SOC Test #2

How was the womens movement portrayed in newspapers?

-news papers hd the power to influence -coverage had to do with teh attitdue of editors and journalists -organizations such as NOW and Women's Equity Action League pursued relations with the press to present the news the way they wanted

A violation of gender prescriptions

-nicole hahn rafter and elizabeth anne stanko ---more able to be recognized as having committed --alot found in stereotype ... lower estimates were that women were natrually good- evil woman theory bad girl -most research explored impact of both biological and socilized differenes -contemporary tehroies revolve arond women's and men's different opporutnities to commit crimes --- The "evil women" hypothesis holds that women often receive harsher treatment than men in the criminal justice system and suggests that this different treatment results from the notion that criminal women have violated not only legal boundaries but also gender role expectations

Nursing

-not professionaized until after WWII and was dominated by women and was learned through experience while on the job -today, men face discrimination in the nursing field as only 7% were male in the 1999 survey

What is double burden?

-while women are now in workforce, they have primary respon. for domestic labor and care of dependents

Judith Plaskow

-women rejected " institutalized separation of spitituality and politics

When did orchestras begin to accept music composed by women or admit women's instrumentalists

20th cent

when did advertising xecutives incorporte feminism as a strategies

21st cen to help women become independent and successsful

how many kill strangers

25 % male murders 7% female

female judges

26 % judgships on state 15% judships on US district 2 of 9 seats on US supreme court ( sandra day o connor initially) now sonia sotomayer; elena kegan; and ruth bader ginsburg

What percentage of americans are in favor of female clergy?

71%

How many percentile of arrestswere male? in 1998

78% 2000 - 93% of inmates in federal prisions were male

Stats on 1989 Sports Illustrated

8% coverage on women 644 photos of females =fewer than 40% were althetes -36% were models in annaul swimsuit issue -27% were male athletes moms or wives

What percentage of people who have anorexics and builmics are women?

85-95%

1969 v 1999 percent med school women

9% v 44%

State v. Wanrow

1977 - supreme court case marking change -most courts view from androcentric perspective and do not consider the perception and phsyical condition of owmen -in other words - He is no a gender-neutrla term

how long was rape, ipv tolerated by law and public opinions

1980s -women were often seen as the cause of their victiminzatio -spouse rape was not even seen as a crime

Rotsker v. Goldberg

1981 lawsuit that argued that restricting women from draft= unconstitutional ; someone has to take care of the home front -sc rule: law is consittutional because of its practicality

Lifetime-

1990s became the first fulltime network targeted specifically at women

JEB v. Alabama

1994 -declared gender an "unconstitutional proxy for juror ocmpetence and impartiality" - must represent a cross section of the community

Inez garcia 1977

rape victim who the court told you cant kill someone for trying to give you a good time

Gody's Lad'y BOoks

(1837-1897) edited by Sarah josepha hale and was by far the most popular magazine ...remembered for its color fasion plates Godey's was an arbiter of taste. .it wasnt the only women's magazine but by far the most popular

7 Sisters Magazines- what were they , and what did they concentrate on?

-better homes and garden -good housekeeping -family circle -redbook -women's day -ladies home journal -mcCalls * last two not published today

Arkansas Baptist in 1990

-closed its child care center, saying working mothers neglect their children, damage their marraiges, and set a bad example

Outr culture on periods/menopause

-makes women feel ill make women beleive the natural end to their reproductive years is a sign that they are no longer feminine

how are males portrayed in commercials?

-men did majority of the ovice overs regardless of what the commercial was about -males are major characters even if females were present

ERA

-movement to add the words of "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any state on the account of sex to the consittution -never ratified -1971; SCOTUS declared a law that discrimination against women was unconcsitutional - first time US law was used

Why is there a lack of research on women?

-much medical research, iincluding drug testing, was long done only on men because researchers worried about the effect of "abnormalities" of women's bodies, such as mentrual cycles and pregnancy, and because women die later than men, so their problems are not seen as being as serious as men's

How do we gender mainstream

1. providing gender perspective in all politics and programs before implementing them 2. not just for women; aimed at eliminating gender inequality 3. despite worldwide publicity, it has not been integrated into american policy thinkging

Linda Nochlin

1971- most influential early feminist art critic says great women artists exist but 1. were not recognized 2. often forgotten 3. not many because women weren't allowed to be artists 4. many women were not able enough

Minor v. Happersett

1974 -many women attempted to vote in 1872 election, claimed the voting laws were unconstitutional under the 14th amendment -court dismissed, passing power to states to detemine who could vote. if people, meaning men, wanted women to vote, the representatives would pass it

Gridiron addmitted its first women when?

1975

Taylor v Louisiana.

1975 =juried need to represent the community and woen are included in that community case declared motherhood as insufficient for a jury service exemption

Sexual harassment in military

1996: more than half 47,000 women said they had been subjected to some form of sexual harassment - many women said their superiors sexually abused them- -1997- wife beaters not barred from being drill sergants -many women more likely to experience sexual abuse during boot camp because superiors ahve great license to abuse subordinates anyways - usually blame the victim -many still think women and homos get in the way in the military - sexual polities- worries stem from personal anxieties than general policy- dont ask dont tell (clinton)

T/F - People who feel very guided by their religion are more favorable toward male dominance politics and economy and to a lesser degree, thef amily

true

t/f - News stories were treated differently depending on the news section they were found in

true

What were the arguments of Mary Daly

whose seies of critiques and revisions have aruged that our understandinf of God and religion must exorcise the androcentrism of religin much as tradtiional catholic ritual exorcised the androcentricism of Satan ..lol

do most offenders commit crim against their own gendre?

why yes indeed only 29% against opposite gender

Deborah Franklin

wife of benny -ran the print shop while ben was gone

Calista Flockhart

leading actress of ALly McBeal- appears to most of the outside world as anoerexic. her characters also emphasized her smallness and little-girl vulnerability -she denied having helah problems -other actresses for mthe show left saying the producers has constanly pressured her to eat less and exercise more

when did advertising shift to be directed towards women?

in the late 19th c - domestic consumers after maing clothes and growing food was replaced with purchases - women became source for profits

Katharine Graham

inherited the publishing job of the washinton post after her husband commited suicide in 1963 -she allowed the publication of the PEntagon Papers, top-secret documetns that detailed to the american invovlement in vietnam 0then in 1972 her newspaper led the pack in exposeing the watergate break-in. They later went on to win the pulizer prize for that piece

br: our kind of people alisha

inside american black upper elite -debutant -wordy -social groups were important -lighter skinned -alisha disaggreed about not sharing anythign about dark skinned

Elizabeth Cochran (AKA Nellie Bly)

inspired from Around the World in 80 Days, beat the fictional characters time by circling the globe in 72 days and 6 hours and 11 minutes -she also feigned insanity to investigae the conitions in inasne asylums when she was 22 (published a book called 10 days in a mad house 1887

Who was elizabeth cochrane

inspired from Around the World in 80 Days, beat the fictional characters time by circling the globe in 72 days and 6 hours and 11 minutes -she also feigned insanity to investigae the conitions in inasne asylums when she was 22 (published a book called 10 days in a mad house 1887

Jessie Bernard

introduced the idea that when men and women marry, most traditionally do not really enter into the same situation: they enter what she called "his" and "her" marriages with different roles stress and benefits - early stages, she's more happy as marriage progresses, he's happier than she is

Marlene Sanders

involved in TV broadcasting since its early years served as the first female anchor in 1964 but only as a subsitute for a male anchor who was ill

why does it matter that the healthcare system (research/history) views women's bodies and health androcentrically?

it makes women's bodies seem as natural deficits

Who was Pauline Frederick

joined the American Broadcasting Co. (ABC) radio netweork and in 1948, and for 12 years she was the only woman hard-news commentator on radio and teveliviosn

What were acceptable instruments for women

keyboards, guitar, harp -issue of posture (ex. sidsaddle cello) -had to avoid instrument that required them to contort their faces

what makes us health care one of the most advanced

knowledge, expertise, techonology research funding, and money spent per capita on helaht care research

T/F- Physicians are more likely to refer a woman w/ chest pain than a man for cardiac catherterization, and very few discuss heart disease with their female patients

true

more mothers/wives acting as caretaker

true

t/f the justice systme owrks against women because theinstitution and society have historically been against women

true

women are more collectiveish

true

combined conventional images of women and language of equality and independence

true -commercial media

incarceration of women has been skyrocketing

true 31.4 increase between 1987-1996 -159% increase in women in prison - war on drugs

t/f more than half of us agencies have no women in any top command position

true -women are more effectve in responding to dometic disturbance calls -less likely to use force and more likely to use other forms of communication

how does tv have power over the ways in which children see gender

tv shows with a women police officer -commercials portraying gender related toys -what does it mean to girls and women's self-image if they are not portrayed on tv

vocab of men

use numbers more preciselu and frequently than women in ordinary conversations. men also sear more and use languae that is generally seen as obscene or agressive more than womne do

Roshness PAtell - Henrietta Lax-

very sad book; cells taken from her who had her cells taken from her when she was beign treated for cervical cancer- daughter traumatized - her fam did

What is Reed v Reed

was an Equal Protection case in the United States in which the Supreme Court ruled that the administrators of estates cannot be named in a way that discriminates between sexes.

