise of other rights. This is due to the fact that in most cases, civil and political rights were something that:

poor and underrepresented groups had to achieve prior to obtaining social rights

In which places is one most likely to encounter a food desert?

poor, inner-city neighborhoods, which tend to have fewer grocery stores and health food outlets

Who are the most common victims of murder and other violent crimes?

poor, young african americans in large cities

The rate that is calculated by subtracting the number of deaths per thousand from the number of births per thousand in a year reflects:

population growth or decline

What is meant by the feminization of migration patterns?

The number of women migrants has increased in part because of the demand for "mail-order brides"

Why do sociologists often call poor inner-city neighborhoods ghettos, rather than calling them slums?

The present racial and spatial configuration of inner-city neighborhoods was created through coercive practices in the past, such as redlining, that forced racial and ethnic minorities into particular neighborhoods.

Colonialism

The process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories

Means of production

The production of material goods is carried on in a society including technology and the social relations between producers

A notion advocated by those who believe that processes of social change are taking us beyond the industrialized order. A postindustrial society is based on the production of information rather than on material goods. According to postindustrialists, we are currently experiencing a series of social changes as profound as those that initiated the industrial era some 200 years ago. (page 560)

postindustrial society

What is relative poverty?

poverty defined according to the living standards of the majority in any given society

Protesters against the World Trade Organization claim that it:

reflects only the interests of the richest nations

Evidence that social advantage results in higher IQ scores ________ Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray's view on intelligence.

refutes

The scenario in which students sleep in their bedrooms from 2:00 A.M. to 9:00 A.M., rush to a 9:30 A.M. class at the university, grab a quick lunch at the cafeteria, nap on the grass at about 3:30 P.M., return to class at 4:00 P.M., collapse in bed at 6:30 P.M., study in a library study room from 8:00 P.M. to 10:00 P.M., and go to a club from 10:15 P.M. to 1:30 A.M. illustrates the sociological concept of:

regionalization

Education institutions are active participants in social reproduction because they

reinforce the cultural advantages of upper- and middle-class families

What do sociologists mean when they refer to the "Second shift" for working women?

the burden of housework that awaits a woman when she returns home from work

What important event signaled the near irreversibility of a single, global capitalist society?

the collapse of the soviet union

Max Weber contended that a bureaucratic structure is the most efficient organizational type. Which of the following exemplifies a bureaucratic organization?

the college or university you attend

anomie

the condition in which people are unsure of how to behave because of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms.

The idea that globalization is bringing about the end of the nation-state is countered by _________________.

the continual rise in the number of independent nation-states

Groups - micro/ meso/ characteristics of groups. How they form.

two or more people who interact with each other because of shared interests, goals, experiences, and needs -Members have a sense of belonging -Membership is well-defined -There are rules for members' behavior -(Not all collections of people are groups! Groups form through a series of steps: -Initial interaction -Emergence of a collective goal -Attempts to expand collective goals

Which system is more likely to result in political parties that converge on the "middle ground" and often come to resemble each other so closely that there is little distinctive difference in their key policies?

two-party system

Marx identified surplus value as the source of profit in a capitalist system. What is surplus value?

the value of a worker's labor power left over when an employer has repaid the cost of hiring the worker

One of the main reasons that rape is difficult to track statistically is because:

there is a large difference between men's and women's definition of forced sex

real income for most of the working population in the US increased over the 20th century. What is the most important reason for this?

there was an increase in productivity due to technological change

Distribution of white-collar crime is very difficult to measure in contrast to other types of crime primarily because:

these crimes rarely appear in any statistical reports

Your text authors talk about some of the wealthiest people in the world. What do these people have in common?

they are all men

More than half the Americans who move, move more frequently, in a relatively short time span, to places within the same county. Why do people go to the trouble of moving, when they basically remain in the same place?

they want to improve their housing

What is one shortcoming of all four theories (market-oriented, dependency, world-systems, and global commodity chains) of global inequality?

The theories under-emphasize the role of women in economic development.

How did Weber theorize the connection between Protestantism and economic development?

The value of worldly asceticism inherent in Protestantism favored the accumulation of wealth, which facilitated the concentrated resources needed for the spread of capitalism.

Why is theory a necessary component of sociological research?

Theory illuminates or explains the data

Latinos and Blacks and poverty

There are more poor whites than Latinos or blacks. The poverty rate is higher for blacks and Latinos (27%) than for whites (10%).

Given what you learned in high school about scientific research, in what way does the sociological research process differ from that of, for example, physics?

