Soc Exam 3

media globalization

the worldwide integration of media through the cross-cultural exchange of ideas

dependency theory

a theory which states that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi- peripheral nations by core nations

intersection theory

theory that suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes

utility patents

patents that are granted for the invention or discovery of any new and useful process, product, or machine

design patents

patents that are granted when someone has invented a new and original design for a manufactured product

plant patents

patents that recognize the discovery of new plant types that can be asexually reproduced

John's society has experienced technological and industrial growth. This has created an expansion of jobs for both blue-collar and white-collar workers. This societal growth will likely cause which of the following types of mobility? A. Structural mobility B. Horizontal social mobility C. Vertical social mobility D. Social mobility

A. Structural mobility

Which of the following statements is true of the interactionist perspectives of inequality? A. They focus on how inequality is socially constructed through everyday interactions. B. They focus on how inequality is functional for society. C. They examine how governments perceive, report, and define social class within their countries. D. They focus on explaining why social equality exists.

A. They focus on how inequality is socially constructed through everyday interactions.

What is the term that refers to a form of wealth that can be stored for the future? A. assets B. equality C. resources D. stocks

A. assets

In an attempt to impress everyone at the party, Emily spent the entire evening talking about the new Mercedes she had recently purchased. What some people might call bragging, sociologists would call ______. A. conspicuous consumption B. status consistency C. status inconsistency D. false consciousness

A. conspicuous consumption

Karen was born poor and was homeless during her first 10 years of life. Her mother and father were both poor and homeless. She was able to get into a mentoring program and achieved very high grades. She graduated from high school and college at the top of her class. She now heads up her own corporation. Karen's life story is an example of ______. A. intergenerational mobility B. structural mobility C. false consciousness D. downward mobility

A. intergenerational mobility

The conflict approach argues that functional arguments about stratification merely serve to ______. A. justify inequality and maintain the status quo. B. justify important social functions. C. make sure that society's dirty, dangerous, dead-end jobs will be done. D. persuade people to undergo the years of training and hard work required to perform important jobs.

A. justify inequality and maintain the status quo.

Deprivation experienced by some people in contrast to others who have more is called ______. A. relative poverty B. the poverty line or poverty threshold C. absolute poverty D. None of these

A. relative poverty

The structured ranking of people in a society based upon selected social statuses is called ______. A. social mobility B. social stratification C. the just-world hypothesis D. the estate system

A. social mobility

Ugo's promotion to regional manager at Starbucks with a higher salary and more prestige is an example what type ofl social mobility? A. upward mobility (or upward vertical mobility) B. escalating C. descending D. advancement

A. upward mobility (or upward vertical mobility)

Although ______ mobility describes an upward or downward change in social standing or social status of children relative to their parents, ______ mobility describes an upward or downward change in social standing for an individual over the course of his or her lifetime. A. intragenerational; intergenerational B. intergenerational; intragenerational C. vertical; structural D. structural; vertical

B. intergenerational; intragenerational

The movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society is called: A. structural mobility. B. social mobility. C. vertical mobility. D. horizontal mobility.

B. social mobility.

______ is defined as property or economic resources that are not required for immediate consumption, such as buildings, factories, cars, stocks, and bank accounts. A. Income B. Wealth C. Prestige D. Power

B. Wealth

A condition of deprivation in which people have too little money or other resources to obtain all they need for basic survival is called ______. A. relative poverty B. absolute poverty C. poverty line or threshold D. feminization of poverty

B. absolute poverty

Jane's efforts to display status through expensive cars and clothing is sociologically known as _____. A. status consistency B. conspicuous consumption C. socioeconomic status (SES) D. cultural capital

B. conspicuous consumption

Jennifer grew up in an impoverished home where her parents struggled to provide for her. After receiving a scholarship to college, Jennifer became a successful physician. This is an example of which of the following? A. Horizontal social mobility B. Intragenerational mobility C. Intergenerational mobility D. Structural mobility

C. Intergenerational mobility

Which of the following is NOT a component of socioeconomic status (SES)? A. Prestige B. Income C. Merit D. Education

C. Merit

Based on the lecture on Wednesday, November 15th, which of the following statements would be true of Pierre Bourdieu's view of stratification systems? A. Stratification systems are based solely on class conflict over material resources. B. Stratification systems are based on three dimensions: class, prestige, and power. C. Stratification systems distinguish people on other dimensions besides materials good, including cultural factors such as tastes, language, attitudes, and general ways of thinking and behaving that influence our interactions with one another. D. Stratification systems are largely based on personal merit and initiative.

C. Stratification systems distinguish people on other dimensions besides materials good, including cultural factors such as tastes, language, attitudes, and general ways of thinking and behaving that influence our interactions with one another.