Identify the famous media women such as Betty Friedan

was one of the first to analyze the image of women presented by women's magazine...who for women's magazines in the 50s......home makers maindless

Margaret Fuller

was the editor who reproted for the NY Tribune 1844-1846 and edited the transcendentlait magazine The Dial as well as writing for it. she also published a book with her most popular articles, Women in the 19th Century

when is anorexia most likely to strike

when a major change occurs in a woman's life

After reading chapter 6 in the Sapiro text, would you personally advocate the use of drugs for childbirth?

why/why not?

Who is more likely for the doctoer to prescribe activity restion on in the same circumstance?

women

Late 19th cen. who was seeking more education and employment recognized by psychologists and medical practitioners

women -they believed that these efforts would deplete the energies needed to bear and raise children

have portrayals of women in commercials changed since the beginning?

women are mothers, housekeepers, or decoration -women appeared inside the home/bathroom -1990s women were overrep selling domestic prodcuts while meal were selling non-domestic products

Is there a contradiction to military service?

women barred from serving but still aruging bearing arms is central to citizenship

Briefly state the legal action directed against the following or the particular issue in which they were involved of NEWSWEEK

women here charged the magazine with violating Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act by its practice of designating news wiritng as almost exclusley a male domain and news researching as almost exclusely female domain

Ladies Home Jorunal and in Time and Newsweek

women in 1970 began to speak out against the way they were being portrayed in magazines (ladies home journal) and the way they were treateing the women staff (time and newsweek)

what are some names that express the androcentric image of God

- Father -Lord -King -Abba

which denoms still today do not ordain women?

-Church of Christ, Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Missouri Synod

what year did a majority of midwives become assisted by a male?

1910

What were African American women portrayed as in TV during the 1950s

-maids and the character of the friendly mammy

What were important religious contributions of Ellen White

She founded the 7th day adventist church- very ecclesiastic ruch =met sat and sun

which denom has ordained women the longest?

United Methodist Church- Later Presb.

What activist groups and female writers call attn. to FGM

WHO, CDC, UN- act of violence on women: violation of human right

Married Women's Property Acts

allowed free women to own and manage prpoerty for the first time

Women's Healht Equity Act

called for research to study important aspects of womens' healht breast cancer, AIDS, cadrio

Identify the famous media women such as Connie Churng

first asian american woman on the national network news

Which men left quotes insinuating male domination

jefferson, adams, franklin

What changed in african american women's roles in the 1980s

-african american women roles seemed to follow AA men almost literally

Stunt Girls

performed great or curious feats and wrote about them

19th century saw a rise in women's magazines, true or false

true

Paula Johnson

wrote one of the most influential writings on women argues that there are three idffernt styles that people use to assert influence 1. indirect/direct 2. personal/concrete 3. helpless/ competent -she says that womenmen use different strategies because each of these stragetoeis and people responde better to those following gender norms

Have reproductive qualities of women's health been seen as helath problems

yes

are there widespread problems of eating disorders among women of color?

yes

Executive branch

especially during Equal Employment Opoprountity Commission -Reagan slowed efforts, and later Bill Clinton picked up again

What are three important areas for understanding the gender basis of women's health

family, work, and standards and practices of beauty and fitness

What are God's cahracteristics regarded as?

feminine -unfainig gentleness -humiliity -simplicity -non-violence

what is selective exposure

-people choose to focus on some messages and not others,

19th amendment

1920

how many peopel are annually trafficked in the US

50,000

By 1984 who many reporters were women?

HALF

Who published the first magazine best seller and relaunches women's meovment

betty friedan

Sally Priesand

first woman ordained as rabbi

What time of exclusion in art were women subjected to ?

life drawing - from nude models

What is the feminine crime

prostitution

Who is Margaret Sanger?

focused on the working class woman; opened first birth control clinic in US

Who is Emma Goldman?

focused on the working class women - brith control. hated mandatory conscrition

In 2000, Southern baptists decalred what?

"while both men and women are gifted for service in the churc, the office of pastor is limited to men as qualified by scripture" -hundreds of women had already been ordained =jimmy carter left the church - pleaded with bapist church taht martin luther

What were the arguments of Catherine Beecher

-1841 A Treatise on Domestic Economy - manual for the homemaker -women are responsible for securing character =reinforced this.. women need to hel pothers --- she reinfored the 19th cen. development of a religously based genderideoloyg that regared charity and service work as a necessary part of a home maker's life -women need to help others with their free time

PRegnancy Discrimination Act

-1978 -employers couldn't disciminate against pregnant women

What is HRT

-1990s -hormone replacement therapy became used to combat symptoms of menopause -early HRT only used estrogen only and increased risk of endometrial cancer -HRT reform used estrogen and progestin and decreased risk of endometiral cancer, but raised the risk of breast cancer

When/what is Women's Health Equity Act

-1996 called for research programs to study important aspects of women's health, including breast cancer, women and AIDS, and women's cardiovascular disease

war on drugs effects

- 72 % of women in federal prisons are due to drugs -not not soley gender ...also race, african americans receive harsher treatments of white and men are more liikely to have prior conviction

What is Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

(EEOC) is a federal agency that administers and enforces civil rights laws against workplace discrimination

Who won the Oscar

-A Girl in the River- honor-killings in Pakistan ; story of a survivor; 1st times that mercy killing is against the alw (last year alone 1,000 women killed in honor killiings)

What is the treatment of gender in the arts related to?

-values, frustrations, and goals of the time -the sexual tnesions and joks in the dominatn women present in 17th cen restoration comedies reflect the period of uncertainty and changing roles -by the 19th centruy- the philandering woman became the fallen one, the fictional female who comitted adultery died for her sins or went mad

What were religious organizations leading oppoents of ?

- divroce reform -liberlaization of birth control and abortion politices -education polotices that would reform gender in tet books and sex education -legislations upporting civl rights for homosexuals -the ERA

Discuss the impact of selective exposure and selective perception

- exposure: people choose to attend to some messageages or media and some do not ....perception- makes us notice, highlight or exaggerate details while ignoring or dinimisting others wven wehn htye pass our eyes

womne and men

- if a woman is too masculine- she is out of norm but at least she is intimidating to superior sex - if a man is 'too feminine" there is something profoundly wrong with him

Who delivered about half of the children before the turn of the century in the US

- midwives

What were the arguments of Elizabeth Cady Stanton

- seneca falls convention and she helps to write the declaration of sentiments and she also writes the women's bible- critiquing how organizaed religion can harm womne' rights ....also an abosolutionist

what are the usual interpretations of eve and mary from the scriptures?

-Eve- temptress -Mary- saint

Give some terms that indicate that the deity of God is perceived from an androcentrric image

-Father, Abba, King, Lord

How were women historically viewed as?

