SOC315 Final Exam

In explaining their desires to avoid marriage, men were more likely to blame _____, whereas women were more likely to blame _____

The institution of marriage; Themselves as not being a good fit

Which of the following is a potential harmful impact of the legal definition of family differing from sociological definitions?

The lesbian partner of a woman in a car crash is unable to visit her partner or learn details of her partner's condition

Which of the following is true of higher education in the 21st century? *

The percentage of American with a college degree has quadrupled since 1970

What precipitated the "crisis of care" in the US?

The shift from a manufacturing to a service economy and the resulting salary declines that necessitated women joining the workforce

Which of the following is NOT true according to the Standard North American Family image?

The wife is employed

Attachment Theory Perspective

Theme: Attachment style is established at a young age, and continues to influence one's adult relationships Key Concepts: Secure, Insecure/Anxious, and Avoidant attachment styles Current research: Impact of personality upon relationship choices, Impact of parenting upon attachment

Biosocial Perspective

Theme: Evolution has put in place certain biological endowments that shape and limit family choices Key Concepts: Evolutionary heritage, Genes, Inclusive fitness Current research: Correlations between biological markers and family behavior, Evolutionary explanations for gender differences and sexuality

Family Life Course Development Framework

Theme: Families experience predictable changes over time Key Concepts: Family life cycle, Developmental tasks, "On-time" transitions, Role sequencing Current Research: Transition to adulthood, Marriage and parenthood, Pathways to family formation

Conflict and Feminist Perspective

Theme: Gender is central to the analysis of family, male dominance in family and society is oppressive of women Key concepts: Male dominance, Power and inequality, Sex/gender systems Current research: Work and family, Domestic violence, Family power, Advocacy of women's issues

Family Ecology Perspective

Theme: The ecological context of the family affects family life and children's outcomes Key Concepts: Natural physical-biological environment, Human-built environment, Social-cultural environment Current Research: Family policy and Neighborhood effects

Family Systems Theory

Theme: The family as a whole is more than the sum of its parts Key Concepts: System, Equilibrium, Boundaries, Family therapy Current research: Family efficacy and crisis management, Family boundaries

Structural-Functional Perspective

Theme: The family performs essential functions for society Key Concepts: Social institution, Family structure, Family functions, Functional alternatives Current research: Cross-cultural and historical comparisons, Analysis of emerging family structures, Critique of contemporary family

Interaction-Constructionist Perspective

Theme: The internal dynamics of a group of interacting individuals construct the family Key Concepts: Interaction, Symbol, Meaning, Role making, Social construction of reality, Deconstruction, Postmodernism Current research: Family rituals, Meanings assigned to domestic work, Deconstruction of reified categories

Exchange Theory Perspective

Theme: The resources that individuals bring to a relationship or family affect formation, continuation, nature of a relationship, and power dynamics of a relationship Key Concepts: Resources, Rewards and costs, Family power, Social networks, Social support Current research: Family power, Entry and exit from marriage, Family violence, Network-derived social support

Reasons for Homogamy

- Geographic availability - Social Pressure

What is theory?

-A toll used to understand and describe the world -A framework of ideas, and how the ideas relate to one another -They are NEVER stagnant, every time someone does research, either systematic or not, a theory could change

Which of the following contributed to the understanding of adolescence?

-Access to schooling -Increase in a youth-oriented consumer culture

What Precipitates a Family Crisis?

-Addition of a family member -Loss of a family member -Sudden change in income or social status -Ongoing family conflict -Daily family hassles -Ambiguous loss: --physically absent but still part of the family (divorce, missing in action) --physically present but emotionally absent (drug/ alcohol addiction) -Caring for a dependent or disabled family member -Demoralizing events: job loss, unwanted pregnancy, poverty, homelessness, having one's child in foster care, mental illness, criminal prosecution

Costs of Masturbation

-Adolescents feel guilty because they believe that masturbation is not a "normal" expression of sexuality -Women also tend to feel guilty because they are trained to please others (men) rather than themselves -Some people use masturbation to avoid developing close relationships with others or to withdraw into a fantasy world where they are always in control

Love

-An elusive concept -Believed to involve three necessary elements: 1. The willingness to please and accommodate the other, even if sacrifice and compromise is involved 2. Acceptance of the other's faults and shortcomings 3. As much concern about the other's welfare as about the self

His Divorce

-Anger, grief and loneliness may be aggravated by the male gender role which discourages them from sharing feelings with other men -Non-custodial fathers retain the financial obligations of fatherhood while experiencing fewer of it's joys -Visitation is often awkward and superficial

Step Family Boundary Ambiguity

-Any discrepancy in spouses' or partners' reports of shared children and or step children -When one or more stepchildren lived outside the family household, boundary ambiguity rose to 54%

Children living with cohabitating parents:

-Are at higher risk of experiencing lower academic achievement -Are at high risk of experiencing behavioral challenges

Why Do Men Use Physical Violence?

-Attempt to compensate for feelings of powerlessness or inadequacy -Attempt to maintain control over partners trying to become independent of the relatonship

Children's Sexual Development

-Between the ages of 2 and 5, a substantial number of children engage in "rhythmic manipulation" of genitals -Children are interested in seeing nudity, touch their own sex organs, and "play doctor" -Early sexual behavior peaks at age 5, declining until sexual attraction first manifests itself around age 11 or 12 -As the age of puberty has declined, the age of marriage has risen, leaving a more extended period during which sexual activity may occur

Diversity in Families

-Black families tend to have stronger kinship bonds, more role flexibility and strong religious values -Latino families tend to have strong kinship bonds and religious values -Asian American families tend to have strong extended families, well-disciplined children, great family loyalty, and strong achievement -Native American families tend to have strong extended families, spiritual beliefs, respect for elders and a tribal support system

Three Areas in Which Step families Ambiguous Norms are More Apparent:

-Boundary ambiguity -Relationship with Kin -Family law

Scientific Investigation Removes Blinders

-Central aim of scientific investigation is to find out what is actually going on as opposed to what we assume is happening -Science can be defined as "a logical system that bases knowledge on systematic observation" and on empirical evidence - facts we can verify with our senses

Behaviors That Lead to Good Couple Communication

-Check the meaning of messages -ALWAYS express care, even when fighting -Honesty -Be current - do not rehash the past -Attack the problem and not each other -Be specific -Both talk and listen -Kindness at all time

Which of the following contributed to working class children being treated/ viewed as more than an economic asset to a family? *

-Child labor laws -Compulsory education

The 19the century witnessed changes in the way that childhood was viewed including:

-Childhood came to be seen as a set of developmental stages -Childhood became sentimentalized

Reasons Adult Children of Divorced Parents Don't Remain in Contact

-Children may have received fewer resources than friends in intact families and they may feel less obligated to reciprocate -Strain in single-parent families may weaken subsequent relations -The obligations of family members in different generations may be less clear -The adult children may still be angry that their parents failed to provide a stable household

Children and Parental Authority in the Past

-Colonial American was characterized by poor sanitation, crude housing, limited hygiene, and dangerous physical environments -Infant and child mortality rates were high: between 10-30% of all children died before their first birthday, and fewer than 2/3 children lived to see their tenth birthday -Children in Colonial times were dominated by the concepts of repression, religion, and respect -The Puritans believed that children were born with original sin and were inherently stubborn, willful, selfish and corrupt -Children were seen as economic assets; it was common to sent them to a foster home to work or learn a trade -By the end of the 17th century father had less land to divide among songs; this declining ability to transmit land meant they had less authority over their children's sexual behavior and choice of a marriage partner (the percentage of women who were pregnant at the time of marriage shot up from 10% to over 40% by the middle of the 18th century) -Around 1800 children started acting as children should and were seen as innocent rather than inherently evil -Adolescence begun to recognized as a separate stage of life; celebrating birthdays began in the 19th century -But still during the 19th century child labor was widespread among the working classes and the poor; children made a critical contribution to their families' income

All families in the US are defined by several characteristics that constitute family strengths and make for strong families:

-Commitment to family -Enjoyable time together -Spiritual well being -Positive communication -Ability to handle stress and conflict without resorting to violence and uncontrolled, constant anger -Appreciation and affection

Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

-Contempt (partner is beneath you or worthless) -Criticism -Defensiveness -Stonewalling (refusing to answer) -Belligerence (aggressive and warlike)

Passive-Congenial Marriages

-Couples marry with low emotional investment and few expectations that remain constant -They are the type when asked later will say their marriage is one of convenience -The partners are very independent of each other and are generally happy

Harmonious Marriages

-Couples usually get along and are able to resolve conflicts -Compatible with each other on many levels, want the same things out of marriage -Partners are interdependent, and would describe themselves as 'pretty happy' with their marriage

Marital Power Involves:

-Decision making -Division of labor -Partners sense of empowerment -Objective measure of power -Subjective measures of fairness

Abuse Related to Type of Marriage

-Devitalized marriages (73%) -Conflictual marriages (48%) -Passive-congenial marriages (20%) -Harmonious marriages (11%) -Vital marriages (5%)

Low-Income and Poverty-Level Parents

-Difficult to establish support systems -Hinders children's chances for educational success -Struggle to give children a few "extras" -Less likely to live in neighborhoods that value education or high achievement -Parental control more difficult -Decreased mental and physical health

Sexual Problems for Couples

-Dissatisfaction with affection received -Differing levels of sexual interest -Loss of interest over time -Not satisfying -Dissatisfaction with openness in discussing sexual topics

Families and Historical Events

-During the Depression, couples delayed marriage and parenthood and had fewer children -During WWII, married women were encouraged to get jobs and place children in daycare -1950s - people married young and had large families -1960s and 1970s - marriage rates declined and divorce rates increased -The present historical moment is one of adaption to cultural changes and the economic ups and downs affected by globalization of the economy

Why Are Couples Divorcing?

-Economic factors: loss of income increases risk and unhappily married women who are employed have more economic power, increased independence, and self-confidence -High expectations of marriage -Decreased social, legal, and moral constraints: --emphasis on the emotional relationship over the institutional benefits results in marriage not being viewed as permanent --defining marriage as semipermanent can become a self-fulfilling prophecy --marriage requires continual negotiation and renegotiation about trivial matters as well as important ones -Having divorced parents increases the likelihood of divorce

Which of the following is part of the extended family network that a family belongs to?

-Economic support -Social support -Childcare

Six Types of Divorce

-Emotional -Legal -Community -Psychic -Economic -Co-parental divorce

Which of the following was not included as an example of material assistance that parents provide young adults?

-Emotional support -Social support

What Do Children Need:

-Encouragement -Adequate nutrition and shelter -Parental interest in their schooling -Consistency in rules and expectations -Guidance congruent with the child's age or development level

Socialization: The Family

-Encouragement of gender-typed interests and activities (girls have dolls and boys have trucks) -Fathers more than mothers enforce gender stereotypes, especially for sons -Exploratory behavior is encouraged more in boys than in girls -Household chores adhere to gendered notions (this varies by race/ ethnicity)

Adult Children of Divorced Parents

-Evidence that they have come to accept their parents' divorce as a desirable alternative to ongoing family conflict -Ties between adult children and their parents are generally weaker when the parents are divorced -The effect for divorced parents is stronger for fathers, usually the noncustodial parent but the relationship has been found for mothers as well

According to C, which of the following is a reason that an increasing amount of young people remain financially dependent on their parents into their twenties? *

-Expansion of higher education -The generation x effect

Ten Guidelines to Working Through Conflicts

-Express anger directly and with kindness -Check out your interpretation of other's behaviors -To avoid attacks, use "I" statements -Avoid mixed or double messages -When you can, choose the time and place carefully -Address a specific issue, ask for a specific change, and be open to compromise -Be willing to change yourself -Don't try to win an argument -Be willing to forgive -End the argument

7 Stage Model of Step Family Development

-Fantasy: adults expect a quick adjustment while children expect that the stepparent will disappear and their parents will be reunited -Immersion: tension-producing conflict emerges between the stepfamily's two biological "subunits" -Awareness: family members realize that their early fantasies are not becoming reality -Mobilization: family members initiate efforts toward change -Action: remarried adults decide to form a solid alliance, family boundaries are better clarified and there is more positive step parent to step child interaction -Contact: the stepparent becomes a significant adult family figure and the couple assumes more control -Resolution: the step family achieve integration and appreciates its unique identity as a step family

Doing Fatherhood

-Fathers are involved in positive cognitive, emotional, and behavioral outcomes -Father absence creates adverse effects on children's cognitive, moral and social development -Fathers define quality time as being at home and being available if needed -Typically play with and participate in more engage in leisure activities with children -Better educated fathers with more satisfying jobs showed a higher level of parenting engagement

Which of the following is true of fatherhood in the 18th century?

-Fathers provided literacy, mathematics and religious instruction to their children -Fathers worked side by side with their sons daily

Why Do Women Live With Violence?

-Fear -Cultural norms - women encouraged to put up with abuse because of the Rape Culture -Love -Economic dependence -Hopes for change -Belief that it's a woman's responsibility to keep a relationship from failing -Childhood experiences with domestic violence -Low self esteem

Reasons for Stabilizing Divorce Rates

-Fewer people are marrying at young ages -Couples have improved their standard of living and have less tension at home -Spouses are negotiating marriages based on less rigid gender roles -There is increased determination by the children of a divorcing generation to make their marriages work -Cohabitation has increased

Both the C book and Dr. Broman state that ________ is the name(s) given to kin that people have family ties with that they are not related to by blood or marriage?

-Fictive kin -Chosen kin -Voluntary kin

Assortative Mating

-Filtering process -Individuals gradually filter those whom they think would not make the best spouse

According to sociologists which of the following is one of the Big 5 indicators of adulthood?

-Finishing school -Getting married

Resource Power

-Gave provider husbands greatest power in marital decision making, including the capacity to keep troubling issues and decisions from even rising -The equation of resources with power hasn't worked in the same way with women

Which social hierarchy is influential for the family?

-Gender -Sexual identity

Couples Argue About:

-Gender differences -Loyalty: Men believe loyalty is proven by being a good provider, whereas women believe emotional closeness and understanding prove loyalty -Money -Power -Sex -Privacy -Children

Legitimate Power

-Gender structure exerts an influence independent of breadwinning or relative financial contributions -A residual sense of the propriety of traditional male privilege ascribed more authority to men even in situations where they lacked resource power

Ten Keys to Successful Co-Parenting

-Get on with your life without leaning on your kids -Care for your kids and act in their best interest -Listen to your children; understand their needs -Respect each other's competence as parents and love for the children -Divide parenting time so that the children feel they still have two parents -Accept each other's differences =Communication about (and with) the children directly, not through them -Step out of traditional gender roles -Recognize and accept that change is inevitable and therefore can be anticipated -Know that co-parenting is forever; be prepared to handle holidays, birthdays, graduations, and other milestones in your children's lives with a minimum about of stress

Married Couples Most Important Qualities in a Mate

-Good company -Considerate -Honest -Affectionate -Dependable -Intelligent -Kind -Understanding -Like talking to

Reasons for Increasing Proportion of Unmarrieds

-Growing proportion of widowed elderly -High divorce rate -Young adults postponing marriage -Growing incidence of cohabitation

What Makes for a Happy Marriage:

-Having a positive attitude toward the spouse and liking each other "as a person" -Seeing marriage as a long-term commitment and having a "till death do us part" mentality -Happily married couples try to and do spend a lot of time together AND enjoy their time together

1980's and 1990's: Challenges to Heterosexism

-Heterosexism: taken-for-granted system of beliefs, values, and customs that places superior values on heterosexual behavior and that denies or stigmatizes nonheterosexual relations -Gays and lesbians have become increasingly visible and have also challenged the notion that heterosexuality is the one proper form of sexual expressions

Sexual Relations in the Past

-In colonial times, bundling was a New England custom -The Puritans tried to prevent premarital intercourse by limiting privacy and surrounding the couples with an abundance of chaperons -However a large number of marriages took place after conception of a child (20-33% of marriages) -Extramarital sex took place as well

Divorce and Children: The Wallerstein Research

-In the initial aftermath of the divorce children appeared worst in terms of their psychological adjustment at one year after separation -By two years postdivorce households had generally stabilized -At five years, 34% "coped well" 29% were in a middle range of adequate functioning and 37% were not coping well -Found that children whose parents have divorced will more than likely have less money available for their needs -Divorce settlements seldom include arrangements to pay for children's college education -60% of the study children were likely to receive less education than their fathers -45% were likely to receive less than their mothers

Other Factors in a Happy Marriage:

-Independent and mature -Love themselves as well as their partner -Enjoy being alone as well as together -Know themselves -Can express themselves assertively but know how to avoid aggression in asserting themselves -Are friends as well as lovers

Social Exchange

-Individuals pick the relationship that is most rewarding or least costly -Individuals have resources: beauty, personality, status, skills, maturity, intellect, originality, etc. -Individuals have costly attributes: being demanding, low status, geographic inaccessibility, etc.

Cohabitation Parents Child Outcomes

-Instability with cohabitation is related to problematic outcomes for children -Parents spend less on their children's education -Adolescents are more likely to experience earlier premarital intercourse, higher rates of school suspension, and antisocial and delinquent behaviors -Compared to single-parent homes, children do benefit economically

Which of the following was one of the ideal types of marriage discussed in the reading? *

-Institutional marriage -Companionate marriage

Emotional Divorce

-Involves withholding positive emotions and communications from the relationship, typically replacing these with alienating actions and words -Partners undermine each others' self-esteem through endless large and small betrayals -As it intensifies, betrayals become greater

Why do couples choose to cohabitate?

-It is a stage in the dating process -It is a step toward marriage -It is an alternative to marriage

Which of the following is true regarding increased educational opportunities for young people through American history?

-It is associated with the independent life stage -Has reduced the influence that parents have on the romantic behaviors of their children

Five Stressors for Dating Couples

-Job -Feeling emotionally upset -Inadequate income -Partner -Job security

Five Stressors for Engaged Couples

-Job -Financial concerns -Cost of the wedding -Lack of exercise -Lack of sleep

Unmarried Students Most Important Qualities in a Mate

-Kind & Understanding -Exciting -Intelligent -Attractive -Healthy -Easygoing -Creative -Wants children

Disadvantages to the One-Child Family

-Lack of opportunity to experience sibling relationships -Only children may face extra pressure from parents to succeed -As adults, they have no help is caring for aging parents -For parents there is the fear that the only child will be injured or die and that they only have one chance to prove themselves as good parents -Only children become like "little adults"

Postponing Parenthood Factors

-Later age at marriage -Desire of women to complete their education and become established in their careers -Both women and men remain longer in the "emerging adulthood" stage -Availability of reliable contraception -Assisted reproduction technology

Handling Conflict

-Learning to express anger and dealing with conflict early in a relationship are challenges to be met rather than avoided -Key to effective conflict management is to share events in friendly,supportive ways so that arguements occur within a context of trust

Tactics Used by Fight Evaders

-Leaving the house or the scene when the fight threatens -Refuse to argue or talk -Derailing arguments; "I can't take it when you yell at me" -Promise to talk about it later, than never bring it up -Using the hit and run tactic of filing a complaint and leaving no time for a resolution -Saying "okay, you win" without meaning it

Cohabiting Relationship

-Less likely to say they are happy with their relationship -Find their relationship less fair -Higher incidence of depression -Place greater importance on sexual frequency -Have more sex outside the relationship

Step Parenting Guidelines

-Let your relationship with step children develop gradually -Don't trry to replace a lost parent; be an additional parent -Expect to deal with confusing feelings -Recognize that you may be compared to the absent partner -Discuss discipline and make sure the biological parent is the one carrying out the discipline of his or her child -Understand that step parents "do not have the power or authority to fix their step children or the family" -Acknowledge period of cooperation among step siblings -Admit that you need help if you need it

Negative Effects of Divorce on Children

-Life stress: accumulation of stressors results in problems for children of divorce -Parental loss: assumes both parents in the same house is best for children -Parental adjustment: quality of parenting is important in children's adjustment to divorce -Economic hardship: assumes the economic hardship caused is responsible for problems faced by children with divorced parents -Interparental conflict: conflict between parents is responsible for the lowered well-being of children of divorce

Which of the following is one of the types of relationships that extended family members have?

-Lineal relationships -Collateral kin

Living part together households include which of the following?

-Long-term romantic partners who choose to live separately -Children from divorced families in which the parents share custody

Expressive activities within the family include which of the following?

-Love -Care

Factors in Domestic Violence

-Low self esteem -Youth -Economic Stress -Financial dependency -Isolation -Alcohol and other drugs -Male dominance -Rape culture -Animal abuse

Community Divorce

-Marriage is a public announcement to the community that two individuals have joined their lives -Refers to ruptures of relationships and changes in social networks that come about as a result of divorce

Socialization: Cultural Messages

-Media images often convey gender expectations called media frames -Media frames guide us through what the subject is and what its meaningful qualities are -Female are likely to be shown trying to get a man's attention, their physical appearance is often focused upon, and they can be the object of hate (misogynistic images) -Males are more likely to be depicted in dominant, agentic roles, and as the authoritative narrative or voice over, even when the products are aimed at women

A survey of parents and students found that students whose parents were in frequent contact with them and intervened on their behalf were:

-More engaged in school than students with less-involved parents -More likely to talk to their professors after class -More satisfied with and doing better in college

Socialization: Schools

-More men in positions of authority (principals) and women are in positions of service (teachers and secretaries) -Teachers pay more attention to males than females -Males tend to dominate learning environments form nursery school to college

Doing Motherhood

-Mothers engage in more hands on parenting than do fathers -Take primary responsibility -Mothers define quality time as having heart to heart talks or engaging in child-centered activities

Situational Couple Violence

-Mutual violence between partners that often occurs in conjunction with a specific argument -Involves fewer instances, is not likely to escalate, and tends to be less severe

Behaviors That Lead to Poor Couple Communication

-Not listening -Rehashing the past -Not responding to the issue at hand -Criticizing, nagging -Attacking the partner -"Low" blows -Blaming others for our own mistakes -Coercion (using forceful threats verbally or physically)

Other Factors in an Unhappy Marriage

-One or both brings debt into the marriage -Unable to balance job/ school and marriage -Unclear expectations about household tasks -Unclear about frequency of sex -Unclear about dealing with in-laws -Problems with financial decision-making together -Communication problems

Intractable Conflict Problems for Couples:

-One person ends up feeling responsible for the problem -Conflict avoidance -Differing ideas about how to solve a conflict -Lack of resolution for conflicts -Serious disputes over unimportant issues

Parenting Young Adult Children

-Parent-child relationships often grow closer and less conflicted as adolescents make the transition to adult roles -More young adult children either do not leave the home or return as "boomerangers" after college, divorce or upon finding first jobs unsatisfactory

How the Social Environment Makes Parenting Difficult

-Parenting role conflicts with the working role, with work taking precedence -A pluralistic society characterized by diverse and conflicting values -Anxiety about the influence of parenting via increased parenting advice -Sandwich generation: Caring for young children and for older family members -Assistance to parents has decreased

According to a study by the MacAurthur Research Network, the gap in completing college between student whose parents graduated from college and those whose parents only have a high school degree has increased due to:

-Parenting skills -Access to information about educational opportunities -Genetics -Growing inequality in household incomes

Positive Factors Influencing Parenting

-Parents have higher level of education today than in the past, including formal knowledge about child development and child-raising techniques -Fathers are more emotionally involved than several decades ago -Technology -The internet provides information for parents regarding just about any situation -Communication technologies allow for more contact and engagement

Advantages to the One-Child Family

-Parents report they can enjoy parenthood without feeling overwhelmed and tied down -Have more free time and are better off financially -Family members share decision more equally and can afford to do more things together -Higher educational expectations for the child -More likely to know child's friends -Had more money saved for college education

Top Five Communication Problems for Couples

-Partner does not share feelings -Difficulty asking partner for what they want -Feels partner does not understand feelings -Partner refuse to discuss issues of problems -Partner puts down or makes disparaging comments

Devitalized Marriages

-Partners are initially in-live with each other when they marry, spend time together and have a satisfying sex life -Time goes on, the love fades, and they become very unhappy -Think of divorce and often been to marital counselors -Often they become resigned to just being unhappily married

Conflictual Marriages

-Partners fight emotionally and sometimes physically and have often thought of divorce -The parties are basically incompatible on many levels and generally always were -Both need maturity to improve their partnership

Vital Marriages

-Partners lives are closely intertwined but not enmeshed -Spend a lot of time together, rarely experience conflict, willingly make sacrifices for each other, and have a satisfying sex life -Disagreements are usually over specific issues and are quickly resolved -Describe themselves as 'very happy' with their marriage

Reasons for the Low Stability of Remarriages

-People who divorce are disproportionately from lower-middle and lower-class groups, which have a higher tendency to divorce -People who remarry after divorce are more accepting of divorce and are willing to choose divorce as a way to resolve an unsatisfactory marriage -Remarrieds receive less social support from their families of origin and are less integrated with parents and in-laws -Remarriages present some stresses on a couple that are not inherent in first marriages -"Fools rush in"

Love Isn't Obsession

-People with obsession fantasize about being with the person (object) in all kinds of situations -Obsession is characterized by little, if any, concern for the well-being of the person (object) -Obsession can turn into genuine love but more often than not, it does not

The Blinder of Personal Experience

-Personal experience provides a certain way to "know" family -Personal experiences and assumptions regarding family may limit the ability to study and understand fairly the experience of family -Science provides norms for transcending the blinders of personal experience

Socialization: Play and Games

-Play is a significant vehicle through which children develop appropriate concepts of adult roles, as well as images of themselves -Boys play in large groups, characterized by more fighting and attempts to effect a hierarchical pecking order -Girls play in one-to-one relationships or in small groups that are relatively cooperative and have few rules

Which of the following social characteristics influenced the experience of children throughout history?

-Race -Class -Regional diversity

Psychic Divorce

-Regaining psychological autonomy after divorce, emotionally separating oneself from the personality and influence of a former spouse -Research found themes that point to reasons ex-partners might maintain a degree of attachment -There were boundary markers that would make sure the past relationship did not prevent formation of new relationships despite the continuation of a friendship

Role Ambiguity with Step Children

-Relatively low role ambiguity has been associated with higher remarital satisfaction, especially for wives, and with greater parenting satisfaction, especially for step fathers -The roles of stepchild and stepparent are not well defined, clearly understood, or fully agreed upon by step family members -After age 2 or 3 children harbor fantasies that their original parents will reunite -Children who want their natural parents to remarry may feel that sabotaging the new relationship will help achieve that goal

Removing Blinders

-Researchers must be honest -Scientists should publish their research -Publishers ensure validity or research, via "blind" submissions and peer review -Publishing allows continued inquiry and cumulative understanding -Objectivity is a key norm

Three Bases of Social Power

-Resource Power -Legitimate Power -Informational Power

Which of the following inequalities led to the legal recognition of same-sex marriage?

-Same sex couples being denied access to tax-free inheritance -Medical decision making

Attachment Theory and Love

-Secure attachment style is associated with better prospects for a committed relationship -Insecure/ anxious attachment style entails "fear of abandonment" with possible consequences such as jealously or trying to control one's partner -Avoidant attachment style leads one to pass up or shun closeness or intimacy

The Twentieth Century: Emergence of Expressive Sexuality

-Sexuality is seen as basic to the humanness of both women and one; there is no one-sided sense of ownership -Sex is an important means of enhancing human intimacy

Five Stressors for Married Couples

-Spouse -Job -Feeling emotionally upset -Inadequate income -Undone house projects

Interfaith Marriages

-Study found that strong religious beliefs are associated with less couple conflict -Shared religiosity gave them a commitment to permanence, coupled with a willingness to forgive the spouse when conflicts emerged -Couples from different religious backgrounds have a greater likelihood of marital unhappiness and divorce than those from similar religious backgrounds -There can be great conflict about how children should be raised and about the attendance at religious services

Coping with Conflict

-Submission -Compromise -Standoff -Withdrawal

Working Class Parents

-Tend to view concerted development parenting model as negative, creating demanding children -Tend to follow the facilitation of natural growth parenting model, according to which children's abilities are allowed to develop naturally -Tend to be authoritarian, emphasizing obedience and conformity -More likely to tell children what to do rather than persuade them with reason -Encourage children to keep their thoughts and questions to themselves

Legal Divorce

-The dissolution of the marriage by the state through a court order terminating the marriage -Two aspects of this divorce make marital breakup painful: --Divorce in court is a rational, unceremonious exchange that takes only a few minutes --Under the US judicial system, a lawyer advocates his or her client's interest only

Families in the Past

-The diversity that characterized families today has existed since colonial times -Family roles were very similar to what they were until very recently -Socialization patterns for children were very similar to the present -Industrialization brought the biggest changes in families

Course of a Family Crisis

-The event that caused the crisis -Period of disorganization that follows -Reorganization or recovery phase after the family reaches a low point

Family and a Variety of Functions in the Past

-The family was a self-sufficient business that produced and exchanged commodities -The family was a school that taught children to read the Bible -A house of correction, in which idle and criminal people were sentenced by the courts to live as servants in the families of more reputable citizens -A welfare institution that acted as a hospital, an orphanage, a home for the homeless

Family Structure in the Past

-The nuclear family was the prevalent form in both England and in the first settlements in America, including among Natives -An elderly grandparent or an apprentice sometimes lived with the nuclear family temporarily or lived in different dwellings on the same property or on an adjacent property; but few households were made up of extended families -Families typically raised 6 or 7 children but household sizes were small because the long childbearing years and high infant-mortality rates resulted in large age differences between children

Cultural Messages: Femininities

-The pivotal expectation for a woman requires her to offer emotional support -The ideal woman was physically attractive, not too competitive, a good listener, and adaptable -She was considered fortunate if she had a man in her life and was expected to be a good mother and put her family's and children's needs before her own

Doing Family Research

-The variation in family forms and the variety of social settings for family life mean that few of us can rely on firsthand experience in studying the family -Our experiential reality - beliefs we have about the family - may not be accurate -Agreement reality - what members of a society agree is true - may misrepresent the actual experience of families

The few studies of children growing up in lesbian families compared to heterosexual families show that:

There is little significant difference between the two

The variations in family dynamics and parent-child relationships across the world demonstrate that:

There is not just one correct way to define what a family is and what a healthy family looks like

According to Mezey, why can terms of sexual identity like "heterosexual" and "homosexual" be problematic?

These terms depend on a person's understanding of their own gender, but gender identity is not always static

SR argues that one of the reasons people drop out of college is: *

-They only went to college because it was expected, but lack a clear direction of what they want to do -Overworked high school counselors failed to advise them properly -Many of their parents did not go to college themselves and were therefore unable to help them navigate the college process

Southern European children of immigrants:

-They were forced to move from their homelands -They were forbidden from speaking their native language

Why do people get married?

-To avoid being alone -For emotional needs: love, emotional dependence -Social pressure -Physical attraction -An escape -Macro-levels: War, Economy, Social expectations

What Makes for an Unhappy Marriage:

-Try to change each other and often become frustrated and angry when their spouses do not change to meet their expectations -Less likely to "cool off" when angry, and say things they regret later -Tend to spend too little time together, so there is little chance that the problems they have can be resolved through discussion or day-to-day interaction

How would you best describe the normal household in the 18th century? *

-Typically had a large family -Parents were loving and affectionate -Parents viewed their relationship with children as more instrumental than affectionate

Motivations for Parenthood

-Value of Children Perspective: the idea that children bring unique benefits to parents -Social Capital Perspective: the anticipated social capital benefits of parenthood

Which of the following was true of child bearing in American history?

-Women born during the mid-1800s tended to give birth to more than five children -By the end of the 19th century, the birth rate dropped to just over three children per woman

Informational Power

-Women can sometimes gain power form their greater knowledge of the household -They can use this informational power to shape decisions about purchases and household arrangements

To what extent do women and men follow cultural expectations?

