SOC Chapter 7

Which type of formal organization is sometimes called a "voluntary association"?

normative organizations

In general, we see the _______ as a means to an end; we see the _____ as an end in itself.

secondary group; primary group

The chapter-opening story of the McDonald's organization explains:

that the guiding principles of McDonald's have come to dominate our social life.

Which of the following is every society's most important primary group?

the family

What do sociologists call two or more people who identify and interact with one another?

a social group

The concept "triad" refers to which of the following?

a social group with three members

In your group, the leader is skillful at using humor to reduce tension and to lighten serious moments. Which type of leader does your group have?

an expressive leader

Which type of social group commands a member's esteem and loyalty?

an in-group

You are part of a task force with a group leader who has a distant relationship with group members and who is concerned with getting the job done. Which type of leader does your task force have?

an instrumental leader

The concept "bureaucracy" refers to:

an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently

What is Robert Merton's term for a preoccupation with rules and regulations to the point of keeping an organization from accomplishing its goals?

bureaucratic ritualism

A temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact is a:

crowd

Imagine you are watching several dozen passengers sitting in an airport gate area waiting to board a plane. These people are an example of a:

crowd

Which concept refers to group leadership that emphasizes collective well-being?

expressive leadership

Which type of formal organization do people join to obtain money and other material benefits?

utilitarian organization

Which of the following illustrates the operation of groupthink?

Group members seek consensus, discouraging people from speaking freely, and end up making a decision based on limited information.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the findings of Solomon Asch?

Many people are willing to compromise their own judgment to avoid being seen as different by others.

What is the correct sociological term for all people with a common status, such as "college students."

a category

What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks?

instrumental leadership

A secondary group is a social group that:

is impersonal and engages in some specific activity.

What type of leader downplays their own power, letting the group function more or less on its own?

laissez-faire leaders

Formal organizations are:

large secondary groups with a goal orientation.

Stanley Milgram's research, in which subjects used a "shock generator," showed:

people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also groups of ordinary individuals

Read the list of traits below. Which of these traits is NOT a characteristic of secondary groups?

personal orientation

Which of the following concepts refers to a social group that people use as a point of reference in making evaluations or decisions?

reference group