-In terms of reproductive organs and marks the difference between man and woman

Importance on breast augmentation

-by 1990 at least 150,000 women were getting breat implants. throughout 1990s many lawsuits based on implants causing severe helaht problems - sicne 1997, women have to sign a consent form ledging the possible risks backteeth-models foot binding-china

Name two current magazines that highlight current standards of beauty and sexuality

-cosmo and vogue

What change occurred in 1942 for female architects

-could only train at gender-segregated academics

Amie Ihlendefl- Sexism and God Talk

-unpacked what if God looked like a non-sexist God -she talked about the old goddesses were the main duty-feminism

Ovaries

-Ovaries controlled a woman's personality and stability -ovariotomy cures: overeatings, masturbation, suicidal tendencies, "erotic tendencies", persecution of mania -150,000 women ovariotomy in 1906 -disappeared practice

T/F Female church leaders tend to be placed in smaller churches with older members and tend to have salaries lower than their male counterparts

-TRUE female church leaders tend to have positive feedback from their congregation though -others say that htey connect with female leaders made the teachings more accessible with brought them closer to their own spirituality

WOmen and healthcare?

-a large number of women (esp. prime childbearing age, poor, or hispanic) have no health insurance

What was gender in popular music

-a man's or woman's voice can make th song itself different -rock and rock- masculine -girl bands/ groups were a distinctive form of rock -rap seen as black and male -women's work must be understood in relation to both gender and race issues and represtation of black wome nand their sexuality (specific person: Queen Mother, Fly Girl, Sista with an Attitude, and Lesbian)

Juries in Florida

-affirmative registration for juries; meant that women had to specifically volunteer for jury duty to serve

what do opponients of change argue

-against introducing gender neutral language because it strips our langaue of richness and mkes it odd sounding -language refelct on the beliefs of a society

Who was the first in waco?

-at 7th and James Baptist- Jan Clanton

Women's Abuse in the newspapers

-avoided assigning responsbility to men -basically stated women were repsonsible for the violence against them or it just happened to them -media attn to violence against women has improved over time

. What changed in the 1960s about having help wanted ads?

-became illegal to have "help wanted" ads directed at only males or females

gender studies in children show what

-boys are more likely to deal with conflict with aggression wheras girls were more liekly to talk about how they feel, change the subject or show anger indirectly

Is there gender paritiality in office?

-defi -it is not a question of ambition becaus communit yactivits for instane prove that women can be very active in politics -it is not because they are less qualified as men even if politics is a male-dominated field -it is not a question of discrimination. most research suggests that voters are equaly likely to vote for a man or a wowman even if there are still stegotypes and projudice ****It's because the electoral system itself - the year of the woman

what role did/do midwives play in childbirth (both historically and contemporary time periods?)

-delivered the baby -idk now

Drawbacks of anethesia

-diminishes women's ability to use volunatry muscles, making it difficult for them to particpate actively in childbirth and making surgery morel ikely

how does sex-based biology differ from old biological research?

-doesnt understnad women as bodies built up around a foundation of gonads does not restrict focus on women to parts of the body conentionally understood as female -works to transcend gender sterotypes in studying male and female bodies -no just about women it is about investigating sex-specific aspects of biology that are relevant to helath care of men and women

Media tends to reflect and support what?

-dominated norms, and they participate in the resistance against change -mass media is well- integrated iwth buismess (through advertising) and govn. -media is business

Which denoms don't support divorce?

-eastern orthodox, episcopal, mormon, and roman catholic

Women founded a number of american christian denoms

-ellen white- fonded 7th day adventist church - very ecclesiastic church (meet sat and usn) choose a woman -aimee semple mchperson- church of foursquare -Mary Baker Eddy- Church of Christ -Ann Lee - establihsed shakers

Two common forms of childbirth

-episiotomy and cesarean section

How does the media portray women?

-falsely with symbolic annilhilation

Historically what were some of the social practices of women that actually led to creating physcial deformity?

-feet binding -tight clothing -corsets -female deformation -genital mutilation

Reformatory

-first separate women's prison indiana 1869 - women were more likely to be reformed -women might receive longer sentences on the assumption that women might be imporved over tie -the more iffeminite the lnonger the crime -others claim that judges and prosecutors gave women less of a sentence (either they arent as dangerous or theyre a mother)

betty friedan

-first woman to analyze the image of women presented by women's magazines -wrote feminine mystique

elizabeth blackweel

-first women to complete formal medical training the US 1949

Taxation without representation

-first women's movement -one of the obligations women have historically shared with men -women are given more than their due - not all rights applied to women -- right to vote; serving in a jrury (same rights without obligations)

What did the supreme court delcare in 1908 about women's work

-found legal a maximum amount of hours law applying only to women -- has a special interest in protecting women's health because physical exertion was seen to negatively affecting reproductive healht

inequality

-gender based beauty standards are meidated by and help to maintain forms of inequality, especially on the basis of class, race, and age

What was the literal biblical view of women

-helper -fruitful and multiply -submissive to hubs -work was viewed as punishment for eve's insubordination -created for the sake of man - should be silent in church and should learn from husbands

issues in dr. bagshaw

-immigrant omen -issues of seeing them die in childbrith -becoming a medical doctor -didnt have choice of what she could practice -opening up abortion clinic

What is weird about infant mortality rates in the US?

-infant and maternal mortality rates are not as low in the US as they are in much of western europe, which tends to use approaches invovling lessi ntervention and technology

1st printing press

-instablled and imported by a woman in 1638

What is one of the most serious healthcare problem for women?

-lack of research on women's bodies and health

Nicole Rafter on current women's prisons

-low secuity, dorm roms patenral aspects and tendency to treat female inmates as errant children

What are judments about women as artists

-opinion leaders have argued that women are incapable of greatness by their very nature - lack phsyical strenth to be great painists, lack character strength to doncduc and lack imagination to be composer -cant teach music theory because mathmatecal and technical -architecture, painting, and sculpture critics worried women's inferior spartial perception -literary critics attacked owmen's personalism, lack of strength, and inability to write like men -stereotpyes: interior dimensions, intuitiveness, sensitivity, or derivative (shrill or nah shrill)

how did the 20th c promote to women

-promotion of labor-saving devices for women

what are the purposes of a religious institution

-provided explicit ruls -provide geenralized norms that people internalize and enforce on themselves

How are writings reconstructing religion towards feminism?

-remove gender-sepcific content or rituals -incorporate more women-centered language and rituals -reform jewish bar mitzvah and bat mitzvah one event

National Institute of Health (NIH)

-set standard of health -raise age to 40s and 50s

what happened in 1991 with the presbyterian church

-shouldn't condemn acts outside of marriage, regardless of nature - the task force argued this

Breast

-sign or nurturane and sexual attraction -1880s- Radical mastectomy -womens health organizations want to increase early detection because survival rates are high =mammograms begin in at least 30s national institute of health (NIH) - -insurance companies would not pay for mammograms for wome in their 40s unless NIH recommended them -1990 Natina lBreast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection

Jane Gottesman's

-sports reporter for the San Fran Chronicle, was known for keeping a close watch on how many women appeared on the cover

Ads and Race

-study from 1990s indicates 1. white men were portrayed as powerful 2. white women as sex objects 3. african american men as aggressive 4. african american women as insignificant

what is symbol annihiliation

-systematically ignroing, trivializing, and distorting images

Menstruation

-taboo -crazed from periods 1964- Katrina Dalton and PMS -sexist conceptions and embarrassment surroudning periods shame women and how they feel about their bodies

What are some obligations that citizens owe to the state

-taxes, jury services, and military service

What are women's issues in policy?

-terminology that relates to tranditonal roles (family/motherhood) -sex discrimination- employment; education -reproductive rights; family- welfare programs; violence agaisnt women' women's health; child care; child support -whenever child is sick- woman picks them up

What was beauty in 19th century

-the consumptive look was the beauty ideal of middle and upper class white women --corsets could exert 28 lbs of pressure --swooning beecame a fashionable show of delicacy

What did a VA court case in 1960 say about marriages and race?

-the fact that God separated races geographically showed that he did not intend for the races to mix

What is different about ideology in US on healthcare

-the us doesnt consider health care a basic right --- its not universally distributed -it is mostly private hands and funded through private insurance polotics rather than primarily public funded through public srources

relationship between chrisitans and jews

-there si a debate over the nature and place of jesus in religious thought including the race and gender of Jesus --Feminist anti-Judaism -----fundamental source of conflict; they emphasize the "feminism" and "femaleness" of Jesus - another source of debate is seen in Plasko'ws quote "Christians need Jews in a way that Jews don't need Christians"

When how and why were females midwives displaced by male obstetricians andh ow did this affect the women's position in the health profession?

