Soc M162 final

fewer younger, but increasingly powerful: how portrayals of women, age, and power have changed from 2005 to 2016 in the 50 top grossing films / Conor neville and Phyllis Anastasio

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gender, social inequalities, and aging / Tony calsatani and Kathleen slevin

-Reclaiming "old" -social construction of value: value ascribed to young vs. old-we age differently by class due to access to plastic surgery-social security benefits people unequally-media suggests that aging is bad (ageism)

"Ain't I a Woman?" / Sojourner Truth

- Woman aren't as strong as men, women should be treated equally regardless of their intellect, and black women should have equal rights. What three main ideas about women is Sojourner Truth responding to in this speech? The ministers statement "women are weak" is false. I am a woman and I'm not weak. What is Truth really saying each time she repeats "And Aint I a Woman"? She means that women are strong enough and intelligent enough to work to get fair treatment and equal rights. What does Truth mean by the sentence,"If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again!"? "Where did your Christ come from?" It makes her speech more powerful and made her listeners stop and think about what she was saying. Truth repeats the question "And Aint I a Woman?" What other question does she repeat? Would her speech have had the same impact without those questions? Women want to have rights to vote and to make the country a better place Truth says, "And now they is asking to do it, the men better let them." Think of one question and one detail that would help you understand that sentence. Then explain what the sentence means. Borne Given birth to Intellect Power of mind to know, understand, and reason Obliged To be grateful Which of the following best summarizes Sojourner Truth's argument in "Ain't I A Woman?" Women regardless of race deserve the same rights as men. "If my cup won't hold but a pint, and yours holds a quart, wouldn't you be mean not to let me have my little half measure-full?" What does this quote from paragraph 3 mean as it is used in the excerpt, and how does it impact the meaning of Truth's speech? Truth is saying that one's personal qualities should not factor into whether or not that person deserves justice and equality in the form of their rights. For Truth, it does not matter if she has less intellect than a man — a small pint to his larger quart of intellect — because she still deserves to have her cup filled. She still deserves to have secured her rights as much as a white man. Truth argues for treating all people fairly regardless of what others make of their capabilities. Just because she is a black woman does not mean she does not deserve to have her cup filled — even if white men think that cup is inferior to their own. How does Truth's repeated use of rhetorical questions develop her central argument? Explain your answer using evidence from the text. by repeatedly asking a question with an obvious answer — "Ain't I a woman?" — Truth makes her argument about being treated equally, as white women are treated better. Truth's message becomes one of intersectionality and inclusion: there can be no equality for women that does not include equality for her or for other black women. Which of the following best describes Truth's tone in the passage? judgemental/Critical What question is repeatedly asked throughout the speech? And Ain't I A Woman? When was the speech "And Ain't I A Woman?" written? 1851 What word would NOT describe the Tone of her speech? begging

"Barbie Girls versus Sea Monsters: Children Constructing Gender" / Michael Messner

-Research Problem/Question: How gender conformity is naturally enforced and practiced by kids as young as kindergarten and elementary school.Method/Approach: Ethnography, field notesArgument/Conclusion: Gender roles are constructed in structure, culture, and -.Argument Outline:- Introduces the idea that children perform gender with and for each other and brings up (AUTHOR's NAME)Tells us that will be using the example of children's organized sports as the medium for examining thisDescribes incident of small boys yelling "NO BARBIE!" in response to each other after each of them see the girls parading around Barbie.Presents different data on the naming of kids soccer teams - boys used warrior names far more often than girls didArguments on whether Barbie is feminist or not and discussion on what that Barbie meant to those girls in that moment.Gender as the segregator for the boys on the Sea Monsters team. Gender that is taught to them through media and popular culture and enforced via the AYSO's sex segregation.Specifically, Messner's analysis focuses on the interactional, structural, and cultural