Mobility that results from changes in a society's occupational structure is called ______. A. social mobility B. vertical social mobility C. structural mobility D. intergenerational social mobility

C. structural mobility

Adult women in the U.S. tend to be poorer than adult men. This is called ______. A. the culture of poverty B. relative poverty C. the feminization of poverty D. the poverty line or threshold

C. the feminization of poverty

Max Weber believed which of the following about social stratification? A. Social class is measured only by income. B. Social class is determined by whether one is a member of the proletariat or the bourgeoisie. C. Prestige and social capital are the most important components of social stratification. D. Social stratification is based on class, prestige, and power.

D. Social stratification is based on class, prestige, and power.

According to the textbook, since 2007 the average American CEO pay is ______ times more than the average workers' pay. A. 5 B. 50 C. 156 D. 298

D. 298

In class we discussed how our interactions with one another are influenced by tastes, language, attitudes, and general ways of thinking. These tastes, languages, attitudes and general ways of thinking, which are largely dependent on our class position, are also known as ______, and which was described by Pierre Bourdieu. A. status consistency B. socioeconomic status (SES) C. power D. cultural capital

D. cultural capital

Mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy is called: A. vertical mobility. B. horizontal mobility. C. escalating mobility. D. structural mobility.

D. structural mobility.

What is another term for the (chronically under employed/unemployed) nonworking poor? A. mentally challenged B. proletariat C. deserving poor D. underclass

D. underclass

DOMA

Defense of Marriage Act, a 1996 U.S. law explicitly limiting the definition of "marriage" to a union between one man and one woman and allowing each individual state to recognize or deny same-sex marriages performed in other states

Davis-Moore thesis

thesis that argues some social stratification is a social necessity

neo-Luddites

those who see technology as a symbol of the coldness of modern life

technophiles

those who see technology as symbolizing the potential for a brighter future

evolutionary model of technological change

a breakthrough in one form of technology that leads to a number of variations, from which a prototype emerges, followed by a period of slight adjustments to the technology, interrupted by a breakthrough

gender dysphoria:

a condition listed in the DSM-5 in which people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with. This condition replaces "gender identity disorder"

intergenerational mobility

a difference in social class between different generations of a family

intragenerational mobility

a difference in social class between different members of the same generation

chattel slavery

a form of slavery in which one person owns another

subordinate group

a group of people who have less power than the dominant group

class

a group who shares a common social status based on factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation

primogeniture

a law stating that all property passes to the firstborn son

GINI coefficient

a measure of income inequality between countries using a 100-point scale, in which 1 represents complete equality and 100 represents the highest possible inequality

global feminization of poverty

a pattern that occurs when women bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty

sexuality

a person's capacity for sexual feelings

gender identity

a person's deeply held internal perception of his or her gender

sexual orientation

a person's physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex (male or female)

media consolidation

a process by which fewer and fewer owners control the majority of media outlets

racism:

a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others

oligopoly

a situation in which a few firms dominate a marketplace

subjective poverty

a state of poverty composed of many dimensions, subjectively present when one's actual income does not meet one's expectations

second world

a term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living

first world

a term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies

third world

a term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, unindustrialized countries

sex

a term that denotes the presence of physical or physiological differences between males and females

fourth world

a term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage

gender

a term that refers to social or cultural distinctions of behaviors that are considered male or female

modernization theory

a theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes towards work

scapegoat theory:

a theory that suggests that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group

Which of the following is true about a minority category? a. A minority category has a distinctive social identity and a subordinate place in society. b. The term minority category doesn't really mean much since ethnicity is no longer relevant in modern society c. A minority category has a distinctive social identity. d. The term 'minority category' always represents a numerical minority (i.e., less than 50 percent of the population).

a. A minority category has a distinctive social identity and a subordinate place in society.

Which of the following ideas is emphasized by the conflict perspective? a. Competition takes place between groups with unequal amounts of economic and political power. b. Societies should focus on blaming the racial and ethnic minorities for their problems. c. Social change and redistribution of resources should be avoided to maintain stability in a society. d. An aspect of social life that does not contribute to a society's stability or survival will not be passed on from one generation to the next.

a. Competition takes place between groups with unequal amounts of economic and political power.

Emma claims that racial discrimination is beneficial to society because it provides people with motivation to change their status. Her friend, James, argues that racial behaviors are dysfunctional to all the people of a society. Whose argument is correct and why? a. James is correct because discrimination aggravates social problems such as poverty, delinquency, and crime. b. Emma is correct because racial beliefs encourage subordinate people to question their lowly status in society. c. James is correct because racial beliefs encourage social change that benefits subordinate groups. d. Emma is correct because racial discriminations facilitate the use of resources by all people in a society.

a. James is correct because discrimination aggravates social problems such as poverty, delinquency, and crime.

