Soc chap 10

True or False: Global stratification different from social stratification in that countries cannot move up and down the global stratification ladder, unlike people who can use social mobility to climb or fall down the social stratification ladder.

False

True or False: Maria babysits as a form of income while she is in college. Because the amounts she gets per job are not huge, Maria never bothers to report her earnings to the IRS. Maria is a part of the Underpaid economy.

False

chattel slavery

a form of slavery in which one person owns another

dependency theory

a theory which states that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations

True or False: Immanuel Wallerstein's classification is preferred by sociologist because his classification uses neutral terms that allow his classification of nations to be less biased and appear less ethnocentric.

True

modernization theory

a theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes towards work

Which is an effect of absolute poverty that also contributes to its cyclical nature? Select one: a. Lack of education b. Home foreclosures c. Massive credit card debt d. Excellent healthcare

a. Lack of education

A ____________ perspective theorist might find it particularly noteworthy that wealthy corporations improve the quality of life in peripheral nations by providing workers with jobs, pumping money into the local economy, and improving transportation infrastructure. a. functional b. conflict c. feminist d. symbolic interactionist

a. functional

underground economy

an unregulated economy of labor and goods that operates outside of governance, regulatory systems, or human protections

If a sociologist points out that core nations dominate the global economy, in part by creating global interest rates and international tariffs that will inevitably favor high-income nations over low-income nations, he is a: a. functionalist b. dependency theorist c. modernization theorist d. symbolic interactionist

b. dependency theorist

Child labor and sweatshops have existed since the Industrial Revolution and even before that. Many products sold today are created in these sweatshops, even though, living in the 21st century, we like to think we are above such practices. What is one practical way we can try and stop multinational companies from using such labor? a. We can ignore the problem because it will eventually go away. b. We can trust that the CEOs and the members of the board of the companies will do the right thing. c. We can justify such practices because they are legal in other countries. d. We can be responsible consumers and research products before buying them.

d. We can be responsible consumers and research products before buying them.

Dependency theorists explain global inequality and global stratification by focusing on the way that: a. core nations and peripheral nations exploit semi-peripheral nations b. semi-peripheral nations exploit core nations c. peripheral nations exploit core nations d. core nations exploit peripheral nations

d. core nations exploit peripheral nations

core nations

dominant capitalist countries

semi-peripheral nation

in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and an expanding middle class marketplace

peripheral nations

nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization

debt bondage

the act of people pledging themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage, and are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom

debt accumulation

the buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals

global inequality

the concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority

GNI (gross national income)

the income of a nation calculated based on goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country

deindustrialization

the loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower

capital flight

the movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources

relative poverty

the state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country

absolute poverty

the state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessitiess

global stratification

the unequal distribution of resources between countries

fourth world

a term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage

first world

a term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies

third world

a term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, unindustrialized countries

GINI coefficient

a measure of income inequality between countries using a 100-point scale, in which 1 represents complete equality and 100 represents the highest possible inequality

global feminization of poverty

a pattern that occurs when women bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty

subjective poverty

a state of poverty composed of many dimensions, subjectively present when one's actual income does not meet one's expectations

second world

a term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living

How do companies in the United States "get away with" outsourcing? a. Capital flight, caused by outsourcing, helps local economies thrive, so Americans are willing to make the trade off. b. Deindusrialization, also caused by outsourcing, is better for the environment, so Americans are in favor of it. c. Americans want lower prices for their consumable products, and the only way for companies to deliver those low prices is to outsource the work to cheaper laborers. d. Companies find that the many U.S. restrictions on manufacturing can seriously disrupt production, which leads to profit loss, which in turn results in outsourcing.

c. Americans want lower prices for their consumable products, and the only way for companies to deliver those low prices is to outsource the work to cheaper laborers.

In recent times, scholars have been trying to sort out why the countries on the continent of Africa, as a whole, have trouble competing to today's global, capitalist economy. While an answer to this question is complex and carries with it many ambiguities, most scholars point to European colonialism as a key to understanding the current state of Africa. A sociologist studying this topic, would ascribe to which theoretical paradigm? a. Structural functionalism b. Symbolic interactionism c. Conflict theory d. Feminist theory

c. Conflict theory

Which statement would you find in the analysis of poverty by Neckerman and Torche? a. People will take advantage of social welfare programs if you do not watch them carefully. b. People live in poverty because they are lazy and lack meaningful work. c. Once poverty has entered a geographic location, it is very difficult to get rid of. d. People living in poverty enjoy living in poverty.

c. Once poverty has entered a geographic location, it is very difficult to get rid of.