'Dude, You're a Fag': Adolescent Masculinity and the Fag Discourse / C.J Pascoe

-What do boy learn, long before adolescence, about fagg*ts? They must avoid becoming one In addition to sexual identity, what else does "becoming a fag" have to do with? (p. 54) Failing in masculinity, heterosexual prowess and strength; or revealing weakness or femininity What does D.L King's work point out about homophobia? (p. 55) Homophobia is characterized by racial identities as well as sexually gendered ones Why did boys call lesbians "good"? (p. 56) Because of their places in heterosexual male fantasy what does "gay" seem to be a synonym for? stupid what did some boys (darnell) go to pains to point out about the term "fag"? That fag did not imply sexuality Whats does the "eminem exception" say about the term "fag"? That it doesn't refer to someone's sexual orientation; it means someone is weak and unmanly In the contemporary psychological literature, what is pathologized? gay male effeminacy How has the war against fag as the specter of unmasculine manhood revealed itself in gay male personal ads? where men look for "straight-appearing, straight-acitng men" What is the fag discourse central to? boy's joking relationships how can the fag identity be escaped? usually by a contest to turn the other boy into a fag what is masculinity a carefully crafted appearance of? not caring about appearance what does the term metrosexual mean? straight men who care about their appearance why did dancing put boys at risk of being labeled a fag? Because of the sexualized and feminized meanings embedded in dancing Why did Ricky embody the fag? because of his homosexuality and his less normative gender identification and self-presenation What did Ricky have to contend with? intense harassment What did the straight boys face in ricky? terrifying, embodied object, not just same specter of a fag How did boys claim they would react to ricky going to the prom? violently How did Ricky respond to the harassment? Evasion strategies: walk with eyes down, take different routes to school, and always walk with rock/weapon What did the administration's lack of protection for Ricky mean? He faced torture on a daily basis Why did Jacob and Liam have such a hard time following the instruction in the dance class? Because it was dangerous to actually dance together like that what is the "cool pose"? Unique, expressive and conspicuous styles demeanor, speech, gesture, clothing, hairstyle, walk, and handshake Why was "white" the stand-in for fag for African-American boys? Because they are so hypersexualized in the US, white men are by default feminized What meanings did dancing carry for African-American boys who participated in hip-hop culture? masculine meaning Why were African-American boys punished more stringently than whites when using the fag discourse? the insult took on actual combative overtones What were places of escape from the fag discourse? (p. 78) The gay/straight alliance and drama performances Why was the dramatic performance a space of liberation and relaxation? (p. 81) Boys could express different gender identities without the fear of being teased Why does Pascoe talk about a "fag discourse" as opposed to "homophobia"? (p. 81) Because it's a gendered and radicalized homophobia What is an "abject"? (p. 81) a position outside masculinity, that actually constitutes masculinity. What weight id Ricky bear for the straight boys? The weight of the fears and anxieties of the boys who frantically lobbed the fag epithet at one another ricky permanetly embodied the fag position in the HS.-dicriminated and bullied by the school boys/faculty.-was heterophobic, due to the fact that the administration never protected him from the bullies.he is abnormal, and has his own abject identity. huey bad sense of style made him an outcast. he was an abject identity.he was a boy who was consistently made fun of for his attempt to impress all the other boys KJ mixed race, from the phillipinnes, he is a gendered homphobic bchas a lesbian sister, but is still mean to ricky he is thought of as a great dance chad seen as the hegemonic male in the school. he sets the standards of what it is to be masculine in the school rebecca was the female versions hegemonic male(chad). she was seen as magical. boy and girls wanted her.she was accepted in the school unlike all the other homosexual studentsshe was able to inhabit multiple identities Jessie was gay. she wasnt very well liked, but she was popular. she would try very hard to fit her gender identity GSA girls girls deeply committed to social justice goal of study explain how teenagers, teachers, and the insti- tutional logics of schooling construct adolescent masculinity through id- ioms of sexuality. This book investigates the relationships between gen- der and sexuality as embedded in a major socializing institution of modern youth: high Research Problem/Question: The meanings of the term "fag" and it's ubiquitous use amongst contemporary youth.Method/Approach: The author engages in fieldwork and observes the interaction of youth at Riverhigh, a high school whose demographics are similar to the nations at large.Argument/Conclusion: The term "fag" has served to reinforce masculinity on to the person using the insult and strips the insulted of their masculinity. The term is more concerned with masculinity than with actual state of homosexuality.Argument Outline: - Pascoe explains the history of the term "******" and how it has been come to be used so frequently by society- Pascoe considers other works by authors who have only explored what the term has meant in relation to sexuality without question to gender and states that this is what she wants to look into- Pascoe explains her decision to observe high school age boys specifically in a high school- It is the interaction of these high schoolers that help her develop her argument that it is more to do with masculinity - a high school student would not use the term "fag" to describe an actual homosexual person- Comparatively, the use of the word "slut" is equated to a "fag" but is used less- A racial dimension is added when Pascoe begins to look at what white and black youth consider "fag" behavior (dress, dancing)- Ends with a note on how this discourse can result in deadly consequences

The Second Shift (Arlie Hochschild)