There is little difference in the processes that are employed by physicists or sociologists

According to Max Weber, what conditions must be met in order for a democratic government to be effective?

There must be different political parties that represent different interests. There must be political leaders who can rise above governmental bureaucracy

In the first stage of most new religious movements, the movement usually derives most of its life from _________.

a charismatic leader

Globalization in the twenty-first century is:

a level of interconnectedness that is historically unprecedented

Which of the following characterizes the shift to a global rather than a national outlook?

a man with a decidedly Italian accent telling a reporter he is from Europe

Which of the following characterizes the shift to a global, rather than national outlook?

a man with a decidedly Italian accent telling a reporter he is from Europe

crime

a violation of societal norms and rules for which punishment is specified by law.

Since religions are a major source of norms and values, sociologists understand them to be:

*all of the above* 1. among the most important institutions in society 2. a significant source of social solidarity 3. a frequent source of conflict

Merton's strain theory of deviance

Accept: conformity and innovation Reject: Ritualism and retreatism New goals, new means: rebellion

The World Development Indicators show that the mortality for children under age 5 in low-income countries as compared to that in high-income countries is ________ times higher.

13

The number of women in the United States who have been victims of a completed or attempted rape is:

1 in 6

According to the 2013 Hate Crime Statistics, approximately how many incidents against sexual minorities were reported in the United States?

1,233

For a corporation to be considered transnational, it must have branches in how many countries?

2

Children raised in single parent homes have double the risk of experiencing negative outcomes. This is because the percentage of children who were raised in two-parent homes and have negative outcomes is _______________ and the percentage of children who were raised in single-parent homes and have negative

2%; 4%

What are examples of cultural capital?

Attendance at elite private schools, having parents who help with homework

Usually sociological research projects:

C. create more research questions and problems

In a ________System a person's social status is set at birth and is unchangeable.

Caste

Question 17: Black feminism focuses on:

Race, Class, and Gender

Which of the following explanations for NOT cheating on this exam is supported by control theory

You sit in the front of the class and are afraid of getting caught

Which of the following explanations for not cheating on this exam is supported by control theory?

You sit in the front of the class and are afraid of getting caught

meritocracy

a belief that individuals are rewarded for what they do and how well, rather than on the basis of their ascribed status.

What is a conurbation?

a cluster of cities and towns forming a continuous network

Whereas psychologists study the emotions and behaviors of one person, sociologists study the patterns within groups. What is the smallest size that can make up a social group?

a dyad

An example of assimilation would be:

a family from Mexico moves to the United States and adopts mainstream American cultural practices and at the same time loses many of their Mexican cultural practices.

Feminist scholars who analyze the family often refer to the second shift. WHich of the following scenarios best captures the meaning of this phrase?

a female social worker returns home from work to drive the children to soccer practice, prepares dinner, and completes a load of laundry

Evangelicalism is:

a form of Protestantism characterized by a belief in spiritual rebirth (being "born again")

Which is NOT associated with the concept of anomie?

a form of control of morality

What Is Social Stratification?

a hierarchical ranking of people in a society who have different access to valued resources Resources: property, power, and prestige Can be relatively closed or open

patriarchy

a hierarchical system in a society in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men

Which of the following is an example of a primary group?

a high school girl's clique

The job that most closely illustrates the informal economy is:

a housekeeper paid "under the table" (not reported for tax purposes) in suburban communities

social mobility

a person's ability to move up or down the social class hierarchy.

Which of the following is true of all systems of social stratification?

a person's life chances are significantly influenced by his position

differential association theory

a perspective that asserts that people learn deviance through interaction, especially with significant others.

labeling theory

a perspective that holds that society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining oneself or others as deviant.

What is secularization?

a process of the decline in the influence of religion and religious institutions

According to Karl Marx, capitalism reduces many people's work to dull, uninteresting tasks, over which workers have no influence or control. He referred to this situation and the feelings it engendered as:

alienation

What is wealth?

all of one's assets minus what one owes on them

Harriet Martineau is significant to sociologists today for insisting that an analysis of society must include:

all of society's members, including women

What is meant by the feminization of poverty?

an increase in the proportion of the poor who are female

According to Karl Marx, the modern era is shaped primarily by:

capitalism

The reduction of global interdependence by making economies as local as possible. (page 562)

deglobalization

The study of populations, including size, rates of growth, and other characteristics, is known as

demography.

