SOC Midterm 2

Stanford University sociologist Shelley Correll and her colleagues' research on the motherhood penalty found that

mothers are less likely to be hired than are childless women who have the same work experience and qualifications, and mothers are offered significantly lower starting pay than are equally qualified childless women hired for the same job.

How does the idea of "doing gender" differ from biological essentialism?

"Doing gender" focuses on how gender is a role that people perform, whereas biological essentialism sees gender as innate.

Of the majors listed below, which major has the lowest proportion of women?

Engineering

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of the motherhood penalty?

Bernette is a dentist and mother of two who gets paid less than her childless female counterpart.

a social hierarchy that is based on hereditary and rigid social distinctions. Individuals are born into a particular caste, and their caste membership determines their social, economic, and political status.

Caste system

What is a way of organizing society into hierarchical groups based on factors such as social status, wealth, education, and occupation?

Class system

Juli is a sixteen-year-old female high school student. Which of the following scenarios most likely describes her experience in school?

During class, teachers are more likely to solicit information from boys than from Juli.

_____ Is when an individual's social status or position is influenced by their parent's social status or position

Intergenerational mobility

How does the government determine the poverty line?

It calculates a strict, no-frills budget based on cost estimates for different family sizes.

According to the textbook, what is one conclusion we can draw about how social class is defined in the United States?

One's educational attainment is one of the strongest predictors of one's occupation, income, and wealth later in life.

________ is a socially constructed category based on the belief in fundamental human differences associated with physical characteristics and ancestry.

Race

For most of the period of European expansion, Europeans believed themselves to be superior to the people in the countries the Europeans colonized and conquered. This belief fits most closely with which of the following statements about racism?

Racist views, distinguishing the descendants of Europeans from those of Africans, became central to European racist attitudes.

Which of the following is a true statement about social class?

Social class is a problematic concept because members of a single social class do not share distinctly similar, life-defining experiences.

What is the movement of individuals or groups from one social class to another?

Social mobility

How would a sociologist explain the existence of gender inequality in modern society?

The activities of men and women are valued differently by society

According to the textbook, what has been the relationship between higher education and social stratification in recent years?

The importance and value of a college education in the job market have increased.

What is more characteristic of majors dominated by women than of majors dominated by men?

They tend to be associated with caring and nurturing.

The difference between absolute and relative poverty is that relative poverty is based on

a comparison with the average standard of living.

Which of the following did the 1964 Civil Rights Act accomplish?

a. It outlawed the racial segregation of lunch counters and other public places.

What is a criticism of sociologist Talcott Parsons's functionalist approach to the family?

a. The approach condones the subordination of women.

44.Which of the following positions do all schools of feminist thought share?

a. Women have an unequal position in society.

Some critics argue that women are not fit to be in leadership positions because of their gender. Which perspective are these critics exemplifying?

a. biological essentialism

.Sarah believes her neighbors are poor because they have been socialized into a set of values, beliefs, and norms that result in behavior that leads to poverty. Sarah supports which of the following theories of poverty?

a. culture of poverty

Steve believes that immigrants are more likely to be criminals than native-born Americans. He continues to hold this belief even though he learned in school that native-born Americans are more likely to commit crimes than immigrants are. Steve's attitude is an example of

a. prejudice.

45.The outcome of multiple deprivations that prevent individuals or groups from participating fully in the economic, social, and political life of the society in which they live is called

a. social exclusion.

What is meant by the phrase feminization of poverty?

an increase in the proportion of the poor who are female

Which woman is experiencing the effects of gender typing?

b. Ann applies for a position as school vice principal but is steered toward a teaching job.

Which feminist would most likely advocate for the overthrowing of the patriarchal order?

b. Loren, a radical feminist

One of the main differences between Marx's and Weber's understanding of social class is that

b. Weber recognized that social classes also differ with respect to their power and status.

Judy and her female colleagues are financial advisers at a bank. Their employer gave higher-profile and more profitable clients to male colleagues, leading to bigger annual bonuses and more rapid ascents up the corporate ladder. What is the most likely explanation for why women, such as Judy and her colleagues, hit a glass ceiling?

b. Women lack the sponsorship of well-placed, powerful senior colleagues.

Which of the following statements regarding gender and work is most accurate?

b. Women tend to hold different jobs than men hold and typically work in women-dominated fields.

47. Suheir Shedd is a university professor. Which of the following would constitute her wealth?

b. all the assets she owns

Workers picking strawberries can pick 100 baskets per hour, but the value of 20 baskets is all it costs the employer to pay them their hourly wages. According to Karl Marx, the income the employer collects from the extra baskets is

b. surplus value.

Researchers have found that boys are responded to positively when they act in masculine ways. When they act in feminine ways, however, boys are either admonished or ignored. This finding provides the most support for which approach to gender?

b. the gender socialization approach

3. A disadvantaged group that is separated from the dominant group by their distinct physical or cultural characteristics is known as

c. a minority group.

Which of the following is an example of a caste system?

c. forcing children to accept their parents' status as their own in India

Judy Calibuso and her coworkers brought a case against Merrill Lynch, charging them with workplace practices related to gender inequality. What relevant sociological phenomenon was most specifically at play in the charges against Merrill Lynch?

c. glass ceiling

4. We can conclude that one of the main differences between a society based on caste versus one based on class is that

c. social mobility is more prevalent in class-based societies.

People in blue-collar occupations, such as plumbers, and pink-collar occupations, such as hotel workers, make up the

c. working class.

Which of the following best exemplifies "doing gender"?

choosing to wear a dress

Which perspective focuses on the interaction of race, class, and gender in the disadvantages women face?

d. Black feminism

Which of the following is an example of quid pro quo sexual harassment?

d. a supervisor demanding sexual acts from a worker in return for a pay raise or promotion

7. Although Anthony, a Black American, was more productive at work than Francisco, a Latino American, only Francisco was given a raise, because the owner believes that Latino Americans are better workers than Black Americans. Denying Anthony a raise in this way is an example of

discrimination

In the United States, men generally have more status, power, and prestige than women. This is an example of

gender inequality

Variations in gender roles across cultures demonstrate that

gender roles are not biologically determined.

Child-care work is considered "women's work," and construction work is considered "men's work." This situation exemplifies

gender typing.

French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu emphasizes the importance of "cultural capital" in determining a child's later social class. Identify the example of cultural capital.

having parents who help with homework

What do the bacha posh in Afghanistan help sociologists to better understand about gender?

how gender in various societies is socially constructed

5. Prejudice based on socially significant physical distinctions is known as

racism

John is an elementary school teacher who is encouraged to apply for the vacant principal position at his school. Even though there are equally qualified or more qualified female teachers, he is told he will get excellent recommendations. In this example, John is likely

riding the glass escalator.

Which of the following individuals is most likely to identify as a member of the lower middle class?

school teacher

Andrew is a twenty-something, currently unemployed Jewish male from a wealthy background. Louis is a thirty-year-old Puerto Rican man who currently works in retail. In addition to class, which other difference might Max Weber point to in attempting to understand their respective social positions?

status distinctions

6. Karl Marx called those who own the means of production ________ and those who make their living by selling their own labor power for a wage ________.

the bourgeoisie; the proletariat

The superrich in the United States were able to accumulate vast amounts of wealth partly because globalization enabled them to

use low-wage labor in other countries.