SOC Health and Illness Midterm

According to the World Bank, 736 million people live in extreme poverty, defined as an income under ______ per person per day

1.90

_________ of all adults 18 and older smoke cigarettes regularly.

16%

The rise of scientific medicine took more than ________ years.

400

Much research finds that five risky behaviors underlie cancer and heart disease, which account for about _________ of all U.S. deaths annually.

50%

All of the following are reasons that help explain the link between social class and promotive versus risky health behavior except ____________.

All of the above are reasons.

Marriage appears to be more beneficial for men's health than for women's health. This is in part because _______________.

Both B and C.

Low-income people are more likely to practice periodic health behavior such as preventive health screenings.

False

One of the two obligations for successful fulfillment of the sick role is that the person must not want to become healthy and must not try to become healthy.

False

Tuberculosis used to be a leading cause of death in the developing world, but now is rare.

False

While there are several examples of conflicts of interest in drug testing, there are no known cases of companies putting out a drug that they knew could kill someone.

False

Women in high-income nations can expect to live about the same number of years on average as women in low-income nations.

False

____________ is the level which focuses on aspects of the social and physical environments that increase the risk for health problems.

Primary prevention

During the ________, individuals began to reject religion as the dominant mode of thinking in favor of reason and intellect.

Renaissance

___________ is the unequal distribution of wealth and other important resources valued by a society.

Social inequality

____________________ is defined as living a long life that is relatively free of health problems.

Successful aging

Although people are indeed sometimes partly to blame for the health problems they experience, larger social forces beyond any one individual's control also often play a fundamental role.

True

Medical sociology recognizes that the quality of health care is fundamentally important not only for the treatment of disease and illness but also for their very prevention.

True

Public health is defined as measures to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life among the population as a whole.

True

Social conditions are not just fundamental causes of disease; they are also fundamental causes of health inequalities.

True

Social relationships can promote risky health behaviors.

True

The consequences of chronic illness tend to be more troublesome for people who live by themselves and have few friends.

True

The health belief model implies that people's perceptions about their health matter more than objective evidence of potential health problems regarding their decision to engage in health behaviors.

True

The _________ study, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service, used about 400 illiterate African American men as subjects.

Tuskegee

Women in the developing world face three specific problems. Which of the following is not one of the problems?

Women are generally poorer and less educated than men

Which of the following is true about social relationships and health behaviors?

all of the above

The rise of chronic illness, the rise of the Internet, and the dissatisfaction with physicians and the health care system has led to ____________.

an increase of self-care.

In medical sociology, disease is a _______ concept whereas illness is a _______ concept.

biological; social

Some of the factors in help-seeking behavior theory reflect the influence of a person's ___________.

cultural and social background

When we hear about social constructionism in medical sociology, it means that _________.

culture and social systems shape our experience of illness and how we make meaning of it

Environmental pollution and hazardous waste sites are more likely to be found in areas populated by low SES people and by people of colog. Environmental problems are more likely to be found in these areas. This is called ________________.

environmental inequality.

A study where physicians were shown a video of either an African American patient or a White patient (both were actors) complaining of heart symptoms is an example of a(n) ______________.

experiment

Global inequality is the unequal distribution of nations in terms of wealth, power, and influence, and resources. Another term for global inequality is _________.

global stratification

The _____ per capita is the value of a nation's goods and services divided by its population size.

gross national product

The field of medical sociology sees health and illness as ____________, which stands in contrast to how we usually think of the problem.

having social causes

The nations which are the wealthiest in the world are called _________.

high-income nations.

A person who feels they have control over their own lives has a high ________.

internal locus of control

Link and Phelan argued that some social conditions are fundamental causes of disease. Which of the following is not one of the features of a fundamental cause?

it affects disease via many types of risk factors

Illness can be thought of as a social designation resulting from the _______ that people attach to medical symptoms.

meaning

The process by which nonmedical problems become defined and treated as medical problems, usually in terms of illness and disorders, is called ____________.

medicalization

The assumption that wealthy nations of Western Europe became wealthy because several centuries ago they developed certain beliefs and values that helped them become wealthy is called ______.

modernization theory

Stress results from three sources. All of the following are sources mentioned in the textbook except ________________.

natural disasters

During the ________, the biomedical model had thoroughly displaced religion and tradition as the dominant paradigm for understanding health, illness, and medicine.

nineteenth century

One way to understand the health disparities around the world is to look at what we call basic indicators. Which of the following is not a basic indicator of health and disease around the world?

number of people killed in car accidents

The discovery of ________ was one of the most important developments during the nineteenth century.

penicillin

In which of the following ways did the industrial revolution impact the spread of disease?

people were crowded into small areas, causing diseases to spread more quickly

Which of the following is not one of the ethical issues in scientific medicine?

purchasing drugs internationally because of cost

In writing their theory of fundamental causes, Link and Phelan found that _____________.

social class (SES) was the most important fundamental cause of disease.

"Assuming people have the freedom to make health choices is out of line with what many people experience as real possibilities in their everyday lives," is a statement that hints at how _______ affects health behaviors.

socioeconomic status

The term health inequalities means that _____________.

some people are more or less likely to be healthy because they are unequal in terms of social class, race and ethnicity, and other social inequalities.

Which of the following is not an example of promotive health behavior?

taking Adderall to focus

The illness experience varies in all of the following ways except _________.

that there are many similarities based on gender, social class, and educational level.

The combination of better mortality and worse morbidity for women is called _______________.

the gender paradox

The expectations for behavior of someone designated as ill by society (usually by a medical practitioner) is called ___________.

the sick role

Global health disparities illustrate and reinforce medical sociology's emphasis on _______.

the social causation of health and disease

Medical sociology looks at the impact that _______ has on individuals' health and illness as well as behaviors and attitudes related to health.

the social environment

The idea that an individual may be unemployed not because they are lazy but because the economy lacks employment opportunities or because the individual was born into poverty and could not afford to go to college illustrates _______.

the sociological imagination

The stage of the illness experience where a person perceives symptoms of a possible health problem and must decide what, if anything, to do about these symptoms is called _______.

the symptom experience.

Childhood stress that is frequent, severe, and prolonged is called _________________.

toxic stress.

The concepts of social class, race and ethnic and gender are examples of ______________, as discussed in this chapter.

upstream factors

According to the sociological perspective, your chance of graduating from college or having a good job depend on ______.

your social environment