-Why are qualitative research methods suitable for answering the questions that Hochschild asks? The questions are opinion based and feeling related, thus qualitative methods are better suited for answering them. What reasons does Hochschild give for the reason that women are more torn between the demands of work an family than thier hudbands? 1. Wives feel more responsible for the home.2. Wives are often torn between senses of urgency.3. Men have more control over when they make their contributions to the home.4. Women more often do two things at once. What does Hochschild mean by "a 'his' and 'hers' to the economic development of the United States"? Women are becoming more economically involved and men less so. What does Hochschild mean by "the stalled revolution"? Absence in changes to make women's work-life balance easier. What is the "traditional" gender ideology? The woman wants to identify with her activities at home, wants her husband to base his identity with his work, and wants less power than he has. What is the "egalitarian" gender ideology? The woman wants to identify in the same spheres as her husband does, and wants to have equal amount of power in a marriage. What is the "transitional" gender ideology? The woman wants to identify with both care of the home and with helping her husband earn money, but wants her husband to focus on earning a living. How does Hochschild define the "gender strategy"? Applying ideas about gender to the life unfolding before them. What does Hochschild mean by the "economy of gratitude"? male gender ideology v woman gender ideology and the gratitude based on the interplay of these ideologies What does Hochschild mean by a "family myth"? A construction or action that is falsely justified but manage key tensions. Hochschild notes that most of the couples in her book were middle class and worked at a company that "embraced progressive policies towards personel, generous benefits and salaries." Why does she want us to take these things into account as we read her book? These middle-class families are in the best-case middle class scenarios. In some of the chapters about the couples, Hochschild specifically addresses ways in which "economic and cultural trends which originate far outside marriage" shape what happens inside specific marriages. Her point, both in these specific marriages as well as in the book as a whole, is that "the stalled revolution" shapes what happens within specific marriages. What does this mean? The stalled revolution is persistent and affects more people than we may think. How does social class affect the strains experienced by two-job families? In blue-collar (working class) families, the strain is the absence of money to pay for services they need, economic insecurity, poor day care, and lack of dignity and boredom in each partners' job. In upper-middle class families, it is the instability of paid help and the enormous demands of careers in which both partners become willing believers. Hochschild stats that one important finding of her study is that "the strain of working shifts often affects men nearly as much as women." What are the effects on men? If men share the second shift, stress from this affects them directly. If they don't share, it affects them through their wives. What are the various strategies that women develop in response to the problem of the second shift? Staging as showdown, small prods, orienting the problem to the man's strengths, supermoming, cutting back at work or at home, and seeking hired help. What strategies do men develop? Superdads, Substitute offerings, avoidance and bargaining, and a needs reduction Name and then briefly describe the three kinds of tensions Hochschild found within the marriages she studied. 1. Between the husband's idea of what he and his wife should do at home and work, and the wife's idea.2. A shared desire to live the old-fashioned life, and the need for the wife's salary.3. Between the importance of the family's need for care and the devaluation of the work it takes to give that care. What is Hochschild's argument in response to the idea that women's employment has caused higher divorce rates? It is not the employment of women causing the divorce rates, it is the husband's willingness to share the work at home. "Women's move into the economy...is the basic social revolution of our time." Hochschild argues that with this move, in general, "has increased the power of women." But she also identifies two facts that keep many women from pushing their husbands to share equally in the home. What are those two facts? 1. Women earn significantly less in their jobs.2. Marriages have become less stable. What does Hochschild mean by "backstage support for work"? The woman, by taking on the second shift, supports the husbands working life. What is the "curious hierarchy of backstage 'wealth'" that Hochschild describes? The richest int his hierarchy are the men with unemployed wives and a secretary to take care of 2 different parts of life. The poorest is the single mother who works full time. The middle is the two job couples. What would Hochschild like to see change in terms of government and corporate policies? She would like the government or corporations to offer paid parental leave to parents of natural or adoptive children, and paid "care leave" to tend to their elderly parents, introduce flexible low-hour family phases, give tax credit to developers of affordable housing near workplaces and shopping centers near meal prep facilities, and create warm and creative daycares. Hochschild notes that "Norway has undergone a gender revolution, but avoided a stalled revolution." What are the government provisions that have made it possible for Norway to avoid a stalled revolution? Norwegian parents of new or newly adopted babies enjoy an 11 month paid leave, and new fathers are offered a month's paid leave exclusive to them, forfeited if they decline. Parents receive cash benefits for children ages 1-3 who lack a full time place at a public daycare center. Should an elderly parent fall ill, a person with a job can sign up for a care salary, and take off time from work to take care for them. Also, a full time work week is 35 hours. Where do Sullivan and Coltrane think the "stalled revolution" really lies? No family-friendly policies and political elites do not wish to assist families What do Sullivan and Coltrane say about the relationship between gender equality and marital satisfaction? The more shared the second shift at home is, the happier and less likely the marriage is to end in divorce. According to Paula England, why is there asymmetry in the changes in gender roles over the last few decades? There is no reward for men moving into female dominated professions like there is for women moving into male dominated professions. According to Pamela Smock, what is "invisible" household work? The work that no one sees, such as emotional labor, household management (scheduling) and kin work, such as sending invitations or making sure the child is prepared for school. What is "the part" Billy Doidge Kilgore "was not prepared for as a Stay-at-home Dad" in his article of that title? He was not prepared for the emotional toll that the pressure of his personal identity clashing with the ideologies of society would have on him. These pressures placed an unknown burden on him when he originally made the choice to become a stay-at-home dad. Keywords: gender roles, gender ideologies, gender strategiesFollows 11 different couples and analyzes how household work and childcare is divided within couples.● What is it?○ The unpaid housework and responsibility that comes with motherhood○ Working women averaged 15 hours more work per week than men○ Most women work one shift at the office and a "second shift" at home○ Women's "double day"■ Women work an extra month out of every year when compared to men● Just like there is a wage gap between men and women at work, there is also a "leisure gap" between them at home.○ Women who don't have children spend more time on housework than men○ Women with children spend time on taking care of children and houseworki● What are the effects of the second shift?○ Women who work outside the home= higher self-esteem than housewives BUT fatigued and get more sick often (compared to men)○ Working mothers are more likely to suffer from what? Anxiety■ Increased stress■ Less sleep● Gender roles○ Women's roles have changed drastically, why?■ To include both family and work○ Did men's roles change?■ Very little● 3 ideal types of Gender IdeologiesGenders behaving appropriately.○ Traditional■ Husband is the sole breadwinner and wife is the sole homemaker and child bearer■ Ex: Carmen and Frank Delcorte○ Egalitarian ideology■ Women and men share same power within the marriage as equals■ Ex: both spilt the laundry, cooking, washing dishes, helping with kids■ Ex: Nancy Holt○ Transitional ideology■ Husband is primary breadwinner BUT supports wife idea (she still helps around the house)■ Ex: Evan Holt● Gender strategies○ Nancy needed help/requested help around the home and Evan made no effort■ The couple had talks, Nancy made a divided list, and she tried sharing the workload on alternative days■ He always had an excuse■ He is not demonstrating a gender, rather a gender ideology of tradition● Case studies:○ Even when husbands shares second shift, women felt guilty asking him to share in house work because she feels "lucky" to have a man who actually helps■ Neglect■ Wife feels unappreciated■ Mutual resentments○ The Economy of Gratitude■ The idea of what each individual within the marriage offer something to one another and how grateful each spouse feels for another.○ Family Myths■ Nancy and Evan Holt● Nancy divided the housework into "upstairs and downstairs"● Nancy = upstairs (bedroom, bathroom, kitchen)● Evan = downstairs (garage / hobby / dog)● By dividing the housework, Nancy feels like Evan is contributing, but in reality, she is doing most of the housework■ Carmen and Frank Delcorte● Frank is the sole breadwinner, but Carmen runs a daycare at home to make extra money● Neither of them tell people that Carmen works, b/c they want Frank to look like he is doing his manly and husband duties● Without Carmen's job, Frank's income would not be sufficient enough

Doing Gender / (West and Zimmerman)

SEX: Biological distinctions between males and females based on reproductive functions GENDER Physical, behavioral and personality characteristics that are considered appropriate for one's sex; identity → femininity = how a woman "should" act → masculinity = how a man "should" act → transgender = a person whose gender identity does not conform to their birth sex→ challenges gender norms HEGEMONIC (CULTURALLY DOMINANT) MASCULINITY A set of cultural ideas about the characteristics men "should" have and the ways men "should" act that focuses on the interests and desires of men → linked to patriarchy - mens social dominance in society HEGEMONIC (EMPHASIZED) FEMININITY A set of cultural ideas about the characteristics women "should" have and the ways women "should" act that focuses on the compliance of women "DOING GENDER" THESIS : Gender is a performance that is practiced daily; it is the routine of expressing pursuits that are either feminine or masculine → Individuals are held accountable to other individuals to perform gender in socialinteractions; individuals face social consequences for not performing culturallydominant femininity/masculinityGender is a social structure and dominant gender norms and expectations limit individual agency DOING GENDER & THE SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST THEORY (GOFFMAN) → FRONT= masculinity or femininity → PERSONAL FRONT= jewelry, dresses, language (polite/unsure)→ SETTING= not as concerned GENDER EVALUATIONS Dominant gender norms and expectations can shape our perceptions of men's and women's behaviors SEXUALITY The ways in which we think about and behave as sexual beings SEXUAL ORIENTATION Preferences based on whom one desires sexually → HETEROSEXUALITY: sexual preference for the opposite sex → HOMOSEXUALITY: sexual preference for the same sex → BISEXUALITY: no sexual preference (likes both males and females) → ASEXUALITY: lack of sexual desire HETERONORMATIVITY Cultural, legal, and institutional practices that reinforce heterosexuality as the norm - Assumption that gender is binary - Assumption that gender=sex - Assumption that hetersexuality=norm - Assumption that reproduction=fulfillmen INTERLOCKING OPPRESSIONS The interlocking nature of the oppression viewpoint shifts entire focus of investigation from one aimed at explicating elements of race and gender or class oppression to one whose goal is to determine what links are among these systems (ex; being both a minority and a female) → race, gender, socioeconomic class, sexuality, age GENDER PAY GAP → US women receive about 81% of men's job earnings SEXISM Gender discrimination, helps explain the gender pay gap FAMILY Group related by descent, marriage, or adoption MARRIAGE Socially approved and often legal union of two people Percentage of households headed by a married couple has declined about 20% since 1960 Percentage of households headed by divorced, separated or never married persons are on the rise MARRIAGE ROLES (PEDULLA AND THEBAUD) → SELF RELIANT: Prefer to focus on career, even if that would mean never getting married or having a lifetime partner→ PRIMARY BREADWINNER: Prefer to primarily responsible for bringing in incomefor the family → PRIMARY HOMEMAKER: Prefer to be primarily responsible for managing the household (housework, caregiver) → EGALTARIAN: Prefer to divide paid labor and home labor equally between spouses/partners WHY NO CHILDREN/MARRIAGE? → Children are expensive (education, necessities) → Work-family conflicts (long hours, women fear getting demoted/fired) → Delayed marriage = declining fertility → Youth culture is changing → Social Stigma (heteronormativity) → Decline in social norms (irrationality, going against the norm) SOLUTIONS → Robotic healthcare workers→ Cash incentives for getting married and having children → Immigration (importing labor) CONSEQUENCES OF DECLINING FERTILITY → Younger population cannot support older population→ Pensions/social security/not enough health workers (little economic growth)→ Shrinking communities → Schools, villages, small neighborhoods, hospitals closing → Threat of culture extinction RELIGION A social phenomenon that consists of beliefs about the sacred; the practices, experiences, and rituals that reinforce those beliefs; the communities that share similar beliefs and practices (sociologists study religious adherence, not validity of religious claims) BENEFITS OF RELIGION → Passed down through culture or by family (socialization)→ Sense of comfort → Guidance of how to live your life → Starting over, transition BELIEFS Framework for interpreting the world; presented in sacred stories/scriptures that present a worldview (closely related to ideologies) that shapes people's ethos (attitudes about themselves and the world) RITUALS Repeated traditional behaviors that symbolize a value or belief → ex; prayer, funerals, bar/bat mitzvahs, baptisms→ provide comfort, promote solidarity and inspire personal/social change → rites of passage are rituals that surround life transitions (birth, marriage, death) MARX - RELIGION IS A DRUG capitalism exploits workers → workers turn to religion for comfort Religion is the "opium/illusion of the masses because it doesn't address the workers actual problem Religion established and maintained by the bourgeoisie to support the unjust capitalist system LOW EDUCATION → ??? → POOR HEALTH Low income Less healthcareLess access to healthy food Lack of knowledge about a healthy diet Lack of job Physically demanding work Stress and anxiety Mental illness ACHENBACH AND KEATING (SEA OF DESPAIR) → non-hispanic white american death rate risen since 199 in contrast with the death rates of blacks, hispanics, and europeans WONG (PTSD IN BLACK WOMEN) → African American women in disadvantaged neighborhoods are more likely tohave PTSD SOCIAL PROCESSES Repetitive social interactions and behaviors → Religion, civic engagement Ojeda and Hatemi - 50% of children correctly identified parents party affiliation and adopted it, 22% of children incorrectly identified their parents party affiliation and adopted wrong political party EXPLANATIONS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE MICRO LEVEL - Weak/vague family socialization- "Changing hearts and minds"- Individual allies with social/structural power MACRO LEVEL - Media representation - Laws/rules/policies - Organizational allies with social/structural power

Being a female in Louis C.K world / Laurie Kilmartin

- Keywords: sexual harassment, opportunities, powerResearch Problem/Question: What factors contribute to the extra labor and alternate routes women in stand-up comedy take on contrary to their male counterparts?Argument/Conclusion: Previous unpleasant and uncomfortable encounters with problematic men (who make sexual advances) chase women away from opportunities that may help them succeed in stand-up comedy. As a response, women find alternate routes that ultimately make their stand-up comedy quest longer than that of a mans'.

truly a woman of color organization: negotiating sameness and differences in pursuit of intersectionality / zakiya luna

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just one of the guys / Kristen Schilt

- Keywords: gender, gender inequality, trans; transgender, transsexual, transgender employment, masculinity, gendered organization theoryArgument/Conclusion:-transmen are given more advantages (respect, authority, and pay) in their careers after they transitionThis is typically only for tall white transmen however. A short black transman would not receive the same bonuses Three explanations for what may cause wage gap 1. Human capital theory2. Socialization theory3. Gender organization theory Human capital theory Reward based on skills and experience. Women are seen to have less experience because of time taking off for family. If not explain why some people with similar experience make less. Socialization theory People seek jobs that reinforce gender identity Gender organization theory Practices within the institution that maintain the status quo. Interactions between employees, hiring practices, etc. For advantages for FTM 1. Authority and competency2. Respect and recognition 3. Bodily respect4. Economic gains Barriers More androgynous appearance ,less benefit.Youthful appearance, less authority.Height and the race. Asians are seen as passive. Overestimate skills versus structural elements Men often credit their successes to their competence rather than seeing the structural advantages that may have enabled their successes.

"Bad Boys: Public Schools in the Making of Black Masculinity" Ann Ferguson

- Research Problem/Question: The inequity rampant in the treatment of black male youth in society.Method/Approach: Ethnography of public schools and interviews with the teachers.Argument/Conclusion: Black male youth are "adultified" in society at large but especially in public schools and are held to different standards than their white male counterparts.Argument Outline:- Introduction to the issue of masculinity as depicted in popular culture by the anecdote of author going to movies with son or grandson- Issue taken with representation of black male youth in the media- The behavior of young black boys are seen through a gendered, racial, and age lens that serves to "adultify" these young boys- After understanding these children as adults teachers then decide if these kids are worthy of having resources used on them or not- We see a double standard in the "loudness" of white male student in the teachers eyes as an attribute to his "Good Bad Boy" status and loudness in a black male student as punishable by the class at large and disruptive to the class- A reputation can then follow these youth and can set tone of rest of school- Question becomes whether or not these youth are "unsalvageable"- Author states that she would propose a complete transformation of the current educational system versus the way things are running as of now

performing offstage: how women construct professional identities in stand up comedy / Amberia Sargent

- Stand up comedy has stepladder hierarchy: open mic, club regular, headlinerGender imbalance in booking practices favors men over women and gender nonconforming comicsFewer than 5% of the headlining/touring comedians are women Gender disparities in comedy are shaped by gender stereotypes about humor Humor is socially constructed as inherently masculine => mechanism for masculine status Women are perceived as biologically not funny => #1 stereotype women receive What is a Double Bind? Women penalized for being too masculine or too feminine in their performance of work (How men and women are treated differently) Krefting argues... that women comics are marginalized because their POV's are not seen as universal Women are more likely to perform... charged humor (political humor) that centers marginalized identities and experiences Double Binds in Stand Up Comedy Attractiveness can be a threat competence but also integral to commercial successWomen create comedy brands that help them navigate body politics on stage Double binds not only make it difficult for women as performers but also puts them at risk for sexual harassment Kilimartin argues that women can exert a position of power on stage, but lose this power offstage Women comics must be strategic in avoiding problematic male gatekeepers within comedy Sexual Harassment in Stand Up Comedy Work examines the double binds women navigate in the offstage work involved in stand up comedy Informal workplace Women are hypervisible "These are just jokes" protects problematic behavior How do women comics navigate sexual harassment and threats of sexual assault?How are these strategies shaped by race, sexuality, age, and other important identity markers?2 years of ethnographic observations and 44 interviews with women comics Discretionary Distancing Ongoing process of constantly reinforcing professional boundaries with men at work Involves:-Adopting a referral process among trusted comics (could be men or women) -Using a "buddy system" of sorts when opting into activities outside of formal comedy settings (Go in groups) -Opting out of previously comfortable settings that have become uncomfortable Distancing as a Protective Strategy Avoidance: Opting out of a space, activity, or strategic evasion of specific individuals (comics, bookers, club staff, etc.)Guard against sexual advances disguised as professional opportunities Writing sessions (men invite women to writing sessions, but in reality want other things)Both discretionary distancing and avoidancerequire that women engage in emotion management (expected to be compliant, silent, or nice in response to sexual advances) Intersectional Interventions Responses to sexual harassment are also shaped by: -Race -Sexuality -Attractiveness -Tenure These identity markers also influence the type of harassment women experience "I have to be nice" For women, hanging out in comedy clubs and around fellow comedians can be both an asset and liability to their professional development Women are being asked to do contradictory things while navigating a minefield of sexual assault (double binded)

"ideas, interactions, institutions" / Lisa wade and Myra Marx Feree "institutions"

- Wade, Ferree author opposite used often to distinguish between men and women similarities not fair to call men and women - because there are some -- gender binary idea of opposite binary refers to a system with two - and only two - separate and distinct parts, like binary code or a binary star system gender binary the idea that there are only two types of people - male are people who are masculine and female-bodied people who are feminine - and those types are as the word opposite suggests: fundamentally different and contrasting personal exception theory of gender allows those of us who don't fit into the binary to reconcile our own complex identity with what we think we know about men and women by assuming that we're unusually unique socialization if the gender binary doesn't describe a large of number of people we know, where does the idea of come form? ideology set of ideas widely shared by members of a society that guides identities, behaviors, and institutions genitals not always tied to this; men and women in Dayak community biological quirks sometimes these shape its gender identity; gender ideologies can vary considerably align gender binary demands that certain traits and talents --- wth our bodies throughout our entire lifetime to the exclusion of aspects of one's personality or other factors such as age, status or expertise intersex bodies people who are born with a reproductive or sexual at anomy that doesn't seem to fit the typical definition of female or male gender identity sense of oneself as male or female overlap our physical traits -- far more than they diverge difference much of the --- is a result of how we adorn, manipulate, use, and alter our bodies, not our bodies themselves social construction a process by which we make reality meaningful through shared interpretation gender binary glasses a pair of lenses that separate everything we see into masculine and feminine categories cultural competence familiarity and facility with how the members of a society typically think and behave dividing the binary subdividing all the things to add degree of masculinity and femininity to the world associative memory latches onto gender, cells in our brain that process and transmit information make literal connections between and among concepts, such that some ideas are associated with other ideas intersections gender inflects all that other things about us; if gender is just one part of who we are, why isn't it crowded by all of the other things about us that are meaningful and consequential white mythical inhabitants of the gender binary are implicitly --; middle upper class, heterosexual, christian intersectionality the fact that gender is not an isolated social fact about us, but instead intersects with our other identities gender strategy finding a way of doing gender that works for us as unique individuals who are also shaped by other parts of our identity and the realities of our lives housework, child care women are still held disproportionately responsible for --- class status shaped by constraints and opportunities afforded by our --- and the types of neighborhoods in which we find ourselves slavery framed as a kindness, a way to support a race that, left to its own devices, would go extinct out of pure haplessness lynching a murder carried out by citizens in the absence of due process, most notoriously by hanging compulsory heterosexuality a rule that all men be attracted to women and all women to men homonormativity a term used to describe sexual minorities who try to be as normal as possible ageism a prejudice based on a preference for the young and the equating of signs of aging with decreased social value

gendered sexuality in young adulthood: double binds and flawed options / Laura Hamilton and Elizabeth Armstrong

- What is the sexual double standard? What is each sex's role in it? a belief about what women should not do underlies. while men are expected to desire and pursue sexual opportunities regardless of content, women are expected to avoid casual sex-having sex only when in relationships and in love. What is the relational imperative and which sex does it specify? there is an accompanying and equally powerful belief that normal women should always want love, romance, relationships and marriage What is the self-development imperative? What is each sex's expectation in it? privileged young Americans, both men and women, are now expected to defer family formation until the mid-twenties or even early-thirties to focus on education and career investment. this imperative makes comminuted relationships less feasible as the sole contexts for premarital sexuality. How did the sexual double standard shape women's experiences in college and how did they react to it? their experiences were often painful; one woman told us about being called a "slut" for two years after the incident because it was so humiliating. How did the relational imperative emerge in women's college lives? relational imperative was supported by the belief that women's relational opportunities were scare and should not be wasted. Women described themselves as "lucky" to find a man willing to commit, as "there's not many guys like that in college" For the privileged women, how did the self-development imperative conflict with the relational imperative? The authors referred to this as what? the relational imperative pushed them to participate in committed relationships; however, relationships did not mesh well with the demands of college, as they inhibited classed self-development strategies. What fits better with the self-development imperative of college? Why? they allowed women to be sexual without the demands of relationships. Many privileged women understood, if implicitly, that hooking up was a delay tactic, allowing sex without participation in serious relationships. What is the sexual double bind? while hookups protected privileged women from relationships that clild derail their ambitions, the double standard gave men greater control over the terms of hooking up, justified the disrespectful treatment of women, supported sexual stigma, and produced feelings of shame What complications did less privileged women have with the college scripts? less privileged women arrived at college with their own orientation to sex and romance, characterized b a faster transition into adulthood. They often attempted to build both relationships and career at the same time. As a result, the third of the participants from less privileged background often experienced the hookup culture as foreign in ways that made it difficult to persist at the university.

