SOC DEV Final

Which of the following statements about the definition of deviance is TRUE?

1. There is often a great deal of disagreement among people as to what they consider deviant. 2. Few persons in a society are concerned about the definition of deviance. 3. Definitions of deviant behavior are determined by a nation's leader. 4. Almost all persons in a society will agree on the nature of deviant behavior. #1.

All of the following are definitions of deviance proposed by different sociologists, EXCEPT that deviance is 1. a departure from the normative standards of a common culture. 2. behavior eliciting anger or disapproval from large numbers of people. 3. always immoral behavior. 4. behavior that is labeled negative by politicians and the police.

Always immoral behavior

In general, positivist theories focus on the _________ of deviance while constructionist theories point at the _________ of deviance.

Causes...meanings

Which of the following is NOT a kind of social control that can prevent deviance?

Differential association

How did the raising of the drinking age from 18 to 21 lead to more problems with drinking?

Drinking was driven underground, where it could more easily lead to binge drinking.

"Deviant behavior is learned through one's interaction with others." This statement would likely be made by

Edwin Sutherland

All deviant behaviors are criminal behaviors.

False

Attributing deviant behavior to one's genetic disposition is viewing deviant behavior from a Constructionist Perspective.

False

Compared to other developed countries, the United States has the lowest homicide rates.

False

In the film "Brother's Keepers" the community supporters are labeled and the Ward family are the labelers.

False

Most persons who are charged with participating in rape choose strangers as their victims.

False

Richard Quinney argues that diverse cultural groups, not capitalism, explain most deviance in the U.S.

False

The David Rosenhan article "On Being In Insane Places" demonstrates evidence that trained professionals nearly always make accurate diagnoses of individuals exhibiting symptoms of mental illness.

False

The constructionist perspective on deviance centers on the behavior of deviants and does not examine the role of the police or courts in creating deviance.

False

_____________ deviance is best understood through a positivist perspective.

Higher consensus

Which of the following statements reflects the symbolic interactionist's view of human beings?

Humans face, deal with, and act toward the objects they encounter.

All of Jane's friends have jewelry and new clothes, but she had no money to buy them. She therefore resorted to shoplifting to get what she wanted. According to Merton's theory, her behavior is an example of

Innovation

Dexter works as a copy clerk from 8am - 5pm each day. His job is to make paper copies of documents needed by others in the office. He doesn't find the job fulfilling but shows up everyday saying "I'm just doing what I'm doing." According to Merton, Dexter is exhibiting

Ritualistic behavior

The authors of the text argue or emphasize the following point about sexual harassment:

Sexual harassment reflects men's collective attempt to preserve dominance over women.

Which of the following theory concentrates on explain conformity? 1. labeling 2. phenomenological 3. social control

Social Control

Which of the following traits is part of the traditional masculine social role that leads to rape?

The male should take an active part in achieving social and sexual relations with females.

Which of the following groups is most likely to be involved in imposing labels?

The powerful

________ provide sociologists with intellectual frameworks which help them organize observations.

Theories

According to conflict perspectives of deviance, there is a significant discrepancy between the law on the books and the law in action.

True

According to research interviewing men charged with assaulting their wives, most husbands do not report feeling genuine remorse. Indeed, many of the men rationalized the abuse by blaming their wives for provoking the encounter and/or claiming that no or little injury occurred.

True

Constructionist sociologists are likely to argue that making a behavior deviant is a political process. In arguing this, they are implying that defining, policing, and punishing deviance is a process that involves tension, competition, and inequalities.

True

From the feminist perspective, rape is primarily an expression of men's dominance over women.

True

Labeling a person as deviant has some consequences for the person being labeled but it has no consequences for person(s) doing the labeling.

True

Merton argues that access to legitimate means by which to achieve legitimate goals are not equally distributed in American society.

True

Most persons charged with molesting children admit their guilt, while most persons charged with rape refuse to do so.

True

Social control can actually cause deviant behavior as well as prevent it.