-they didnt have a med degree and then women started to have to gain degrees- but then they were the family doctors and baby doctors

HOw were newspapers segregated?

-they had a different "women's page" = in the 70s this section was renamed "society" or "style" -articles about food home, famiiles, and fashion, and communities

what happens to women who believe they have experienced discrimination?

-they have higher levels of depression, anxiety, and physical symptoms like headaches -women who experience sexists incidents such as degrading comments or sexual harassment experience many negative effects on their psychological well-being -inequality in general is not healthy

chrisitan fmeininests have different view of women's purpose

-view eve as responbislbe for making humans capable of knowing about good and evil -vashti refusal to sumbit because it was contraty to how she viewed her body -deborah as righteous judge -ruth and naomi displaying what discipleship looks like and true faith

pornography and aggression

-viewing media depiction of non violent sexual interaction increases aggressive behavior and viewing violent sexual ativity increases aggression even more =porn desensitizes men to violence against women while such depictions of violence heighten women's feelings of disempowerment

Fashion models in US

-weigh 25% less than avg. us women and at least 5 inches taller

Beauty in 20th c

-weight standards rose, but then fell again after 1960s

Uterus stuff

-womb caused hysteria and emotional/physcial problems -durign the 20th century: hysterectomy -- saved women from uterine cancer ------------vastly overused especially in older women ("they don't need it anyway" "1 in 3 in US have this surgery; 1 in 6 in Italy; 1 in 18 in France

what has been the historical perspective of the following conditions of pregnancy

-women can't wokr and have kids -must take care of the kids

Why are maritial relationships strained with children?

-women direct their focus onto their child

what has sex-based biology discoved?

-women have more devleoped immune systmes than men, making them more resistant to many diseases than men -women are more subject to autoimmune diseases -women's bodies appear more reactive to nicotine and alcohol than men's even accounting for size difference

Clitoris

-women's sexuality is unhealthy and immoral- temptation to men; corrupted male morals - male control: chastity belt and segregation -cure the threat of women: clitoridectomy ----husbands prevent their wives for procedure to cure: nymphomania, masturbation, unmanageable behavior -many cultures use it in the female passage into adulthood -Djibouti, Ethiopia, Sierra Leone, and Somalia, almsot all women undergo the operation -Burkina Faso, Chad, Egypt, Kenya, and Nigeria - a majority of women do -female genitalia mutliation (FGM) are prevaent in the poorest area of the world

What are three reasons for the change in thinking about women in the miltary?

-womens' performance during the Gulf War (press coverage made public more aware of women in miltary) - change in presidential administration (pres clinton-favorable toward equality of women in miltary) -series of scandlas about harassment of women in miltiary - 1. masculine culture- in military that negatively affect women

what is different about the rise and fall of crime rates

-womne's rate rose faseter than men and declined slower than men -overall women's crime has increased all over the world - esp in more economically developed coutnries

1992- Pres church

-wouldn't ordain a lesbian pastor ...but if she were celibate hten she could be hired --- unrepentant homo cant be ordained

are men more likely to commit crimes?

-yes and be victims to crimes excpet sexual crimes -women are more likely commit passion crimes -women kill with knife -men kill with gun

What is Mueller v. Oregon, 1908?

...1908- justified labour laws and sex discrimination

would you prefer delivery of your child by a midwife or an obstetrician or other:

1. 100 years ago 2. today 3. Why? EXPLAIN -100 years ago- midwives; lots of experience; today with technology definitiely obstetrician

Older women and healthcare

1. face demoralizing istuations using baby talk 2. male phsyicians don ot seem as vigilant about keeping up their pap tests and mammograms 3. drs less aggressive in usigng high-tech treatments for heart disease with women than with men 4. rarely offer treatement for incontinence 5. few have training in gerontology

WHat were the problems faced by prostittues

1. healht issues 2. drgu abuse 3. violence against them by pimps, clients, and others 4. lcak of means for leaving "the life"

Name the two ways that women's magazines shfited in the 1970s?

1. aimed at employed women or assumed that women had interest in economics and public affairs 2. included support for women's rights

Why do women get prescribed psychotrophic drugs?

1. beleifs that women are more vulnerable and need drugs more 2. that men are reluctant to use drugs 3. that women ahve the kinds of stress that can be alleviated by these drugs

Why has mass meida undergone extensive changes since the early 1990s - three reasons

1. changes in the structure of womens lives 2. business interest of mass media encourage them to pay attn to women 3. increasingly staffed at higher levels by women who care about paying attn to women

Discuss thse forms of 'innovations' brought to childbrith

1. discovery and use of forceps 2. episiotomy 3. caesarian section 4. the uses of anesthesia 5. lithotomy (pros/cons)

feminists raise 5 theories associated with beauty practices

1. double standard of beauty 2. cost 3. choice and control 4. physical and mental health 5. inequality

What schools of art refused to admit women?

1. eastman school of music until 1921 2. curtis insitute until 1921 3. julliard until 1924

what doesnt have gender neutrality

1. employment policy 2. social-welfare policieis 3. general fiscal politicies and monetyary politcies that affect consumption patterns

what two criteria must be evident to claim justificable homicide on grounds of self-defence

1. killer must have had reasonable apprehension of danger and a resonable perception of immence of that danger; in other owrds - danger doesnt have to be real but it must have appear to e real to a reasonable person (traditionally man) 2. dedly force cannot be used against non deadly force

briefly discuss the interaction between family, family roles and healht as it affects women, espectially

1. mental health research regarding women and married women and men 2. domestic violence as a health issue 3. work and health 4. beauty, fitness, and health 5. weight 6. exercise 7. skin color

Give biblical moral guidelines for the following

1. mormon support of polygamy 2. other christian and jewish views regarding polygamy 3. the norms of sexuality and sexual relations and morality from the christian perspective

How do magazines support a standard of beatuy that is unhealthy?

1. promotes anorexia 2. playboy supports women getting breast implants

what two groups do women have a majority in

1. prostitution 2. commercizalized vice and adolescent runaways

Role of women in the political sphere

1. right to vote 2. new zealand 1893 3. USA 1920 (1870 for males) 4. UK- 1928 France 1944 Qatar 1997 Iraq 1980 UAE 2006 (limited for both of sex) Saudi Arabia -Dec. 2015

what are three main sources for unconscious variation in communication

1. sepecific subcultures and commuinities (defied by class, profession, or generation) devleop different vocab and communication styles 2. the rules of communication are partly defined by the status/ranking of the people communicating 3. the rules of communication are partly defined by different organizational and instuttional positions that members of different social tgroups try to occupy

why did the gap closed in voting in 1970

1. voting need time to devleop in a new enfransided group 2. education and socioeconomically power detemrine the politcal activity 3. gender ideology and gender role which shape political participation * this means that the gap closed when women became more accustomed to voting, had better access to education, were able to work and when the cultural vieweing changed in the society

the foreclousres on womens opinions are powerful for 3 reasons

1. we learn how to communicate during infancy and esstianlly learn to be huan, during this time we also learn what it means to be male/female; masculine/feminine 2many of the male beahviors discussed earlier are not done consciously be men 3. lanaguae we use in health, thoelogy, politics and in life in general all ahve gender bases and as society we have adapted to these norms

what is double victimization

1. when first victimized by the criminal 2. then the justic system (victim of agressor, court, and then maybe evensociety ) -results in guilt -system began to chagne in the 1970s and 1980s due to the women's movement

Discrimination in the media?

1. wmoen appear much less often than men on most kinds of tv programs 2. women have to be obsessively thin to be an actress 3. Women have to be sex-objects

What are three ways that media is a major instrument of cultural resisteance to changes in the roles of women and status of women

1. women and women's movements are discredited by media 2. women are isolated, segregated, and ghettoized - they are shown in special places like the kitchen 3. TV shows depict the exploitiation and victimization of women as common, routine, and entertaining

What are some buisness interests of mass media that encourage tehm to pay attn to women

1. women are now the majority of hte consuming public 2. advertisers want to expand the markets they reach and women are a huge percentage of those markets ie - lifetime, oxygen, women's tevelsion sports network

Why were women not required to serve in the army

1. women were traiditonally regarded as phsycially and perhaps phsyologialy incapable of fulfiling the requirements of combat situations 2. men would not be able to pay attn to their tasks if their sense of chivalry made them worry about protecting women around them 3. Women: still regarded as center of the home and family life; men: provided the first line of defense

What differences emerge between men and women judges

1. womne tend to be more liberal in civil law cases 2. women tend to be tougher on repeat offenders 3. some evidence shows they are tougher on repeat offenders who are african american

what percent does the US dept. of justice est in the 1990s women reported of ipv and sexual assault to law enforcement

1/2 ipv 1/3 sexual assault

what is ratio of priamry care phsycisians that do not relaize that cardiovascular disease is leading cause of death among american women?