"ideas, interactions, institutions" / Lisa wade and Myra Marx Feree "performances"

-Doing Gender Describe the ways in which we actively obey and break gender rules. Gender Rules Instructions for how to appear and behave as a man or a woman. Agents of Socialization 1. Parents2. School3. Media Historical Variations Earings Contextual Variations Punk and Goths Cultural Variation Men in the US not touching versus in the Middle East where they hold hands. Cultural Traveling Moving from one cultural or subcultural context another and sometimes back. First Perception Learning gender Injection Model of Sociolization When genderless children are dosed with a gender role in their childhood. Rigid genderoles. Learning Model of Socialization Suggets that socialization is a lifelong process of learning and relearning gender. Habit Gender rules become a habit such as peeing standing up since it is masculine despite it being arbitary. Pleasure Gender rules can be fun, such as shopping and dressing up for females or hanging out in a sports bar for men. Gender policing Describe responses to the violation of gender rules aimed at premoting conformity. Account An explanation for why someone broke the (gender) rule that then excused their behavior. Like denying something masculine for something more masculine. Culturally Intelligible Not doing gender causes people not to know how to react to you.

why so slow? / Virginia Valian

-GENDER SCHEMAS: concepts about what males/females are like, unconscious hypotheses about sex differences that guide perception and behavior, they are shared equally by women and men-cause us to notice and reinforce pre-existing gender expectations-cause us to ignore traits that do not conform to our pre-existing gender expectations-advantages and disadvantages accrue-small differences in treatment can accumulate to cause major consequences in salary, promotion, and prestige Research Problem/Question: What are the invisible reasons for why women don't do as well in the work environment as men despite there being a seemingly equal playing field in most cases. Why do men still advance much more rapidly in the workplace than women?Method/Approach: "I draw on data and concepts from psychology, sociology, economics, and biology"Argument/Conclusion: " ... A set of implicit, or nonconscious, hypotheses about sex differences plays a central role in shaping men's and women's professional lives. These hypotheses, which I call gender schemas, affect our expectations of men and women, our evaluations of their work, and their performance as professionals" men are overrated and what makes their gender more visible is celebrated while women are underrated and what makes their gender more visible is a lossArgument Outline:- Hypothesis formation and stereotyping as not always essentially bad - we should instead think of schema- We make assumptions about a single man or woman based on our nonconscious beliefs about men and women as a whole- Accumulation of advantage, simulation of promotions with 1 percent bias for men, clearly shows even small disadvantages can have long term effects- Meeting example of person whose comments are ignored is probably losing prestige in the eyes of many- Women are automatically seen as less and so they avoid speaking up a lot of the time in order to not accrue disadvantage- People are bad at evaluating objective facts - laboratory experiment of students guessing peoples objective heights and women were always smaller than the men. This example can be carried over into the work place.- Effects of gender schema on raising children even- Various examples and scenarios of gender schemas at play in different environments

Gender Play: Girls and Boys in School / Barrie Thorne

-In school, boys and girls engage in cross-sex "border work" (strengthening boundaries). Play games such as cooties, contests-Outside of school, relaxed cross-sex interactions are common, boys and girls play together Gender play (Barrie Thorne, 1993) Gender difference is situational. On how children pick up and reproduce gender. Then: learning was top-down. Children learned from adults but this theory disregarded that children are also active learners. In a school context they reproduced gender.Therefore, situational. So children created gender in some situations and in other situations, where gender was Wasn't stable in kids experiences throughout the day depending on the children's activities. Salience of gender depended on the context. Schools was part of the salience. SO in school: sometimes formally built into the rules, the division of labour in the school etc. Thorne proposed this notion of: borderwork, asymmetrical

intersex narratives: gender, medicine, and identity / Sharon preves

-Keywords: Intersex, Gender, MedicineResearch Problem/Question: What are the life experiences of people who are born without a clear distinction of "gender" when they are born? What are their medical experiences like?Method/Approach: Presents perspectives of intersexed adults and research that supports her claim. Interviews 37 intersexed adults from March 1997 to September 1998.Argument/Conclusion: Medical treatments that are advertised as useful in creating a sense of normalcy for intersexed individuals actually serves to maintain social order amongst the adults and institutions surrounding the children. It is through connecting with others and not solely the secretive experience of sex-reassignment surgery that prevents feelings of alienation in these children.Argument Outline:- States argument in her initial discussion of how intrinsic gender is in our everyday \- Intersex bodies create an issue for the people around them and intersexed people don't understand why- The medical experience is often done in secrecy and shames the individual- - Intersexed individuals expressing feeling like an "object of study" or a "freak" in their medical experience- - Being left in the dark about the purpose of these surgeries is often what creates these feelings of alienation- - It is support groups and connecting people that soothes alienated feelings.- - Intersex pride can exist and does in Hermaphrodites with Attitude!- As a result, movement has been made toward change

beyond trans by heath Davis

-Prefers a gender-neutral third category option for IDs-reinforces the gender binary-could create a stigma-sex-markers on identity documents enable sex-identity discrimination-3 levels of scrutiny: strict scrutiny, intermediate, lowest scrutiny-suggest that husband and wife should be noted as spouse 1 and spouse 2