Lutheran Church

denomination

Sociologists would classify a drug-dealing gang that follows some dominant social norms as:

deviant subculture

1 out of 1 points If you live in a high-crime area, many of the people you see in the course of a day and possibly get to know may be involved in criminal activities, thus increasing your opportunity to learn criminal behavior. The conceptual context for this phenomenon is known as:

differential association

The two theories explaining deviance that are classified as interactionist are:

differential association and labeling theory

According to Émile Durkheim, the following would gradually replace religion as the source of social cohesion in society:

division of labor

From a sociological perspective, women who are homemakers:

do work, although they are not part of the paid labor force

The collective Anonymous has mounted a wide range of disruptive events that have often shut down industries and parts of government. A sociologist would be unlikely to call this effort a revolution because the collective:

doe not use violence

According to W. E. B. Du Bois, African Americans' sense of self and identity are greatly influenced by the experiences of slavery and, after emancipation, segregation. Du Bois labeled this experience:

double consciousness

Since 1970, what has happened to the percentage of people on welfare in the United States?

dropped significantly

Our daily lives, our sense of individualism, our work patterns, and even our popular culture are being affected by:

globalization

When your professor is delivering a lecture, she usually displays professional behavior; that is, she does not scream, yell, or use excessive profanity. Erving Goffman refers to these behaviors as characteristic of:

front regions

assessing the role of the family within industrialized society

functionalism

Gangs establish norms and decrease the members' sense of anomie. The poor often experience subpar educational systems, and then have few legitimate opportunities for jobs, which push them toward deviance in gangs

functionalist

Marriages with legal and social supports stabilize relationships. Government recognition of unions (marriage, civil union) must be extended to all to stabilize society.

functionalist

According to the text, the upper class in the United States:

has a variety of differing lifestyles and is easily able to influence politics

A skeptic believes that globalization:

has been occurring for more than a century, and its effects are overstated

Over the last 50 years women's participation in the paid labor force __________

has risen steadily

At the beginning of the twentieth century fewer than one in seven people lived in cities. In 2008, the number of people living in cities _______ the number of people living in rural areas

has surpassed

For a reference group to be effective, it must meet which of the following criteria?

have members who identify with each other or the group's goal

A status message allows people who are participating in unfocused interaction to:

have more control over how they are perceived

The rise in funding for the U.S. space program during the so-called space race:

increased scientific research and support for the U.S. economy

During the 20th century, the real income of blu-collar worker in Western societies

increased significantly, but dropped in the last 20 years

During the twentieth century, the real income of blue-collar workers in Western societies has:

increased significantly, but dropped in the last 20 years

The McDonaldization of society refers to the:

increased uniformity and rationality of society due to fast-food restaurant operating principles

The relationship between globalization and inequality is that globalization:

increases inequality as the expansion of global trade concentrates wealth within a small core of countries

Some sociologists argue that women are just as aggressive as men, but women display a different style of aggression that is consistent with gender norms. For women in the United States, this is called:

indirect aggresion

The notion that the power of modern medicine will continue to show improvements in public health indefinitely is unsatisfactory to sociologists because:

it ignores social and environmental factors in patterns of health and illness

Durkheim argues that deviance allows us to understand the standards of a society. What solution to deviance does he propose?

keep deviance in acceptable boundaries

Global inequality

the systematic differences in wealth and power among countries

The ultimate ruling of the Supreme Court in 2015 that individuals have a constitutional right to same-sex marriage was predated by what other important event?

the striking down of DOMA in Windsor v. United States of America in 2013

Which of the following statements accurately describes the political status of women in the United States?

the percentage of women in the U.S Congress is similar to the percentage of women in national assemblies throughout the world

What theories of democracy are best supported by the overwhelming influence of the pharmaceutical lobby in shaping health care legislation in 2010?

the power elite

Current fears regarding the depletion of energy resources are greatly exacerbated by

the rapid economic growth of countries like China and India.

bourgeoisie

those who own and control capital and the means of production.