1/3 = bc women face "special" problems

what is ratio of all women who visit hospital emergency departments report having experienced domestic violence at some point?

1/3 to 1/2

among people 10+ how many violent male offenders are there? women?

1/9; 1/56

how many women today are apparent of law enforcement personalle

13% and women of color less than %5

How many of the colonial newpapers were eidted by women

16 of 78

Approx. when and who brought and installed the first printing press to US?

1638- by a woman...doesn't say details

majority of women have children in prision under what age

18

When were women invovled in police work

1845 in chicago- matrons

When/what did the invention of anesthesia do?

1847; made pain relief during childhood possible; also it increased feasibility of procedures such as C-sections and episiotomy

Elizabeth Smith

1850- series on women's rights in the NY Tribune

Jane Croly

1859- began the first mass circulation newspaper women's column in the NY world

Who was Ida B. Wells-Barnett

1862-1931 african american editor and part owenver of the memphis free speech, who in the early 1890s published and exposed of the lynchings that served as the focal point for agitation against these vicious act -exposed lynching and helped public relationship -she was apart of the most importnat ivestigative journailsts in history

14th amendment

1868 no state shall make or enforce any law which shall adbridge the privilenges of immunities of citizens in the US .. dperive any person of life, liberty or property...equal protection under the law

When did print unions begin to accept women ?

1873 even then they restircted the amount of women that htey accepted. some women organized their own union

radical mastectomy

1880s- removal of breast, underlying muscle, lymph nodes (over done- usually in older women

when first titled policeman

1893 chicago-

Briefly state the major contributions to the growth of the media from LADIES Magazine

1970- the women staged a sit-in to protest its protrayal of women, and women staff members at time and newsweek filed suits against their employers for sex discrimination

When did National press club allow women

1971 and didnt admit blacks until 1955

Identify the famous media women such as Gloria Steinem

1971- founded the major mass-market feminist magazine Ms.

When did medicine becoe professionalzied?

19/20 c requiring formal trianing and licenses

Muller v. ORegon

1908 -could law stop women from jobs requiring 10 hours/ day -accepted this "interference" with buisness, stating that it had excellent purpose of protecting women from work that might harm their abilities to be mothers

when was advertisement professionaliszed

1920s

US v. Schwimmer

1929 -applied for citizenship; when asked if she was wiling to take up arms to serve her country she asnwered no because she was a pacifist - also claimed that she was ineligibile anyways because she was a woman; denied citizenship

When did American Medical association issue womne doctors full membership ?

1951 - but med schools still had quotas capping women -harder requirments for owmn than men until 1970

When did the AMA finally admit women to FULL MEMBERSHIP and why?

1951...more than century after it was founded.

Hoyt v. Florida

1961 refelcted the goven view of women as jurorus up to that point - allowed women to volutneer as jurors They sentenced her to 30 years of hard labor. Hoyt claimed that her all-male jury led to discrimination and unfair circumstances during her trial. The decision was subsequently overruled by Taylor v. Louisiana.

Equal Pay Act

1963 -equal work; equal pay

Who is betty Friedan?

1963 published the feminine mystique; spurred rise of new movement -found a problem among homemakers that was widespread but had no name -"housewife fatigue" was when one needed to sleep as much as 10 hours/day and that the energy spent on housework that did not take capacity

Katrina Dalton

1964 -research began by her on the idea of prementrual syndrome (PMS) to explain mood swings and erratic behavior --psychological aspects of PMS behavior are caused by people's menstrual beliefs

Diahann Caroll

1968-1971: she was an actress who starred as nurse julia- the first show to avoid stereotypes all together

What were important religious contributions of Barbara Harris

1st female episcopal bishop

What were important religious contributions of Addie Davis

1st to be ordained in the southern baptist church

What were important religious contributions of Vashti M. McKenzie

1st woan bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal Chruch / 1st woman elected to episcopacy within any major african american churches

What were important religious contributions of Marjorie Matthews

1st woman bishop in United Methodist Church

What were important religious contributions of Antoinette Brown BLackwell

1st american woman to be ordained as a minister and have her own congregation--- now most proestant denoms ordain women

What is the CDC's prediction on women athletes with eating disorders?

2/3 of women athletes and this leads to amenorrhea (missing period) which in turn leads to osteoporosis and other problems

how much of the health care dollars are spent in the US

2/3rds

Oxygen

2000 - oxygen was a tv sstation and website devoted to women

Women's TV Sports Network

2001; first 24 hr network focusing on womn'es sports debuted in Canada

Random killing stats lol

25% -males kill a stragner 86% - male serial kilers kill stranger 61% kill family

What are the stats for the top-rated tv shows in 1996 found what percentage women v men working

28% to 41 %

How many femlae litigators

29% lawyers; 42% legal aid and public defenders; 15% of nations law partners; 9% of general counsel positions in fortune 500 companion few have obtained higher positions of influence in the legal system

how much of the helath care decisions do females make

3/4th

by 1831, how many of the printers were women?

30%; although women and boys made 1/3 less than men

how many children in US invovled in sex trafficking

326,000 -equla boy/girl most white, middle class and related to or acquainted with perpetrators

what percentage are under correctional authrity said that they had been pshyciall or sexually assaulted?

44%

From 1930-1999; how many people faced death penalty

4422 men and 35 women

what happened after ten years following blackwell's graduation

5,000 women beceame trained medical doctors

how much more likely are men than women to be victimize

5x

how many murders kill fam

61% females, 20% men

by 1840 what percentage of male doctors had no formal training

70%

Who is the author of the Woman's Bible and why did she write it?

= this attacks misogynist or androcenric thology -written by Matilda Joslyn Gage, Elizabeth cady stanton and a committee of other feminists - WHY ??

relations between african americans and white christians

=intellectural and thological differences pertaining to the idea of freedom and free will

what is the female athletic triad

??

How, why, and when did medical epanison into the area of childbirth begin?

?? Maybe with Elizabeth Bagshaw? Early 1900s?

Why are private health care insurance industyries so large and power? Why is thal care increasily provided through "managed care" corporations whose helaht care practices are governed by insurance companies which determines what services will be paid for?

Because most americans are on their own in terms of finding/financing health care

Briefly state the major contributions to the growth of the media from Elizabeth Timothy

Became the first female ediotr-publisher with the 1738 publication of the South Carolina Gazette

Eleanor Roosevelt

Bill Clinton nominated her to be the first delegate to represent the US in the United Nations

American issue on FGM

CDC found that in 1996, 150,000 females newly arrived from africa underwent cliotoridectomy -----cannot have the procedure done here, families send their daughters out of the coutnry to undergo surgery

what has been the historical perspective of the following conditions of contraception

CONTROVERSIAL women's problem only

Briefly state the major contributions to the growth of the media from The women in Ben Frank's family

Deborah- ran the printing press while Ben was away; Ann- Ben Frank's sister-in-law, the state printer of Rhode Island in 1736 and a newpapser in her own rights; Margaret H. Bache- wife of his grandson - newspaper publisher

What was written during the seneca falls NY 1848 convention

Declaration of the Sentiments and Resolution -expressed rebuke towards american govn. for denying women of the rights they deserve -we hold these truths to be self-evident ; that all men and women are created equal

Cons for lithotomy position

harder for women to give birth, increases risk of tearing and women have to work against gravity

double standare of beauty

physical attractiveness simply makes more differencei nthe way women are preieved and treated than it does for men

Briefly state the major contributions to the growth of the media from Margaret Fuller

Editor of The Dial- worked with other transcendentalists

How does pornography portray dominance or abuse to a women

pleasurealbe for both

Juli Ringwood Coston

First african american magzaine was created by her in 1891 called Ringwood's Afro-American Journal of Fashion

Identify the famous media women such as Joan Murray

First african american woman journalist hired by a major TV station in 1965- worked on CBS

Helen Thomas

First omwan to be let into the Gridiron Club in 1975 after she had already become the first woman head of the United Press International WHite House Bureau, and the first woman head of the White House Press corps.