True

The concept of differential reinforcement is best at explaining why a person continues to commit a deviant act, not why he or she does so in the first place.

True

The essential idea of conflict theory is that conflict and the resulting deviance is a normal. In fact, conflict theorists argue that deviance is an integral part of complex modern societies.

True

The film "Brother's Keeper" illustrated that one consequence of Delbert's criminal charge and subsequent trial was that Roscoe and Lyman were unable to care for the farm.

True

When it comes to the homicide of women, the home is more dangerous than the streets.

True

Your textbook mentions a study by Simmons where he asked the general public about acts they identified as deviant. The public defined various behaviors as deviant. These included people who were psychiatrists, priests, atheists, and prostitutes.

True

Marxist theorists of crime view ________________ as one of the primary reason for crime and deviance.

a capitalistic economic system

All of the following are the results of capitalism's creation of economic marginality and coercive control of workers, EXCEPT for

a greater reliance on the family.

A type of murder involving killing 4 or more people at or about the same time and place is called

a mass murder

The assertion or belief that many rapes are victim-precipitated

a patriarchal view of rape

The fact that the same behavior can be seen as normal by some and as deviant by others is called the

a relativist view

Sociologist Erving Goffman has called the mental institution

a total institution

With acquaintance rape, the person who commits the rape often uses

a verbal coercion

Phenomenologists developed a term of "deviant reality," which can be understood as

a way that persons give subjective meaning to their deviant experience.

According to a definition of spousal abuse that includes both violent and nonviolent acts,

about one-third of all U.S. couples assault their spouses

If guns were less available, many heated arguments would result in

aggravated assaults rather than murders.

According to research, children who have been abused

are likely to suffer problems, including illicit drug use, later in life.

Sociologists who study the role of power in the definition of deviance have discovered that the rich and powerful

can often avoid the label of deviance.

Sociologists who rely on positivist theories attempt to explain the __________ of deviance.

causes

General homicides are often

committed on impulse

If you believe that pornography is dangerous to communal values such as marriage and the family, you likely agree with a view of pornography that takes a __________ stance.

conservative

Artemis is a sociologist who is undertaking a study of drug use. He is interested in why families in marginalized neighborhoods are often treated as heavy drug users. Artemis is likely following a __________ theory of deviant behavior.

constructionist

Using a framework that argues that the meaning of a drug depends on how people interpret the drug, a researcher investigates the various ways that doctors, police and users define drug use. This researcher is likely using a _____________ approach.

constructionist

Which of the following is NOT a primarily positivist theory of deviance?

control theory , differential association, phenomenological theory, anomie-strain theory [phenomenological theory]

Cloward and Ohlin elaborate Merton's version of anomie-strain theory. They argue that working- and lower-class boys experience do not have the same opportunities as middle-upper class boys. They identify different opportunities as

criminal, conflict, and retreatist subcultures.

Burgess and Akers find Sutherland's differential association theory inadequate because Sutherland

did not specify what is involved in the process of learning to become a criminal.

Most persons who participate in or are charged with rape

do some planning before their assaults

Persons who participate in (commit) rape

do some planning before their assaults

According to the textbook, attributing deviant behavior to choice is a form of pseudo explanation because the concept of choice

does not explain why someone chooses either deviance or normal behavior.

According to the exchange theory of family violence, which of the following would be the reward of violence?

enjoyment of power and control over the victim

C. Wright Mills, the sociologist who first developed the concept of the sociological imagination, emphasized that changes in a society

exert a direct and profound influence on the people living in it.

Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) data often finds similar prevalence of sexual assaults and rapes.

false

Women who are economically dependent on their abusive husbands are more likely to leave.

false

In "Brother's Keeper" the community supporters and defense attorney constructed the surviving Ward brothers as

having the mental competence of children

ccording to the drug enslavement theory,

he high cost of drugs forces addicts into a life of crime.