Why do differences in occupational status lead to inequalities in health and illness?

those who work in offices are at less risk of injury of exposure to hazardous materials

One of the differences between the nature of household work among men and women is that women's work around the home often:

ties them down to a regular schedule

According to Michel Foucault, organizations "efficiently distribute bodies" and activities through the use of:

timetables

Henry Ford paid his workers well. He did this to ensure compliance in the workforce and:

to enable workers to afford to buy the products they made

Business corporations located in two or more countries. (page 550)

transnational corporations

What is the primary legacy of colonialism from the perspective of a dependency theorist?

transnational corporations

College students who graduate in the years following the 2008 recession are likely to experience long-term negative consequences in terms of earning and social mobility.

true

Deviance may be a trait or belief as well as behavior. a. True b. False

true

Deviance may be functional for society. a. True b. False

true

Most criminal offenders are not caught or brought to trial. a. True b. False

true

For one of his business classes, Wallace was asked to develop a corporate business plan. The main components of the plan he presented in class involved creating strategic partnerships with other corporations in the same industry and contracting smaller companies to perform services and/or provide materials, rather than doing them within the corporation itself. Wallace's business plan illustrates the characteristics of ______.

twenty first century corporation

The increasing use of "high tech" in the workplace is leading to the development of what kind of worker structure?

two classes

What is the definition of cohabitation?

two people living together in a sexual relationship without being married

Which of the following is an example of cultural racism?

*all of the above* 1. forbidding newly arrived Brazilian immigrants to speak Portuguese in public places 2. putting Christmas trees in company offices, but forbidding Jewish workers to put a menorah or dreidel in their offices 3. the movement to have a constitutional amendment proclaiming English as an official language of the United States

The death penalty - does it work? Who gets the death penalty?

- Most common argument for the death penalty is that it deters others from committing crime Studies suggest this is not the case; however, the death penalty does serve as retribution -There is evidence that the death penalty is race and class biased 56%white 34% black

Christianity is a very small minority in:

Asia

Income

Money received from paid wages and salaries or earned from investments.

Question 23: Which of the following pairs are closest to being opposites?

Pluralism/Melting Pot

All political life is about_______.

Power

Who believed that social inequality naturally rises and falls over the course of a society's development?

Simon Kuznets

A person who has the ability to influence other members of a group is called:

a leader

One common characteristic of all societies with regard to gender relations is that they are systems of:

patriarchy

Global crime

Global Crime: acts that violate international laws, treaties, and agreements

In modern societies, most of the population lives in:

cities

In what ways in the plight of American women similar to that of women in less-industrialized countries?

*all of the above* 1. when a woman is employed, she has more options for ending an unhappy marriage through divorce 2. education provides one of the best opportunities for a woman to leave an impoverished life 3. women all over the world must complete a second shift after working in their paid jobs 4. regardless of what country you examine, women are underrepresented in upper management- that is, their advancement is often blocked by a class ceiling

Taylorism resulted in:

*all of the above* 1. workers' loss of control over knowledge of the production process 2. reduced autonomy for craft workers 3. deskilling and degrading of labor

What factor accounts for racial disparities in wealth and income?

*all of the above* education parents' social class discrimination

Sociology of the body refers to:

*all of the above* 1. the effects of social change on the body 2. the increasing separation of the body from nature 3. the increase of social technologies

According to Thomas Piketty, author of Capital in the Twenty-First Century, growth of inequality over time is the norm in capitalist societies and has been the pattern in most developed economies—with one exception. What is the one exception?

1930-1975 (mid 20th century)

According to Thomas Piketty's Capital in the 21st Century, ever-increasing wealth inequality is argued to be a necessary and inevitable feature of almost all capitalist economic systems. The one major exception to this rule was the:

1970's

cyber / organized crime

Cybercrime: illegal activities conducted online Organized crime: activities of individuals and groups that supply illegal goods and services for profit

According to the "Globalization by the Numbers" infographic, which percent of the U.S. income was earned by the top 5 percent of the population in 2012?

22.2%

Approximately what is the percentage of Americans who do some kind of volunteer work within a given year?

25%

According to your text, two main reasons for the higher urban growth rate in the world's less industrialized cities are __________ and __________

high fertility rates; internal migration from rural areas

Class

A large-scale grouping of people who share common economic resources that strongly influence the type of lifestyle they are able to lead.

What form of adaptation is it?

A man uses employer's equipment and supplies when starting his own business. - rebellion - replace goals and means? A woman becomes an alcoholic trying to forget an abusive childhood. - retreatism (reject goals and means) A student continues to go class after giving up on career plans. ritualism (reject goals but accept means)

What is inequality - is there still slavery ? Give an example of a food/ drink we consume regularly that uses child slaves to produce Examples of slavery -

A social condition in which privileges, opportunities and substantial rewards are given to people in some positions in society buy not others. - 6.3 million children < 5 died worldwide with almost ½ dying of malnutrition Slavery: When an individual or a family bound in servitude as the property of person or household, bought and sold, and forced to work An estimated 21-36 million people are slaves (women and children from poor families in poor countries) -Coffee -Chocolate

Communism

A social system based on everyone owning the means of production and sharing in the wealth it produces

Caste

A social system in which one's social status is held for life.