Who was Helen Thomas

First woman admitted to the Gridiron Club after she had already become the 1st woman head of the United Press Internation white house bureau and the first woman headd of hte white house press corp ---- she became the first woman president of the Gridiorn

Martha Jane Garber

also claimed because she was a pacifist she would not take up arms, b ut was willing to serve as a nurse; denied citizenship as well

Identify the famous media women such as Barbara Walters

also led the way in TV anchoring in 1976- today show, abc news...

What historical fild did the first african american win best supporting actress in the oscars?

Gone with the Wind- Pattie McDaniels

Where were most babies born untl WWII

HOME

Shannon Sanders

I never called it rape- acquaintance rape 84% knew theyr attackers

When/ who made clinitial trials of women necessary

In 1986, National institutes of health adopted policy requiring inclusion of women - yet women group noticed this was ignored, and in 1993, the office of research on women's health was organized with NIH to enforce the new norm

what does over excitising and eating too little lead to ?

amenorrhea and osteoporosis

How were male deliverers viewed by women as first?

Incompetent

What did these women contribute to the instituion of the media? Isidra T. Cardenas

La voz de la mujer - publication importnat to 19th century women's movmeent --- 1907

Who was Kathryn Cravens

Launched her show in 1934 "News through a WOman's Eye" In St. Louis. In 1936 she became the first woman whose radio show was broadcast across the country

Thoughts on reproduction?

Many thought that they posed health hazards- so they were better off not having

What caused this change in perception?

Men believed you needed medical degrees to deliver babies, and this wasn't offered to women initially

Explain the importance of Michigan's rape law of 1974

Prior to 1974, Michigan law, like that of most states, exempted spouses from its rape laws. This meant that a spouse essentially could use the fact that he was married to his victim as a defense to a charge of raping her. In the 1970s, a "second wave" of feminists began scrutinizing the sexist rape laws around the country and Michigan was the first state to respond.

Can women become a priest in RCC?

NO

Do Jewish ordain women?

NO

Do men and women control the internet equally?

Nah -much fo the internet is dominated by organizations that are also male dominated off the web

are gender difference in art due to natural differences/

Nah man- alterned consciouness of gender

did women and men serve equally after the verdict of taylor v. louisiana 1975?

No. -jury selection phase: lawyers review prospetive jurors to ensure an unbiased jury 1. conventional wisdom that owmen are more sympathetic to men; women are less likely to give a defendant the death penalty; women are more hostile to rape cases

What was outcome of politically active positions of Agnes MAry Mansour

Nun from detroit who was asked byt the Vatican to declare no abortion and she wouldnt give up direction

Which pope deemed all abortions were murder and therefore sinful ?

Pope Pius IX

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

Quaker sisters -2 of the best known feminist religious thinkers of 19th cenruty believed enforcign separate spehres for women and men and withholding religious and plitical rights for women were un-christian acts

Ally McBeal

Show produced by David E. Kelley, most influential producers -show was set in a law firm and known for its quirkey characters, stragne plot, and occassional surrealism -very controversial bc 2 senior partners= men but rest beautiful women -their attire showed cleavage and legs -seemed to obsess over sex

Erica Scharrer

Stuided domestic comedies -domestic comedies- there is a home, husband, wife, and at least one child looked at 136 episodes of 29 programs representing each decade from 1950s-1990s -counted how many of the jokes invovled (told or about that person) were made by each character -results: on avg. father made 6 times more jokes than the mother

Briefly state the legal action directed against the following or the particular issue in which they were involved of WASHINGTON POST

THE Equal Employment Opp. COmmisiion found that the was post engaged in illegal practices

T/F - Internet has fostered new growth in organizations and communication among women around the globe who are working together on issues that concern them

TRUE

t/F- Most magazines support feminist perspectives like not blaming the victim in rape and women battering

TRUE

T/F -many feminist critics argue that violence against women is central to dominant male definitions of erotic

TTURE

What did these women contribute to the instituion of the media? Josephine S. Pierre Ruffin

The WOmen's Era--- this focused on the african american women's club movement

Explain axiom "Man is viewed as the norm, so woman is viewed as 'not normal'"

This axiom means that it is widely accepted that everything "man" is the standard, and this indicates that women are the abnormal. In many terms, people consider women opposite from men or as antonyms and this complicates the situation of gender differences

Briefly summarize the findings of the US Commission on Civil Rights Report (1979) as it pertained to representation of women in the media

U.S. Commission on Civil Rights is historically a bipartisan, independent commission of the U.S. federal government, created in 1957, that is charged with the responsibility for investigating, reporting on, and making recommendations concerning civil rights issues that face the nation.

What are the four areas of women's bodies that cause gender discrimination?

Uterus, ovaries, clitoris, and breasts

Briefly state the major contributions to the growth of the media from GODEY'S LADY'S book

among the most famous of women's magazines; it was one of the first tuly popular mass-circulation mazaines edited by Sara Josepha Hale - remembered chiefly for its color fashion plates, which are now expsnisve collectors' itesm: it was an arbiter of taste, voraciously devoured by women across the ocutnry...was one of the many women's magazines but tis circulation outstripped most of the others

All the stir lead to the Equal EMployment Opporutnity Commission (EEOC)

finding the washington post engaged in illegal employment practices and the ladies in the new yrok times filed sexual discimrimination charges and won their case in 1978 -times were changing and at time magazine they included theacceptance of the term Ms. in 1986

Bradwell v Illinois 1873

first case of sex discrimination -Court sided with illinois, stating that states could keep women from taking the bar -commor- law principle aplied here -unmarried women :applied to them too because ' this is the law of the creator' and so all women should be treated like wives and mothers ('natural role')

Are women recognized in dance?

YAS -Isadora Duncan, Martha Graham, and Twyla Tharp

Does culture and ethnicity determine a woman's adherence to receiving mammmograms or other feamle screenings?

YES

Do gender-based norms emerge in health care practice?

YES -how women's anatomy has been understood and treated by helaht care -health care issues related to female reproductive system -health care implications of the new sex-based technology

Were there constitutional grounds for keeping women from serving in juries?

YES -the state argued that htye were protecting the general welfare of the state 1. women were still regarceed ass center of home and family life despite entering into sectors that were typically male dominated 2. for the woman (according to the state) : motherhood and homekaking come first. HTus women were exempt from serving in juries. Hence, women volutneering -- if they had time they could

do health institution contribute to the determination of gender norms and practices?

Yes

what was the conflict with women volunteers

few people ever volunteered. therefore, there werent many women serving in juries and were in represented in them = they didn't require men to volutneer -govenrment viewed women central to the home

number of incarcerated women who are married/ never been married

fewer than 1/4 married, half have never been married

Elizabeth Timothy

first female editor/publisher with the 1738 publication of South Carolina Gazette

Mary Schmitt

a sportswriter fro Cleveland PLain Dealer begancovering men's sports in 1980 -she spoke on the lack of respect, or modesty when interviewing in the locker rooms, some became comfortable enough to wear only towels or nothing at all -after schmitt women were locked out of the locker rooms or didnt get their interviews until after the male reporters were done and the players were fully dressed.

WOmen's issues

a topic percieved to be of particular interest of relevance to women while this issues pertain

Who was the first to print the dec of ind complete with teh names of signers

a woamn

what do historians of women say has been the greatest stumbling

access to art? production of art?

