SOC Chapter 10

Which of the following is considered subordinate, with its members having limited power or control over their lives because of identifiable physical or cultural characteristics?

A minority group

While groups of people, such as redheads or actors, make up a small fraction of the total population, they are not considered minorities in the sociological sense because

A minority group is defined by its members' lack of control or power over their own lives.

What do sociologists call a group that is set apart from others because of physical characteristics that have taken on social significance?

A racial group

Programs that have been instituted to overcome past discrimination are known as _______ action programs.

Affirmative

Resentment of ______ stems from the belief that promoting the interests of one group over another simply displaces discrimination rather than helping to overcome it.

Affirmative action

In the United States, a prominent instance of segregation is that of

African Americans in the South prior to the 1960s

Which of the following groups of people are categorized as racial groups in the United States?

African Americans; Whites; Asian Pacific Americans

Which of the following is a benefit provided by immigration for countries receiving immigrants?

Alleviation of labor shortages

Intermarriage over several generations that results in various groups combining to form new groups would be called

Amalgamation

When a majority group and a minority group merge to form a new group, it is called

Amalgamation

If people demonstrate prejudice against Jews, they are engaging in

Anti-Semitism

Between 2010 and 2015, which group grew by roughly 70% in the United States?

Asian Pacific Americans

Which of the following is one of the fastest-growing segments of the U.S. population?

Asian Pacific Americans

The process by which individuals forsake their own cultural traditions to conform to another culture's traditions is called

Assimilation

According to the functionalist perspective of race and ethnicity, the dominant group that practices discrimination

Discourages the subordinate minority from attempting to question its lowly status.

Denying people opportunities and equal rights due to prejudice or other arbitrary factors is known as

Discrimination

When people refuse to hire highly qualified people of a different race and instead hire a less-qualified applicant who is of their own race, it is called

Discrimination

Which of the following are defining features of ethnicity groups?

Distinctive cultural patterns; Shared national language

Which of the following characterize the population of the United States today?

Diverse; Multiracial; Multiethnic

Conflict has often arisen between White ethnics and racial minorities as a result of ________ competition.

Economic

When sociologists define a minority group, they are primarily concerned with the level of ______ a group has in society.

Economic and political power

The term ______ group describes a group of people set apart by their national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.

Ethnic

What kind of groups does institutional discrimination affect?

Ethnic and racial

Which of the following groups is distinguished from others primarily on the basis of particular cultural patterns?

Ethnic group

True or false: Genetics determines the racial differences that affect people's social behavior.

False

True or false: Symbolic ethnicity tends to strengthen with each successive generation.

False

According to the ______ perspective, racial discrimination serves positive functions for those who practice discrimination.

Functionalist

Which of the following sociological perspectives theorizes that racist views provide the dominant group with a moral justification for maintaining an unequal society?

Functionalist

The killing of an entire people or nation in a deliberate fashion is called

Genocide

The form of discrimination that denies opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups as a result of the daily operations of a society is known as

Institutional discrimination.

The term White ethnic refers to those Americans whose ancestors came from Europe within the last century and a half, including people of which of the following ancestries?

Irish; Polish; Italian; German

The term racial group can best be defined as a group that

Is set apart by obvious physical differences.

Which group is the fastest-growing segment of the Latino community?

People from Central and South America

A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often racial or ethnic groups, is called

Prejudice

Being suspicious of or hostile to an entire category of people constitutes

Prejudice

In a racist society, members of subordinate groups tend to experience which of the following?

Prejudice; Discrimination; Exploitation

Since the terrorist attacks of September 2001, ______ has put Arab Americans under scrutiny because their appearance or ethnic-sounding names makes them seem like likely terrorists to non-Arab Americans.

Profiling

The term used to refer to a group of people set apart from others by obvious physical differences is a ______ group.

Racial

A sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, given meaning, or destroyed is called

Racial formation

What is the term for any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than a person's behavior?

Racial profiling

When police pull over more young Black men than White men, they could be enacting what practice?

Racial profiling

The belief that one race is superior and all others are inferior is called

Racism

When Black residents of Black neighborhoods have to pay more for things such as insurance, what is this phenomenon called?

Redlining

According to Marx, racism by the dominant group keeps minorities in low-paying jobs in order to

Restrict the wages of all members of the working class by replacing workers who demand higher wages with minorities who have no alternatives; Supply the capitalist ruling class with cheap labor

________ exists when a dominant group physically separates a minority group by imposing distinct housing, social activities, and schools for that group.

Segregation

Immigration, colonialism, and in the case of Blacks, _________ determined the racial and ethnic makeup of present-day society in the United States.

Slavery

Which of the following groups has the highest rate of welfare dependency of any racial or ethnic group in the United States?

Southeast Asians

When people identify only sporadically with their heritage, rather than having deeper ties to it, they are engaging in

Symbolic ethnicity

Which country has the world's largest concentration of Jews?

The United States

The word genocide can be used to describe

The United States' policies toward Native Americans in the 19th century; Nazi Germany's attempt to exterminate Jews during World War II

A large part of our nation's Native American population was wiped out through ______ during the 19th century.

Bloody wars

According to interactionist theorists, prejudice and discrimination

Can be overcome with the establishment of interracial coalitions; Can be overcome with increasing contact between individuals from dominant and subordinate groups

The use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo is known as ______ racism.

Color-blind

The ______ perspective focuses on the idea that racial prejudice and discrimination are perpetuated through economic exploitation.

Conflict

According to the interactionist perspective on racism and discrimination,

Cooperative interracial contact can reduce hostility

Color-blind racism is also referred to as

Covert racism

In addition to the conflict, interactionist, and functionalist perspectives, a fourth sociological perspective on racial and ethnic prejudice is known as

Labeling theory

Within the Native American community, cultural diversity is distinguished by which of the following features?

Language; Religion; Livelihood

Over the past 40 years, immigrants to the United States have come primarily from which regions?

Latin America and Asia

Which of the following groups is the largest minority in the United States?

Latinos

The country of origin most commonly cited among those who identify themselves as Arab American is

Lebanon

In the 1950s and 1960s, the civil rights leader who believed that nonviolent civil disobedience was the best course to use in opposing segregation in the U.S. was

MLK

In the 1960s, ______ was a notable leader of the Black power movement.

Malcolm X

Over half of the Latino population in the United States consists of

Mexican Americans

Which of the following groups form part of the Hispanic population of the United States?

Mexican Americans; Cuban Americans; Puerto Ricans

Assimilation can take many forms, including

No longer speaking a native language; Joining a different religion; Adopting a new name

A(n) ______ minority can include any kind of people as long as they make up less than half of some larger population.

Numerical

Which of the following is an example of racial formation in which mixed-race individuals were categorized as Black, even if they appeared to be White?

One-drop rule

Which of the following are reasons why racial categorization is problematic for multiracial people in the United States?

The social pressure to choose a single racial identity; Government forms that include only broad racial categories

True or false: Asian Pacific Americans as a group are economically diverse.

True

True or false: In a pluralistic society, various groups participate in the larger society without prejudice.

True

About half the people in the United States who classify themselves as multiracial are

Under the age of eighteen

Sociologists define pluralism as

Various groups in a society having mutual respect for one another's cultures

A White college student goes door to door in a predominantly White neighborhood gathering signatures for a ballot initiative without incident. The next day, an African-American city councilwoman canvasses for votes in the same neighborhood, and three residents call the police to report having seen a suspicious-looking woman. In this example, the college student is benefiting from

White privilege

The advantages White people take for granted that minority groups do not have access to is known as

White privilege

What is the term for rights or immunities granted to people as a particular benefit simply because they are white?

White privilege