Is the sanction formal or informal, negative or positive?

A suspension from school: formal, negative Serving time in jail: formal, negative A smile: positive Employee of the month designation: postive A slap in the face : negative

Class Systems

A system of social hierarchy that allows individuals to move among classes. Four chief bases- wealth, income, occupation, and education

death penalty

Approximately 61% of Americans support the death penalty. There is little evidence that executions or harsh penalties deter crime.

Functionalists argue that social roles

B. Direct an individual's behavior as people learn these roles from their culture and perform these roles as they have been defined

The term "prison-industrial complex" has been used by critics to describe the current American prison system. What does this fact refer to?

Large numbers of people have vested economic and political interests in the expansion of the prison system.

Which theory or set of theories has been criticized for ignoring how ties between poor and wealthy countries can inhibit the economic growth of poor countries?

market oriented

Neoliberalism is derived from which theoretical perspective?

market oriented theories

The Internet is an exciting tool that facilitates communication between people. A latent advantage to electronic communication is that it:

masks a person's membership in a traditionally disadvantaged group

Sales of products that allow consumers freedom in choosing television shows and movies on their own schedules, such as Netflix, are examples of what post-Fordist business trend?

mass customization

In caste systems

In caste systems, social categories are based on heredity. Status is ascribed at birth. Caste restricts social relationships, residence, and occupation.

Which of the following statements is true?

Infants have facial expressions similar to those of adults.

An important underlying part of the secularization debate revolves around which of the following?

Correctc. the level of power and influence held by religious beliefs, officials and organizations in the larger society

What are the primary characteristics of a liberal democracy?

Majority of adults have the right to vote Voters choose among representatives of a small number of political parties

According to the text, what is one reason that processes of nation formation have been so problematic in postcolonial states?

Territorial boundaries in the colonial world were imposed externally on areas that often had no prior cultural or ethnic unity, leading to problems that are difficult to overcome.

2. Which of the following arrangements facilitate relationships and social interaction? • The economic homogeneity of gated communities, where like-minded people relate to one another. • The universal planning architecture of the 1980s and early 1990s workplace environments. • Diverse and multifunction communities with extensive street traffic. • Workplace situations where different activities and workers are segregated, building camaraderie among similar employees. • Communities in which the activities are directed toward the backyard rather than the street.

Diverse and multifunction communities with extensive street traffic.

Work has become divided into a number of different occupations in which people specialize. Sociologists call this:

Division of Labor

Dysfunctions of Crime and Deviance

Dysfunctions of Crime and Deviance Create tension and insecurity Erode trust in relationships Damage confidence in institutions Are costly

Functionalism

Functionalism Stratification benefits society. It is necessary and inevitable.

Dependency Culture

Individuals who rely on state welfare rather than entering the labor market.

Robert Merton uses what to characterize organized crime members?

Innovators

Why has Taylorism been associated with the de-skilling and degradation of labor?

It took control and knowledge of the production process out of the hands of laborers and into the hands of managers.

Question 22: In the colonial model of migration:

Preferences are granted to immigrants from former colonies

What happens to crime when societies modernize? Fraud / ( medicare).

Occupational or white-collar crime: violation of the law committed by an individual or group in the course of legitimate, respected occupational or financial activity (medical fraud-Medicare and Medicaid)

According to Charles Tilly, in what circumstance do revolutionary social movements tend to occur?

Occurs in situations of multiple sovereignty

Homeless

People who have no place to sleep and either stay in free shelters or sleep in public places not meant for habitation

8. Milgram's experiment on obedience to authority occurred more than forty years ago. Scientists do not replicate Milgram's experiment and update the findings because: • More students are working away from campus and would not be available to participate. • Universities are increasingly under pressure to reduce costs on lab and experiment work. • Once the findings of a study are published, duplicating the research is a waste of time and money. • Universities have installed greater research protocols to protect subjects. • The findings were so conclusive that there is no need to replicate the experiment.

Universities have installed greater research protocols to protect subjects.

vertical mobility

Vertical mobility: moving up or down the stratification ladder

Sociologically, which of the following best describes a midlife crisis?

When a 45 year old man who has never ice skated decides to join an amateur hockey team

When sociologists refer to a patriarchal society they are describing a society

Where men have dominance over women in economics and politics

What is the most significant difference between the working class and the lower class?