Which of the following is a difference between the functionalist perspective and the conflict perspective? a. The functionalist perspective emphasizes the stability of a society, while the conflict perspective emphasizes the tension between competing groups. b. The functionalist perspective is more appropriate today in the study of race and ethnicity, while the conflict perspective best helps to understand the behaviors that are passed on from one generation to the next. c. The functionalist perspective focuses on the difficulties of the subordinate groups, while the conflict perspective focuses on the benefits of racial discrimination to dominant groups. d. The functionalist perspective explains the physical violence between groups competing for their share of resources, while the conflict perspective explains how immigration restrictions and real estate practices result in competition between groups.

a. The functionalist perspective emphasizes the stability of a society, while the conflict perspective emphasizes the tension between competing groups.

According to conflict theorists, which of the following is a function that racial beliefs have for dominant groups? a. They justify existing practices and serve maintain the existing social structure. b. They free dominant groups from the burden of reducing social problems such as poverty, delinquency, and crime. c. They encourage social changes that assist subordinate groups. d. They help dominant groups extend the search for talent and leadership to all groups of a society.

a. They justify existing practices and serve maintain the existing social structure.

The process whereby minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture is called: a. assimilation. b. pluralism. c. segregation. d. genocide.

a. assimilation.

The continuum of intergroup relations extends from ____________ at the most inhumane end of the continuum to the most humane end, _____________. a. genocide, pluralism b. multiculturalism, genocide. c. population growth, population transfer d. population transfer, assimilation

a. genocide, pluralism

When belief in the inheritance of behavior patterns and in an association between physical and cultural traits is coupled with the feeling that certain groups are inherently superior to others, it is called ________. a. racism b. racial formation c. pluralism d. marginality

a. racism

new media

all interactive forms of information exchange

media

all print, digital, and electronic means of communication

transgender

an adjective that describes individuals who identify with the behaviors and characteristics that are other than their biological sex

homophobia

an extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals

heterosexism

an ideology and a set of institutional practices that privilege heterosexuals and heterosexuality over other sexual orientations

queer theory:

an interdisciplinary approach to sexuality studies that identifies Western society's rigid splitting of gender into male and female roles and questions its appropriateness

underground economy

an unregulated economy of labor and goods that operates outside of governance, regulatory systems, or human protections

minority group

any group of people who are singled out from the others for differential and unequal treatment

Authoritarian Personality Theory is associated with: a. Emory Bogardus b. T. W. Adorno c. W. I. Thomas d. Robert Merton

b. T. W. Adorno

Race is: a. the same as ethnicity. b. a socially constructed category. c. based on fixed traits. d. based on shared biological traits

b. a socially constructed category.

Which theory proposes that powerful people use prejudice to justify their oppression of others? a. scapegoat theory b. conflict theory c. cultural theory d. authoritarian personality theory

b. conflict theory

The dominant group in the country of Tilipo believes that its members are the original natives of the country. They force the minority groups to live in very small areas with extreme limits on their ability to find work and travel freely. They also introduce several laws that severely punish minorities for the smallest crime and denied educational opportunities to all members of the minority groups. As a result, most of the minorities in Tilipo fled to neighboring countries. Which of the following terms best describes the dominant group's actions? a. blaming the victim b. indirect population transfer c. direct population transfer d. segregation

b. indirect population transfer

Robert is a non-Hispanic White American. He is heterosexual, has good educational qualifications, and is a Roman Catholic. Robert also belongs to a minority group. Which of the following is a reason for his minority-group status? a. race b. religious affiliation c. gender d. sexual orientation

b. religious affiliation

prejudice

biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people

Jack has a low level of education and can't find a job. Rather than acknowledging that his lack of education is the problem, he blames his inability to find a job on minorities and immigrants. This is an example of which theoretical explanation of prejudice? a. Selective perception b. Labeling theory c. Scapegoat Theory (also know as Frustration Aggression) d. Authoritarian Personality

c. Scapegoat Theory (also know as Frustration Aggression)

Ethnicity is based on: a. a common sense of humor. b. shared geography. c. a shared cultural heritage. d. physical traits that are shared in common.

c. a shared cultural heritage.