-Women seem to have greater connectedness in interpersonal relations and perhaps due to gender stereotypes are pushed into caregiving professions -Men tend to be more socially dominate, competitive, and achievement-oriented

Husband and Wives of the Past

-Women were subordinate to men in marriage -Her chief duty was obedience to her husband; As his property he could do with her as he wanted except murder (without reasonable cause) -Women's education was meager; females were thought to have limited mental capacity, thus in Puritan America, girls were banned from higher education -Women work inside the home only if married -However, many married women earned outside income selling such products as mittens, stockings, etc. -Generally women's (especially wives) economic roles were severely limited -Women had little access to credit, could not sue to collect debts, and were restricted from owning property

Consequences of Early and Late Parenthood

-Women who postponed parenthood found that combining established careers with parenting crated unforeseen problems -Late mothers had more confidence about their ability to manage, more money to arrange services, and more confidence about parenting -Late father expressed a great deal of joy in parenthood -Children born to older parents benefit from the financial and emotional stability that older parents can provide -Many also experience anxiety about their parents' health and mortality as both age

Her Divorce

-Women who were married a long time lose the identity associated with their husband's status -Older women have few opportunities for career development -Divorced mothers must provide financial and day to day support for their children -Custodial mothers struggle with money, scheduling and discipline problems

Should Divorce Be Harder to Get?

Those who believe divorce is too readily available have proposed restrictions including: -Restoration of fault for all divorces -A waiting period of as long as five years -More extensive process for divorces involving children -Prioritization of children's needs in post-divorce financial arrangements

SR encountered two camps of young adults who lived at home with their parents: *

Those who were recovering from a serious blunder and those who were earning credentials/ saving money

Triangular Theory of Love

1. Intimacy: close, connected feelings (develops more slowly) 2. Passion: drives that lead to romance physical attraction and sexual consummation (quickest to develop and quickest to fade) 3. Commitment: the decision to love someone and maintain that love (develops gradually)

About _____ percent of marriages can described as conflictual

20%

At what age do most Americans think that young adults should be financially independent, living away from parents and working full-time?

21

About _____ percent of marriages can be described as harmonious

25%

About what percentage of American children live in single parent families?

25%

At what age do most Americans think that young adults should be married with children?

26

What is the contemporary medium age for a young woman to get married in the US?

27

What is the contemporary medium age for a young man to get married in the US?

29

Stability of Remarriages

60% of remarriages end in divorce less stability than first unions

Today, what percentage of American households fit the 1950s nuclear family ideal of a married couple with children, where only the husband is employed? *

7%

Approximately what proportion of young adults under age 25 talk on the phone to their parents daily? *

8/10

About _____ of young adults have had oral sex *

90%

Masturbation

94% of adult males have done it at least once 63% of adult females have done it at least once -Decreases as people age but still occurs -Relieves sexual tension, provides a safe means of sexual experimentation, allows for fantasy exploration, increase sexual self-confidence, control sexual impulses, combat loneliness, transfer to two-person love making, and discharge general stress

Sexual Abuse

A Child's being forced, tricked, or coerced, by an older person, into sexual behavior for the purposes of sexual gratification or financial gain

According to the household-based approach, family is: *

A group of people that constitute a single household

According to the structural approach, family is: *

A group of persons united by ties of marriage, blood, or adoption

According to Baca Zinn, race is:

A social construct that assigns differing worth and treatment to groups

Intimate Terrorism

Abuse that is almost entirely male and that is oriented to controlling the partner through fear and intimidation

Which group of children faced the harshest conditions growing up in the 19th century?

African American

Typical Characteristics to Describe Men

Aggressive Easygoing Ambitious Intelligent Patient

Gender-resistant

Aims to change the system altogether as people believe that oppression of women is too embedded into the system of patriarchy

Gender-reform

Aims to give women the same rights as men

Gender-rebellion

Aims to raise awareness of the overlapping inequalities of race, class, gender and sexual orientation

According to C, what ideology do young adults feel is out of reach?

American dream

Storge

An affectionate, companionate style of loving focused on deepening mutual commitment, respect, friendship, and common goals

Self Disclosure

An important part of marital communication that refers to mutually telling of the self and honestly offering one's thought and opinions

Which of the following is NOT a form of "family" found between the 14th and 18th centuries mentioned by Stephanie Coontz?

Any people who were related by blood regardless of where they live What: -a patrilocal family, in which several brothers and their wives live together under the authority of the eldest -everyone living under the same household head, including slaves and servants -a stem family in which the eldest son brings his wife to live with his parents until their death

SR compare the struggle to get a quality education to a:

Arms race

Adults with what attachment style shun or evade emotional closeness?

Avoidant

According to Coontz, why were African slaves who were trafficked to the United States by European colonizers able to adapt their culture while Native Americans were NOT able to do so?

Because colonists depended on slave labor (requiring groups of African slaves), the slaves actively worked to adapt African cultural traditions and build new familial networks within the frameworks of slavery

We observe that most people grow up in some form of family and know something about what marriages and families are. But while personal experience provides us with information, it can also act as:

Blinders

Chinese women in the 19th century faced all except which of the following? *

Caring for their birth mothers until their death

According to lecture, contempt, criticism, defensiveness, stonewalling, and belligerence:

Characterize unhappy marriages and signal impending divorce

Patriarchal Sex

Characterized by beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors developed to protect the male line of descent -Men are to control women's sexuality -Puritanical views of sex

Eros

Characterized by intense emotional attachment and powerful sexual feelings or desires

The term used to describe heterosexual couples who live together as intimate partners but are not married to each other is:

Cohabitation

Which types of kin includes siblings, cousins, aunts and uncles?