Regarding the racial backgrounds of offender and victim, murder

is mostly intraracial

A sociologist conducts a field study about a particular poor, rural area. In conducting her research, she meets Frank. Frank reveals that he does not see much hope for his life. The researcher notes that Frank begins to hang out with a group of friends who use drugs. Frank's new friends teach him what effects to expect from the drugs and how to use the drugs. The researcher is likely using a(n) _________ approach to note such findings.

learning

Research has shown that the majority of abused women

leave abusive relationships

All of the following are factors that lead to more rape-prone campuses, EXCEPT for 1. not seriously dealing with sexual assault. 2. mandatory membership in fraternities. 3. a tradition of heavy drinking.

mandatory membership in fraternities.

Your book explicitly argues that the stigma associated with mental illness is still apparent when paying attention to

media portrayals of the mentally ill.

Alex experienced family violence as s/he was growing up. According to social learning theory, s/he is

more likely to engage in family violence.

The war on drugs disproportionately targeted the policing and punishment of

poor, minority drug users

According to Erikson and others, labeling other persons as deviant has

positive consequences for the community or individuals who apply the label.

Determinist, objectivist and absolutist are other terms for aspects of the __________ perspective on deviance.

positivist

The authors of the text propose that sexual harassment ___________________. This understanding is in line with culture of rape arguments:

reflects men's attempt to preserve their traditional dominance over women.

If a people shame a person while also showing respect, understanding, and forgiveness, they practice __________ shaming.

reintegrative

According to a famous study of a sample of the elderly in Boston, __________ of elder persons are more likely to be elder abusers.

relatives and spouses

One reason why we are more likely to be killed by those we know than by strangers is that murder most often

requires a great deal of emotion, which is more likely to be generated by intimate relations.

Artemis has no aspirations of being rich and successful. She does, however, works hard, and she takes pride in her work. According to Merton's theory, this behavior is an example of

ritualism.

An expression of disapproval designed to invoke remorse in the wrongdoer is called

shaming

Theorists who take a conflict perspective argue that the way society current defines and punishes deviance is shameful. They argue that _________ is needed to change these definitions and punishment practices.

social and political change

Anomie-strain theory argues that

society, not the individual, causes much deviance.

When I say that deviance is an "observable fact," I am referring to deviance as

something that can be studied in a factual (empirical) way.

The most conservative sources estimate that an average woman's chance of being raped is one in

ten

Many people criticize labeling theory, arguing that it

that it does not explain the initial cause of deviance.

One serious, negative consequence of marital rape is

that survivors often blame themselves.

One reason why sociology is "problem-oriented" is because

the discipline was born out of the industrial revolution.

Aside from the police and the military, __________ is the most violent institution in America.

the family

All of the following are part of America's culture of rape, EXCEPT for 1. treating women like the property of men. 2. the formation of antirape organizations like rape crisis centers. 3. the myth that women want to be raped. 4. using women in masculinity contests.

the formation of antirape organizations like rape crisis centers.

The most prevalent form of forced sex is

the rape of a woman by her husband.

The public treats all forms of mental distress as a serious mental disorder because

there is a stigma attached to mental disorder

According to external restraint theory, one of the reasons that some persons commit homicide rather than suicide is because

they are able to place the blame for frustration on another person.

According to external restraint theory, suicide and homicide are both acts of aggression resulting from frustration.

true

In the film "Codes of Gender," you are introduced to the concept of gender display. According to the film, gender display is the process or processes by which we perform the sex and gendered roles, which social convention deems acceptable or expected.

true

Most murders are committed by the victims' acquaintances, friends, lovers, or relatives.

true

The David Rosenhan article "On Being Sane in Insane Places" notes that issues of patient powerlessness are extensive.

true

The definition of mental illness is contingent on the social norms of the society in question.

true

The objectification of women in our culture plays a role as to why men commit rape.

true

The extent of family violence varies from one report to another because researchers

use different definitions of deviance.

Most control theorists assume

we are born with a propensity towards deviance.