While working-class families often struggle to get by, they tend to have significantly more job and neighborhood stability than those in the lower class.

Joe, for his research project in his sociology class, is studying cheating about college students. He is currently developing a questionnaire. What stage of the research process is he in now?

Working out a design

Which theory looks at the whole world economy as integrated web relations, rather than focusing on individual countries?

World Systems Theory

world systems theory/ core vs. periphery nations

World systems theory: sees the cause of global crime as economic inequality and competition between countries Core nations take unfair advantage of peripheral nations. Periphery nations may resort to unconventional means to meet their goals to survive

10. Which theory uses the concept of global commodity chains to describe how manufacturing has become globalized? • World-systems theory • Market-oriented theory • Neoliberalism theory • State-centered theory • Modernization theory

World-systems theory.

7. Which of the following explanations for NOT cheating on this exam is supported by control theory? • None of your friends cheat, so you never really learned how to cheat. • You know that cheating is morally reprehensible. • You always receive an "A" on exams, so you have no reason to cheat. • You have been genetically programmed not to cheat. • You sit in the front of the class and are afraid of getting caught.

You sit in the front of the class and are afraid of getting caught.

What is the best explanation for adult children physically abusing their parents?

the adult children are resentful that they are financially dependent on their elderly parents

Which of the following is a practical benefit of the study of sociology?

ability to assess the effects, including unintended consequences, of public policies

__________ have the highest percentage of median income, while __________ have the lowest percentage.

asians;blacks

According to Émile Durkheim, sociologists must study social facts, which are:

aspects of social life that shape our individual actions

Which crime has the highest reporting rate in the United States?

auto theft

Absolute poverty means, essentially, not having enough to eat. What does relative poverty mean?

being worse off than most in one's society

Voter turnout in the United States is among the lowest in the world. Many Americans say that they do not vote because they:

believe that voting takes too much effort

How does crime differ from deviance? a. Crime involves a larger share of the population. b. Crimes violates written laws. c. Crime violates rules about behavior that is seen as sinful or immoral. d. Crime is always more serious than deviance. e. Crime is always less serious than deviance.

b. Crimes violates written laws.

Alisa's neighborhood is usually quiet, but the local newspaper reported an increase in criminal activity there. One morning, Alisa found her garage vandalized and covered in paint and eggs. She did not have time to clean up the mess right away. Her neighbors offered to help clean up her garage in the hope that the crime might stop. Later that week, Alisa's neighbor found his car windshield shattered. What type of theorist would be the most likely to agree with the idea that a vandalized garage could lead to more crime?

broken windows

Minzee has just been promoted to head assistant of Technology Innovations for the Department of Sociology. She now reports directly to the chairperson of the Technology Committee. Minzee is in charge of digitizing movie clips and sending them to the chairperson, who then loads the clips onto the department website. This chain of command is an example of:

bureaucracy

In Karl Marx's model, the primary source of the contradictions that lead to class struggle and revolution is:

changes in the forces of production

Within Merton's types of deviance explained by strain theory, __________ refers to those who "go along to get along." a. retreatism b. rebellion c. conformity d. innovation

c.conformity

Much of the contemporary theory and research in urban sociology focuses on cities as:

created environments or social constructions

The violation of social norms or rules for which the punishment is defined by public law is termed __________. a. stigma b. mores c. legal deviance d. deviance e. crime

crime

Distribution of white-collar crime is very difficult to measure in contrast to other types of crime primarily because:

crimes rarely appear in any statistical reports

Which of the following is an example of a sociological explanation for deviant behavior?

criminal behavior arises when people associate with deviants and learn their norms

Religion can be a cause of social change and is considered to be:

cultural

John is from an upper-middle-class home and has the benefit of extracurricular activities and the latest technology. He is a good student, but does not have an exemplary record. Clorista is a bright and energetic student who loves math and science. Her grades are strong, but they would be better if she had more time and resources. She has limited access to a computer and often has to care for her younger siblings while her mother is at work. John and Clorista both applied for positions on the Yearbook Committee. John was appointed, and Clorista was offered membership in the "Day of the Dead" committee, which is headed by the Spanish teacher. She is unable to accept because of her commitments at home. Sociologically speaking, in comparison to Clorista, John possesses more:

cultural capital

Question 16: As a sociological concept, ethnicity refers to:

cultural practices and outlooks, including language, history, ancestry, religion, and styles of dress or adornment that tend to set people apart