The assertion that almost everyone expresses some prejudice because it is embedded in culture sums up which theory? a. conflict theory b. scapegoat theory c. cultural theory d. authoritarian personality theory

c. cultural theory

'Scientific' theories in the nineteenth century tried to explain race in naturalistic terms. Which of the following ideas was not considered? a. evolution b. genetics c. height d. brain size

c. height

Molly is a conflict theorist studying different aspects of societies. She is most likely to argue that ________. a. only the aspects of a society that are beneficial will be passed from one generation to the next b. underprivileged people are solely responsible for their plight in a society c. societies are in a struggle between the privileged and the exploited groups d. a society can be viewed as constituting many parts, each of which helps to maintain its stability

c. societies are in a struggle between the privileged and the exploited groups

Derek believes that all immigrants belong to underdeveloped countries and migrate to his country in search of jobs and better standards of living. He believes that such people are suitable for physically demanding jobs and not for intellectually demanding jobs. Derek's opinions about immigrants are an example of ________. a. ethnophaulisms b. pluralities c. stereotypes d. marginalities

c. stereotypes

Even though race and ethnicity are different, they: a. can be modified if a person really tries. b. are really the same thing with a few minor and inconsequential differences. c. tend to become conflated and are seen by many people as meaning the same thing. d. complement each other since race involves more variability and mixture than ethnicity.

c. tend to become conflated and are seen by many people as meaning the same thing.

When the Schmidt family came to the United States in 1890, they attended school to learn the language and customs of their new country. They subsequently changed their name to Smith. This is an example of a. continued subjugation. b. pluralism. c. legal nomination. d. assimilation.

d. assimilation.

Which pattern of majority/minority interaction is based on social differences and equality? a. assimilation b. heterogeneity c. segregation d. pluralism

d. pluralism

The coexistence of diverse groups is called: a. gatekeeping. b. assimilation. c. continued subjugation. d. pluralism.

d. pluralism.

Which of the following involves judgments about individuals that are not based on direct knowledge of the people being judged? a. prejudice, religion, and culture b. racism, religion, and culture c. stereotyping, prejudice, and religion d. prejudice, racism, and stereotyping

d. prejudice, racism, and stereotyping

The belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another is best referred to as: a. prejudice. b. stereotype. c. discrimination. d. racism.

d. racism.

core nations

dominant capitalist countries

panoptic surveillance

form of constant monitoring in which the observation posts are decentralized and the observed is never communicated with directly

dominant group

group of people who have more power in a society than any of the subordinate groups

semi-peripheral nations

in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and an expanding middle class marketplace

peripheral nations

nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization

stereotypes

oversimplified ideas about groups of people

discrimination

prejudiced action against a group of people

institutional racism

racism embedded in social institutions

ethnicity

shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more

class system

social standing based on social factors and individual accomplishments

social construction of sexuality

socially created definitions about the cultural appropriateness of sex-linked behavior which shape how people see and experience sexuality

gender role

society's concept of how men and women should behave

e-readiness

the ability to sort through, interpret, and process digital knowledge

expulsion

the act of a dominant group forcing a subordinate group to leave a certain area or even the country

planned obsolescence

the act of a technology company planning for a product to be obsolete or unable from the time it's created

debt bondage

the act of people pledging themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage, and are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom

racial steering:

the act of real estate agents directing prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race

technology

the application of science to solve problems in daily life

cyberfeminism

the application to and promotion of feminism online

biological determinism

the belief that men and women behave differently due to inherent sex differences related to their biology

colorism

the belief that one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group

white privilege

the benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group

debt accumulation

the buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals

global inequality

the concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority

double standard:

the concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women but allows it for men

technological globalization

the cross-cultural development and exchange of technology

genocide

the deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group

knowledge gap

the gap in information that builds as groups grow up without access to technology

pluralism

the ideal of the United States as a "salad bowl:" a mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the "flavor" of the whole

gross national income (GNI)

the income of a nation calculated based on goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country

sedimentation of racial inequality

the intergenerational impact of de facto and de jure racism that limits the abilities of black people to accumulate wealth

deindustrialization

the loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower

capital flight

the movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources

doing gender

the performance of tasks based upon the gender assigned to us by society and, in turn, ourselves

segregation

the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions

redlining

the practice of routinely refusing mortgages for households and business located in predominately minority communities

sexism

the prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another

net neutrality

the principle that all Internet data should be treated equally by internet service providers

amalgamation:

the process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group

assimilation

the process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture

social construction of race

the school of thought that race is not biologically identifiable

gatekeeping

the sorting process by which thousands of possible messages are shaped into a mass media-appropriate form and reduced to a manageable amount

technological diffusion

the spread of technology across borders

relative poverty

the state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country

absolute poverty

the state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities

model minority:

the stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protest against the majority establishment

culture of prejudice

the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture

global stratification

the unequal distribution of resources between countries

digital divide

the uneven access to technology around race, class, and geographic lines

racial profiling

the use by law enforcement of race alone to determine whether to stop and detain someone

transsexuals

transgender individuals who attempt to alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy