Soc Quiz 1

The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture is called __________.

Ethnocentrism

___________________ is a microsociological approach for developing sociological explanations that focuses on the analysis of person to person interaction and the actual meanings people give to their experiences and environments.

Symbolic interactionism

According to Marx as capitalist society develops, those at the top expand their wealth and power and inequality grows to a level unbearable for the majority of the population whose living standards deteriorate. Eventually the majority launch a rebellion to overthrow the capitalist system. Marx's term for the ruling capitalist class was the_________. He called the working class majority the ____________.

bourgeoisie and proletariat

______________ refers to the practice of taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgment or assigning values.

Cultural Relativism

___________________ is a conceptual approach for constructing sociological explanations that views society as a system of interdependent parts carrying out functions crucial to the wellbeing of the other parts and the system as a whole.

Structural functionalism

This situation, being without meaningful or useful norms, is called ___________.

anomie

An emerging group of medical experts, pediatric radiologists determined that many injuries to children that had previously been thought to be the result of accidents were not. They could only have been inflicted by an adult. The key and widely publicized publication explaining these findings and that child maltreatment was much more widespread than realized in the past was titled "The Battered-Child Syndrome" published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1962. The authors, Kempe, Silverman, Steele, Droegemuller and Silver, all MDs, were carrying out the role of __________________ in the emergence of the new wave of concern about child abuse.

claims makers

The _________ perspective views society as characterized by inequalities that advantage some groups and disadvantage others, and that lead to conflict and the potential for social change.

conflict

The mildest norms are called _______ which are general expectations for behavior in particular social situations. ______ are stronger norms that have greater moral significance and are more widely observed. _____ are norms enforced by government.

folkways, mores, and laws

American pioneers of this perspective Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead believed that a person's sense of self and personality are not simply the outgrowth of genetic make-up. Rather the self is continuously constructed through ongoing human interaction. Cooley called this concept the _____________________. People's understanding of their own identity as well as traits such as values, beliefs, attitudes and ways of behaving towards others originate from what they perceive others think and expect of them.

looking glass self

Two components of a social problem

objective and subjective element

According to Chapter 1 of Lareau's book Unequal Childhoods, what differences in the process of child rearing did Lareau find among middle class, working class, and poor families? What research method(s) did Annette Lareau use to collect data for her study?

Annette Lareau discovered differences in parenting styles that related to class distinctions. She discovered that in middle class families, parents practice "concerted cultivation." This childrearing practice consists of parents participating in the organization of their child's after school activities and providing a structured life for their child. This type of childrearing teaches children lessons through organized activities that help prepare them for a white collar job and the types of interactions that a white collar worker encounters (shaking hands and looking directly in eye). Middle-class parents are determined to make sure that their children are not excluded from any opportunity that might contribute to their advancement. Not necessarily by choice, working class and poor parents facilitate the "Accomplishment of Natural Growth" childrearing practice. These parents are less involved with the structure of their child's after school activities and generally have less education and time to impress values upon their children that will give them an advantage in school. This type of childrearing involves less organized activities and more free time for their children to play with other children in the neighborhood. These children gain an emerging sense of distance, distrust, and constraint in their institutional experiences, while middle-class children gain a sense of entitlement. Throughout this study, Lareau conducted "naturalistic and intensive observations. She observed twelve families (six white, five black, and one interracial). Lareau observed these children in their classrooms, home, school activities, appointments, church services, and other daily routines. Lareau interviewed parents, teachers, and other personnel.

_______________ is the form of field work that involves carefully observing and accurately recording over an extended period of time people's behavior and the meanings and explanations they give to their own actions.

Ethnography

According to the Preface of Rios's book Punished, how does Rios define the following terms: a) criminalization, b) the youth control complex, c) hypercriminalization, and d) punitive social control?

Rios definitions of the following terms: a) Criminalization: the process by which styles and behaviors are rendered deviant and are treated with shame, exclusion, punishment, and incarceration. b) Youth Control Complex: a system in which schools, police, probation officers, families, community centers, the media, businesses, and other institutions systematically treat young people's everyday behaviors as criminal activity. This complex was fueled by the micro power of repeated negative judgments and interactions in which the boys were defined as criminal for almost any form of transgression or disrespect of authority. c) Hypercriminalization: the process by which an individual's everyday behaviors and styles become ubiquitously treated as deviant, risky, threatening, or criminal, across social contexts. This involves constant punishment. d) Punitive Social Control: an overarching system created by the youth control complex that regulates the lives of marginalized young people.

____________________ refers to a life-long process by which individuals internalize the values, belief, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society.

Socialization

As described by legendary American sociologist C. Wright Mills, ___________________ is the ability to relate the most personal elements and problems of an individual's life to social forces and the flow of history.

sociological imagination

________________________ states that "if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." This means that it is people's subjective interpretations, rather than only or primarily objective reality, that determine how they behave towards particular conditions and other people.

Thomas Theorem

A __________________ is a continuing pattern of social relationships intended to fulfill people's basic needs and aspirations and carry out functions essential to the operation of society.

social institution

A _____________ is a condition or a type of behavior that many people believe is harmful.

social problem

A major aspect of social structure is _________________. This refers to unequal access to desirable and useful things including income, education, property, and power.

social stratification