What was the lithotomy position and when did it become important?

acoompanied anestheitzed ddleviers that became prevalent after middle of 19th ce. --back down feet up, named after operation to remove gallstones, before, women gave birth lyring on their sides, squatting, standing or sitting

Are men more likely to be victimized by all crimes?

all but rape, sexual assault, and intimate partner violence

until 1977 what did the court think about homicide in self defence

almost always lost cause in regard to rape/battery

Koky Dishon

first woman on masthead of the Chicago Tribune who noticed newsppaers becoming more class-egalitarian

Lucy Liu

another leading actress in Ally McBeal and she played the character that embodies stereotypes of the Asian sexual dragon lady

New gender laws

are women committing crime if they endanger a fetus? -100s to 1000s of babies are born to drug users during pregnancy -efforts to tackle this prboelm have led to increased use of law enforcement against women -2,000 to 8,000 babies are fborn with fetal alcholo syndrome each year -many states enact fetal-abuse statutes that create a new form of female criminal offence (2001 - SC woman sentenced 12 years forrkilling her fetus by smokign crack cocaine)

How did the 1950s in newspapers present women

as homemakers or society ladies

Coalition against Traficking in Women

asia pacific estimates that millions of women thorughout asia are expoloited and trapped in prostitutions

during incidents of terror - whose view point does the camera take?

assailants

what was a midwife

assisted with the at home birth processes

women are more likely than men to murder where

at home

What was title VII of the civil rights act

bars discimination based on race and sex

What must women do in the healthcare field in order to earn the same peer review ratings

be two and a half more productive

What was outcome of politically active positions of Sonia Johnson

because she supported ERA - excommunicated for the support of the ERA

What were the arguments of Quaker Angelina Grimke?

believed that enforcing separate spheres for women and men and withholding religious and political rights for women were un-christian acts -most famous work: "Appeal to the Christin OWmen of the SOuth" - women are instrubmental in ending slavery even if it bought suffering

Political campagins to help derogatory naems

black is beautiful gay and proud

vocabularies of women

finer descriptions in making colors and usually know and use more precise and tecnical words connteced with cloths food cooking etc -more hestiant and doubt their own credibility than men

who manages the arts?

bureaucratic orgnaizations that try to get a message across as well as sell, or gain, acceptance in the target audience -the art world has been gender segregated, and women have been less valued than men

Infibulation

clitoris and external genitalia are removed and raw edges of abia are sewn or fastened together to heal and scar tissue closes the vagine, leaving a small hole for urination

what was soft news

considered anything other than the main news section, including the women's section

what was hard news

considered the main news section and local govn. topics

Identify the famous media women such as Dorothy Kilgallen

covered broadway

Women's National Pres Club

created to encompass all the owmen who wanted the same reognition for their talent and eventually they let me in in 1970, changing the name to Washington Press Bluc and then they sued the National Press Club for discrimination and tat led to the groups merging under the name National Press Club in 1985

What determines the standards of health?

culture and health institutions health institutions detemrine gender norms and practices

Marion Andreson

curator of opera ous in aafrican american suprano (didnt allow her to perform because of race.) so eleanor allowed her to give a conert

What was the ruling of Phillips vs. Martin Marietta (1971)

decided its first case inovling title VII and signitaled it was going to take the law seriously

What does the society for women's health research consider sex based biology

field of sciencific inquiry committed to identifying the biological and physiological differences between men and women. sex differences that are found at the systme, organ, tissue, celular, and subcellular level, as well as sex differences in response to pharmaceuticals are considered this

Identify the famous media women such as Sylvia Porter

financial writing

Who is Elizabeth Blackwell?

first woman to complete formal medical triaing 1849

What spread in the 19th century

democratic reforms - hard to justify the exclusion of women -men were players in public world (gov and economy) and women came to be seen as guaridans and managers of private world (family and home) -people argued that it was possible for owmen to join but it would be destructive to human life -political roles were limited and focused around motherhood

Identify the famous media women such as vontroversy of Christine Craft

demoted in 1983 on the grounds that she was " unattractive too old, and not deferential to men" -viewers who were plled said she 'wasnt warm enough, too casual and too opininoated" -craft lost her case on an appeal. the only US supreme court judge who voted to hear the case was Sandra Day O'Conner - first female on the bentch

road block to women in the biz of tv broadcasting

didnt like how women's voices sounded. they were too shrill and werent as trusted as mens voices

Women who love too much- Becky Singletary

different act of different women women would have mutliple marriages. they prject all insecruities onto men attracted to non-present men find your own indentify before you get into a relationship

what has bee nthe hisotrical perspective ofthe following conditions of menstratuion?

dirty- unclean

When was internet invented1

early 1900s

Pros to lithotomy position

easier for doctors to monitor fetus and to deliver the baby

Who is Jane Addams?

emphasized the helaht needs of immigrants

Briefly state the legal action directed against the following or the particular issue in which they were involved of NEW YORK TIMES

empolyees of nyt filed sex dscrimination charges and the palintiff won their case in 1978 after filing 90 charges of crimination against the times

1974 Equal Credit Opportunitiy Act

enacted in 1974, that makes it unlawful for any creditor to discriminate against any applicant, with respect to any aspect of a credit transaction, on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, or age

even gender neutral terms have gender based implications

engineer, kindgerdent teacher, army officer, telephone operation

Episiotomy

enlarges opening to vagina by cutting tissue at its base

What were important religious contributions of Ann Lee

established first shaker community (Shaker Quakers) -died about 2 decades agO (shakers) because they did not belive in proselytizing and women didnt believe in marriage- but they did have nice silver and beauty songs

the Gridiron Club and the National Press Club

excluded women from joining

What was outcome of politically active positions of Lucy Stone?

expelled for abolition activity

Who was Ida Tarbell

exposed the monopolitic pratices of standard oil for McClure's magazine...another major contributior ot hte hisotry of investigative rporting

What was "women's health' interpretted as for awhile

focus on the parts of the body different from men's - naval to knees medicine

2001 the vatican had directed a benedictine prioers to do what?

forbid a sister to attend the 1st womans's ordination worldwide conference but she refused

SCOTUS

force of laws depend on interpreation and how the exectuive branches will enforce them --- shifted position on toleration of sex discrimination around 1971 in Reed v. Reed- was an Equal Protection case in the United States in which the Supreme Court ruled that the administrators of estates cannot be named in a way that discriminates between sexes.

What were important religious contributions of Aimee Semple McPherson

founded church of the foursquare gospel

What were important religious contributions of Mary Baker Eddy

founder of church of christ

19th amendment did was

gave back their citizenship in 1920s and equalized nationality laws in 1934

Title IX sports in schools

have been dominated by men -in early 20s women commonly played bball and baseball but then sports became more institutionalized and lucrative and women were excluded

why / how are attitudes changing about womens exercise

helps cardio health, reducing risk of breast cancer, and stimulating the devleopment of bone mass

Who is Jessie Bernard?

his/ hers after marriage

What are gender neutral crimes

homocide and murder

what has been the historical perspective of the following conditions of childbirth

idk

abortion laws and contraceptives became more restrictive and eventually illegal across the country for the first time

idk when

Many believed in the separate spheres of men and women in the hcilr

ie. in 1837 a pastor gave a sermon presbyterian and said "yours is to decide, under God whether we shall be a nation of refned and high-minded Chrsitian, or ... a fierce race of semi-barbarions ( apparently discussing the house wive..idk)

1880s- what did congress pass

if an american woman married a foreign man, she lost her citizenship

Susan Stamberg

in 1972 she became the first woman news anchor in radio for the show "All Things Considered"

common law in regard to women

legal tradition that said a woman ceased to exist when she married and was considered "civilly dead" her husband would decide everything for her

males and females are antonyms partly because they are linked to other cultural anyotmys (opposite sex)

logical/emotional active/passive independent/dependent rough/gentle

What is Essence

magazine just for african american women

how and why were women experimented on in charity hospitals?

make shift hospital- long drawn out experiments on countless enslaved african women - Dr. Sims

females in law school

make up half of law school sstudents 31 % of law school faculty - 10% of law school deans

phsyical and mental health

many of these beauty practices put women's health at risk

Whats up with menopause?

many women face serious health probelms while others are jsut minor annoyances -hot falshes, sleep disturbances, mood swings, vaginal dryness -difficult to establish source of problem- social or physiological

Who is David Mechanic?

medical sociologist discussess normal and abnormal are central to understanding health "deviation from normal functioning" is sickness

how do men/women control weight?

men more likely to exercise; women more likely to diet

womens speech

more aesthetic, colorful, artistic, tasteful

males speech

more energetic, active lively

what must a self defense plea includ

must be buttressed by proof that the defendant attmepted to flee rather than kill