The statement "Protest is an end in itself. It helps us establish who we are and what we are about," accurately reflects the underlying attitude of:

new social movements

Which of these statements about the likelihood of being a crime victim is correct? a. Young people are more likely to be victimized than older people. b. Higher income people are more likely to be victimized than lower-income people. c. Whites are more likely to be victimized than African Americans. d. Across all types of crime, women are more likely to be victimized than men.

d. Across all types of crime, women are more likely to be victimized than men.

evangelical political activism is an example of

new social movements

Which of these is not one of the strategies that the criminal justice system uses to control crime? a. intervention b. punishment c. rehabilitation d. tolerance e. prevention

d. tolerance

Some claim that our rapid advances in communication technologies are creating a "devoiced" society, which suggests that there is a decrease in:

direct interaction

Chapter 6 defines a bureaucracy as a type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority, in which each position has a specific and clearly defined set of tasks. A bureaucracy is a good example of a formalized ______.

division of labor

_____________ negatively impacts women's class position far more than it impacts men's class position.

divorce

hich of these statements about capital punishment is true? a. All states in the U.S. have legalized capital punishment. b. Capital punishment has been a proven deterrent to recidivism. c. Globally, electrocution is the only legal form of capital punishment. d. The highest rates of capital punishment are found in the Northeast. e. American support of capital punishment has been stable over the last 50 years.

e. American support of capital punishment has been stable over the last 50 years.

Victimless crimes are also referred to as __________. a. deviant crimes b. criminal-less crimes c. status offenses d. property crimes e. public order crimes

e. public order crimes

Wilson primarily explained urban poverty as a result of __________, while Massey and Denton argued that it is mostly caused by __________.

economic restructuring; racial segregation

Neoliberalism argues that global free trade will enable all countries to prosper and therefore it is necessary to:

eliminate all governmental regulation and disavow a minimum wage and other labor laws

The most significant political factor in speeding up patterns of change in the modern world was the:

emergence of the modern state

in the colonial model of migration

emigration but not migration is allowed

Stable societies have clear roles and expectations for each gender.

functionalist

Balbina, a student taking a sociology class, wants to do research on the homeless in her city .She would like to provide a rich, detailed, inside view of being homeless. What research method should she choose?

ethnography

Sherene lives in a poor neighborhood near downtown that is predominantly African American and Latino. Last spring a white couple bought the dilapidated Victorian house across the street and immediately began renovating it. This fall, Sherene noticed that similar renovations had begun on two more old homes within several blocks of her house. It is likely that Sherene's neighborhood is in the beginning stages of

gentrification.

What measures the extent to which the distribution of income in a country deviates from a perfectly equal distribution?

gini index

Transnational corporations with an international body of shareholders lose tethers to particular nation states and roam freely in search of low labor costs and regulations.

global capitalism

Which theory has been characterized as overemphasizing the importance of business decisions in shaping a country's economy over other factors, such as the role of workers and governments?

global chains commodity

Many industrial workers have been left unemployed and without the skills required in a knowledge-based economy. This is due to:

global trade and new forms of technology

Many industrial workers have been unemployed and left without the skills required in a knowledge-based economy because of:

global trade and new forms of technology

Which of the following is an important condition that facilitated the accumulation of unprecedented wealth in the twenty-first century?

globalization

criminal justice system

government agencies—including the police, courts, and prisons—that are charged with enforcing laws, passing judgment on offenders, and changing criminal behavior.

For a reference group to be effective, it must meet which of the following criteria?

group members must identify with each other or the group's goal

Human capital theorists reason that women choose occupations that are easy to move in and out of while still providing a decent income because women:

have primary allegiance to home and family

The gap in economic growth between the poorest and the richest countries could be best described a

having widened from about 10 to 1 a hundred years ago to more than 209 to 1 today

According to Durkheim, what is the most significant distinction in any religion?

he distinction between the sacred and the profane

A student who is sitting quietly in a classroom and listening to his professor lecture is likely acting based on self-interest if he is:

hoping he will make a good impression on the professor so she will write him a good letter of recommendation

Among America's working poor are

housekeepers. They earn less than 19,000.00 a year even in prestigious hotels

Which type of society shows that human beings are NOT simply competitive by nature?

hunting and gathering

According to Max Weber, economic factors are very important to social change in society. What other variable is involved in social change?

ideas and values

Dyads are fragile social groups because:

if one person leaves, the group disappears

The foundational figures in sociology developed theories to address social inequality, exploitation, and stratification, but at the same time they:

ignored women and minorities

Because of tightened immigration laws, it is increasingly common to find that many industrialized countries have ________ models of immigration.

illegal

white-collar crime

illegal activities committed by high-status individuals in the course of their occupation.

corporate crimes

illegal acts committed by executives to benefit themselves and their companies.