"The Egg & The Sperm" / (Emily Martin)

-egg is seen as submissive just waiting for the sperm to come get it-described scientifically -culture shapes how scientists describe their studies-atomically human female is dependant on male-scientific language is sexist that there is a gender bias present in the way that human reproduction is represented - particularly in the way the egg & the sperm are portrayed ~~~~In reality the sperm is not very strong & has a much less active role than is usually believed ~~~~Also, the egg has a much more active role in human conception than is usually portrayed~~~~The egg & the sperm have to function together for successful conception to occur

the combahee river collective statement / by combahee river collective

Black women's experiences of racism during their involvement with "second wave" feminist organizing. experiences of sexism and homophobia in the Black Nationalist and Black Liberation Movements. Political realizations that came from everyday, personal experiences of individual Black women's lives What were the beliefs of the Combahee River Collective? Integration of race, class, and sexuality necessary to fight a "multiplicity of oppressions." Not willing to separate with black men, particularly progressive black men - a commitment to antiracist and antisexist politics. The liberation of oppressed peoples necessitates the destruction of capitalism, patriarchy, and imperialism What are the Black Feminist Issues and Projects of the Combahee River Collective? 1) prison reform2) healthcare and reproductive rights3) welfare and childcare reform4) workplace organizing5) domestic and sexual violence6) sterilization abuse7) education reform8) eliminating racism within the women's movement

"If Men Could Menstruate" / Gloria Steinem

How would that affect the expense of supplies? The supplies would be federally funded How would it affect the publicity? It would become more public Would it affect the power disparity of men and women? Yes, men would be more powerful over women. So what would happen if suddenly, magically, men could menstruate and women could not?Clearly, menstruation would become an enviable, worthy, masculine event:Men would brag about how long and how much.Gifts, religious ceremonies, family dinners, and stag parties would mark the day.Doctors would research little about heart attacks, from which men would be hormonally protected, but everything about cramps.Sanitary supplies would be federally funded and free.Statistical surveys would show that men did better in sports and won more Olympic medals during their periods.Medical schools would limit women's entry ("they might faint at the sight of blood").

racializing the glass escalator: reconsidering mens experiences with women work / Adia Wingfield

ow does Kanter describe tokens? What are their leading characteristics and experiences in the workplace? have difficulty forming relationships with colleagues and often are excluded for social networks that provide mobility. What general reception to Black men in nursing receive from their colleagues? How does this compare to their white male counterparts? What examples did Black men cite in discussing their interactions with coworkers? the concept of gendered racism suggests that racial stereotypes, images, and beliefs are grounded in gendered ideals. Gender racists stereotypes of Black men in particular emphasize the dangerous, threatening attributes associated with black men and black masculinity, framing black men as threats to white women, prone to criminal behavior, and especially violent How did patients often perceive Black men nurses? Again, how did their experience compare to white men nurses? Black men nurses are often mistaken for whom, while white men nurses are mistaken for whom? gendered racist images may have particular consequences for their relationships with women colleagues, who may view black men nurses through the lens of controlling images and gendered racist stereotypes that emphasize the danger they pose to women. This may take on a heightened significance for white women nurses, given stereotypes that suggest that Black men are especially predisposed to raping white women. Previous research on men in feminized occupations shows them to react in what ways to femininity in their jobs? How do Black men nurses compare? What are some examples Wingfield cites? black men nurses have a different experience with establishing distance from women and the feminized aspect of their work. most research shows that as men nurses employ strategies that distance them from femininity, they place themselves in a position for upward mobility and the glass escalator effect In conclusion, how does Wingfield's research alter existing understandings of the glass escalator? for black men, nurses however, process looks different. Instead of distancing themselves from the femininity associated with nursing, Black men actually embrace some of the more feminized attributes linked to nursing Keywords: race, gender, glass escalator,femininityResearch Problem/Question: How do race and gender intersect to affect black men in the feminized occupation of nursing?Method/Approach: semi structured interviewsArgument/Conclusion: Conclusion: glass escalator is racialized and genderedArgument Outline:● Purpose: examine how race and gender intersect to affect black men in feminized occupation of nursing.● Gendered racism: suggests racial stereotypes grounded in gendered ideals● What is the glass escalator? "Subtle mechanism in place to enhance men's positions in a women's profession."● Findings: black men do NOT ride the glass escalator● Method & population○ 17 semi structured interviews○ Black, male nurses ages 30-51○ 6 oncology, 4 bedside, 2 ICU, 1 dialysis, 1 ortho, 1 ER, 1 surgery○ , 1 ambulatory care● 3 main mechanisms facilitate glass escalator:○ Relationships with colleagues/ supervisors■ White men-warm welcome from females■ Ok● Patients mistook white men for doctors■ Black men treated coldly● Some patients refused help■ Black men don't have gendered bonds with coworkers○ Suitability for nursing■ Sense men don't belong■ Belief that men are more competent■ Also believe that black men are less competent--lower wages○ Distance from femininity■ Blacks challenge racism by "caring self"■ Reject femininity and assert masculinityStrengths/Weaknesses:Wingfield herself states that there are other factors that must be looked at for future research:● "Consider the extent to which the glass escalator is not only raced and gendered but sexualized as well" pg.23○ Straight men compared to gay men● Should consider if predominately white/black/etc settings have an effect on glass escalator● Should take into consideration other racial minority men's experiences in women professions