Were women's magazines openly feminist?

nah -but they were pro suffrage and offered women a rare opporutnity to establish careers and influence other women

can women share the same rights as a citizen without the same obligations?

no

do feminists agree upon what should be done about porn?1

no

Title IX of 1972 Edcuation

no person can be deiscriminated by sex in edcuational program in order to be funded by governemnt

19th century skin goals

pale

What type of tactics were used by the female 'stunt girls' reporters?

performed great feats and wrote about them ... elizabeth cocrane (writing under pen name nellie dy) drew on the 80 days around the word and beat the fictional record ---- these were important contributions to the growht of seirous investigative journalism ...investiaged a sweatshop and an insianity place

Would insurance pay from mammograms in their 40s ?

not unless NIH recommened them- 1997; annual mammograms for women in their 40s

WHat were some specialized female dominated health care psosiot in 19/20

nursing social work and mental health

Ann Douglas

observed the growth of women writer aided the developent of the new moralism and sentimentalism that came to characterize that peirod (1977)

what is the most important helath issue concernign gender and work

occupational healht and safey -protective labor legistlation

what has been the historical perspective of the following conditions of menopause

old, haggish, old maid, spinster, worthless, no more gender

What was the Feminine Mystique about?

on the changes of women after the Post war - 1963 (WWII)

Title VII of Civil Right's Act

outlawed discrimination on race color, religion, sex, national origin

Who was william blackstone

political standpoints - subject of man

Why did main news begin carrying news about owmen?

politicians eventually noticed the gender gap in voting and began to focus on women -this hpapedn inthe NYT and Washington Post -coverage of women would include personal appearance, martial status, and family

Medical model of pregnancy

pregnant women transformed in "patients" and are treated as such

what was a healer

provided herbal medicine

What is the importance of the book =our bodies, our selves

published in 1971 by boston women's health book collective- women should learn morre about their bodiees and their health and take care of their own health care --seems revolutionary

What is Right- Of _Way in Conversation

research shows that men usually talk more and take stronger leads in discussions. in fact, they employ tactics that silence women and diminsh women's abilities to influence the group -family communication - women are central to commmunication wihtin the family and between the family and outsiders many of the most imorant communications between the family and other institutions are expectedto be carreid out either by husband or under supervisiion - in public communications, men are suppposed to open doors for women and allow omen to enter rooms first, to help them put on and reomve their ocats, to pull out chairs for them and in more formal settings, rise when they enter rooms (men are also supporte to refrain from swearing in a woman's presence)

Pope John Paul II 1994

said the church had no authoirty to ordain women - which closed the case for discussion

Which politicians used relgious arugments to support the idea of separate spehres for men and women

sen. george vest, sen. sam ervin, and pres. grover cleveland

How did Eleanor help promote women journalists?

she only allowed women at her morning press conferences (after WWII their roles were limited) - stories were just too dangerous for women to handle

What did these women contribute to the instituion of the media? Amerlia BLoomer

she wrote lily in 1849-59. publication for women's rights

what type of tactics were used by the feamle "sob sisters?

sob sisters focused on crime often painting the details in lurid colors -- many of these early reporters later went into other types of journalism and resented the trivializing titel they had been given

choice and control

standards of beauty are established and guided by the media

tikkun olam

strive for this -the responbility to particpate in restoring hte world to its wholeness

ess, ette, and ix

suffixes for females -problem is that htey are modifying the standard form - women are the modified verison

Alilah - Sisters in LAw

supreme court justices sandra day o conner ruth bader ginsburg- demo both helped roe v. wade (even though connors party disagreed)

c-section

surgical delivery of a baby though abdomen -used in emerency , often unsuccessful- began in 16th century -became safer in 19th c. though rarely used in US -rate of these rose from 6 in 70s to 21% 1998 -more frequent in private than public hospitals, suggesting that finacnes play important role in decision making -some say caused partially by hospital staff - convenient times -they are routine and have safe procedures so theyd prefer this over a risky natural birth

mens space

take up more sapce allowing them to get point across -more personal space. common in hoseholds that can afford it for a man to have his own room or other place that no ones else can enter

20th cent skin goals

tan - skin cancer/premature ageing/ lead to skin care

What are thre primary obligations owed to a state by its citizens? are women included in these duties?

taxation, jury duty, and military service

Womens politics and democracy

the central theme of democratic theory- distribution of power in a political community -the central theme of feminist thoery- the distrbtuion of power between men and women --- that means that feminist seek to raise the standard of democracy democracy minus women is not democracy

SC 1969 abolished what

the law against interracial marriage

United Church of Christ's feelings on homo's?

the most open to accepting homo ministers

what did the puritans based their veiw of women from

the old testametn

How did religiosity foster women's activies in which places

the quakers, more liberal denom, and af amer. churches

Marriage/ healthcare insurance ? (who is more likely to work? )

the women whose husband's job does not cover them in health care coverage (doesnt provide it)

cost

these beatuy interventions contain considerable investment and waste of time and money

what is an important problem of male and female terms

they are often asymettrical 1. equivalent terms for both sexes are often lacking 2. certain statuses and situations are more important for definitno one sex than the other 3. females and males in the same situation are often regarded differently -marital status more important for women than men

How did changes in structure of wedding announcemnets affect

they directly reefelced changes in gener roels, class relationships, and generational onsciouness

What is stat of female college grads?

they were less likely to marry and had fewer children than other women

What previously had been the role of women in the area of both healing and childbirth?

they were midwives

What did stunt girls and sob sisters do ?

they were women who took investigative jorunalism to the next level

Military Service

third form of obligation citizens are supposed to owe to the state - a willingness to serve used to be considered a crucial condition of citizenship for both men and women

1990- National breast and cervical cancer early detection program to assure research and screeing

this happened yup

Nonelectoral citizen plitics

through churches, clubs, and numerous organizations including interest groups and social movmeent-s women have historically been active in many social movements and protest actions -growth of this type of movement during the 19th century and from different classes and ethnic groups. this kind of organization often engaged omen in politics or political discussion. for instance the black women's club movement fought for women's suffrage for African American Women

What was the importatn shift in film images of women occuring between 1930s/1950s?

through late 1930 and early 1940s women were showed as strong, independ, emplyed ,and even professional -after WWII the remaining women became dangerous temptresses that lead men astry in film -1950s women went back home or became mere sex objects

What is the responsibility of the consumer?

to request better from the media

what limits women's authomy, self-definition, and right to control their own bodies and sexual decisions

traditional sexual and gender ideology

womens space

women tend to position themselves as though trying th shrink- the morst submissive the man is the more controleld her body movements are -a definitin characterist of women's tradiitonal types of work paid/unpaid is that women are supposed to be availabel so that their space is designed to facilitate interruption

International politics and policy

women's rights- focus of internationa debate many times during the 20th century- women's healht, women's literacy, women's role in plitics, violence against women and so on have been subjects of political campigh 1. margaret thatcher(UK) 2. indira gandhi (india_ 3. Gold Meir (israel)

Expansion of Women's Role in the Military

women's roles expanded aftr WWII -1948; congress formatlly integrated women into military, but with 2% cap -Vietnam war: military more favorable in expanding roles of women: cap was eliminated; droopped poloicy of women begin discharged fro having a baby -women admitted into miltary acadmeeic -Jimmy Carter- called both women and men to register for draft in 1979- huge backlash from both sides

19th century debate around women's helaht regarding what?

women, exericise and athletics

who gets prescribed more psychotrophic durgs?

women; esp. older women

What did these women contribute to the instituion of the media? Lucy Stone

wrote Women's Journal

teh sob sisters

wrote about crime and often pained in lurid details -they wanted to write for change and shine light on issues

Genevieve Forbes

wrote in the chicago tribune after she disguised hersefl as an immigrant in 1921 to investigae conditions on ellis island

Have women been allowed to serve?

yes women have been allowed to serve their country in dangerous and dmanding postion, but were not given full credit or benefits 1. WWI: Some women served in a corps of nurses 2. WWII: some women served as bomber pilots 3. in neither case, were they given a formal miltary status or privileges that came with such status

Do women appear less often than men in TV programs?

yes; women who are portrayed are highly stereotypical- married women tend to be in traditional female jobs; single women have more gender neutral jobs