A major legacy of colonialism in the developing world is the high level of:

illiteracy

Global migratory patterns are a result of the combination of two separate forces—the movement of people into a country to settle, and the process by which people leave a country to settle in another, and these are a known as:

immigration and emigration

When a student texts his friends with familiar abbreviations and acronyms but e-mails his professors with carefully written and edited messages, he is using the media for:

impression management

The early sociology theorists often differed in their analyses of social behavior and social institutions. Nevertheless, Auguste Comte, Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber strove to explain the new relationships that emerged as an outgrowth of the:

industrial revolution

The work of gender scholars discussed in this course demonstrates how gender is performed differently by those embedded in variant, sometimes overlapping, statuses (age, race, class, sexuality, etc.). This approach to the analysis of social status is referred to as __________________.

intersectionality

Which problems are associated with "megacities"

large homelessness populations difficulty transporting fuel, food, and water over long distances

What are we referring to when we speak of the formal norms defined by governments as principles that their citizens must follow?

laws

Worker strikes are a means of ________.

leveraging collective power over employers

Which of the following conceptualizes the idea that your probability of economic success is largely dependent on your background?

life chances

which of the following conceptualizes the idea that your probability of economic success is largely dependent on your background?

life chances

Which of the following does an interest group use to try and accomplish its goals?

lobbying member of legislative bodies

Texas is famous for the strong state pride held by its inhabitants. The importance of the shared identity of being a Texan could be thought of as an example of ______.

local nationalism

Which types of countries contained 12 percent of the world's population but produced only seven-tenths of a percent of the world's GDP in 2013?

low-income

What did Max Weber liken bureaucracies to?

machines operating according to rational rules

In Karl Marx's theory, a class is made up of people who have the same relationship to the:

means of production

Women are so often the targets of sexual violence because:

men are socialized to feel sexual entitlement and insensitive to the difference between consensual and nonconsensual sex

Which type of theorist would argue that a low-income society can develop if people give up their traditional ways and adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and values?

modernization

Functionalist theories emphasize connections between conformity and deviance in different social contexts. A common criticism of this approach, however, is that

most people adjust their aspirations to their reality, and functionalists tend to presume everyone has middle class values

Closed stratification systems

movement from one social position to another is limited due to ascribed statuses Based on sex, skin color, or family background Include slavery and caste systems

horizontal mobility

moving from one position to another at the same class level.

intragenerational mobility

moving up or down the class hierarchy over one's lifetime.

intergenerational mobility

moving up or down the class hierarchy relative to the position of one's parents.

As a form of social interaction, the exchange of information and meaning through facial expressions, gestures, and movements of the body is called:

nonverbal communication

n a counterargument to the claims made in The Bell Curve, a team of sociologists from the University of California, Berkeley asserted that the factor that is more important than intelligence in determining how well people do in life is:

one's parents' socioeconomic status

As people in modern societies, what do we depend on to take care of everything from how we are born to our daily supply of running water, and even to the way we die?

organizations

The rich and varied group life of societies reflects:

our need to congregate and belong

When we look at the micro and macro connections that shape social issues such as the harassment of women on the street, we see that the:

solution must address the larger underlying issues, such as gender inequality

Where there is a political apparatus ruling over a given territory, whose authority is backed by a legal system and by the capacity to use military force to implement its policies, a ________ exists.

state

Milgram's experiment on obedience to authority occurred more than 45 years ago. Scientists do not replicate Milgram's experiment and update the findings because:

universities have installed greater research protocols to protect subjects

Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience to authority occurred more than 40 years ago. Scientists do not replicate his experiment and update the findings because:

universities have installed increased research protocols to protect subjects

Industrialization generated the movement of population from the countryside into towns and cities, which is known as:

urbanization

What is an unintended consequence of school busing?

white families fled from the city into suburban areas, leaving the center cities to decay

In the classical period of sociology, ________ were rarely allowed to hold academic positions or to do sociological research, so their contributions have been neglected.

women and minorities

Providing a meaningful sense of social identity, and constructively structuring people's time are two of the individual benefits of _______.

work

Children in premodern United States and Europe often:

worked at an early age or left the family at an early age to do domestic work for others

What are portfolio workers?

workers who are able to move easily from one job to another because they possess a diversity of skills and/or qualifications