Collateral kin

Lecutre points out that the pivotal task for all couples is to:

Communicate effectively when angry

Romantic love serves as the foundation for which type of marriage?

Companionate marriage

This type of marriage is based on the emotional ties between a husband and wife

Companionate marriage

What of the following is NOT a style of relating, according to attachment theory?

Compliant What: -Avoidant -Insecure/anxious -Secure

What was the first major shift in the last century that led to children having a more sheltered status?

Compulsory education and child labor laws

The feeling that one's spouse is inferior or undesirable reflects:

Contempt

Libertines Aftermath

Coped by living in the fast lane and did not focus on the past

What involves making disapproving judgments or evaluations of one's partner?

Criticism

What means preparing to defend oneself against what one presumes is an upcoming attack?

Defensiveness

What is the biggest disruptor of families?

Divorce

Instrumental activities that take place within the family include which of the following?

Doing things for each other

Edin and Kefalas find that marriage intentions:

Don't often align with marriage realities

Cultural Messages: Masculinities

During the 1980s a new cultural message emerged that a man should be emotionally sensitive and expressive, valuing tenderness and equal relationships with women

Contrary to what they are considered to be today, children in colonial America were considered to be: *

Economic assests

Typical Characteristics to Describe Women

Emotional Affectionate Talkative Patient Creative Easygoing

Ludus

Emphasizes enjoying many sexual partners rather than searching for a serious relationship

Agape

Emphasizes unselfish concern for the beloved's needs even when that requires personal sacrifice

Types of Love: Six Love Styles

Eros Storge Pragma Agape Ludus Mania

According to the lecture, conflict is:

Experienced in even the happiest of couples

What types of parents did SR uncover in the Network's interviews? *

Extremely involves parents, hands-off parents, and neglectful parents

According to the US Census Bureau one fourth of households are considered nonfamily households in the US

False

By the 1890 more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas and more people worked in industry than in agriculture

False

Emile Durkheim analyzed qualitative data in his study on suicide in 1897

False

Gendered expectations are inherent in families

False

It is false that Sociology is a social science that uses common sense to understand the social world

False

It is false that the inductive approach to science moves from the general (e.g. abstract ideas expressed as a theory) to the specific (e.g. observations recorded as data)

False

Romantic love serves as a more stable foundation for marriage than economic necessity and familial obligation *

False

The increasing number of LGBTQ families in the United States indicated that the family landscape is changing. What do sociologists propose as an explanation for this and other shifts?

Families are social constructs developed by cultural, economic, political, and historical contexts

What were the roles of fathers in the 17th and 18th centuries? *

Fathers actively taught their children important skills and were moral guides who collectively raised children by duty and obligation

Which of the following factors did NOT influence the older adults in Benson and Coleman's study to live apart together? *

Financial inability Did: -Relationship histories -Partner factors -Shifts in social norms

Better Couple and Family Communication

First step: consciously recognizing how important the relationship is Second step: setting realistic expectations about the relationship Third step: improving our own: -emotional intelligence - awareness of what we're feeling so that we can express out feelings more authentically -Ability and willingness to repair our moods -Healthy balance between controlling rash impulses and being candid and spontaneous -Sensitivity of the feelings and needs of others

In 2013, about 35% of gay and lesbian couples were raising children

Flase

The social practice of dating first emerged in middle-class families in the US

Flase

From a contemporary perspective, young people are partnering at about the same time that their parents did

True

Dorothy perceives herself as being ultra-feminine, based on society's definitions of appropriate gender roles. Dorothy's perceptions are linked to her:

Gender identity

Which term is used to describe societal attitudes and behavior associated with the two sexes?

Gender role

In 2014 almost one third of Americans agreed that families work best when husbands work and wives take care of the home

True

Michael feels secure in his masculinity even though he enjoys classical music, paints in his free time, and is a stay-at-home father. Yet Michael feels pressure to watch football on TV, enjoy action movies, play basketball on the weekends, and bring home a bigger paycheck than his corporate executive wife. What is this societal pressure called?

Gender roles

In the 21st century the traditional heterosexual date, where a boy asks a girl out, picks her up, treats her to a movie or dinner and then takes her home is no longer common

True

All of the following were an impact of European colonization of Native American families EXCEPT: *

Greater importance on young males What was: -Widespread murder of 60%-90% of each Native group's members -Stronger Native identities as a way to resist adaption to European systems -Increased independence and isolation of nuclear families

Traditional Chicano life was characterized by what? *

Hard work and distinct gender-roles within the family

More than 40% of children born in the US are regularly cared for by a relative while their parents work

True

The most important first step on the road to adulthood is:

Higher education

Various patterns of marriage, divorce, childbearing, and household composition are influenced by: *

Historical and contemporary forces of inequality that demanded adaption

Step families were more common during Colonial times then they are in contemporary American families

True

Which of the following approaches to defining a family would a demographer from the US Census Bureau most likely use? *

House-hold approach

Researchers found that men:

In heterosexual relationships tend to respond to their partner's efforts by sharing more of their feelings over time

Europe and the US might be witnessing a new developmental stage one that SR terms: *

In-house adulthood

Interracial Marriages

Include unions between partners of the White, black, Asian, or Native American races with a spouse outside their own race -Unions between Hispanics and others, as well as between Asian/ Pacific Islander or Hispanic ethnic groups are interethnic marriages -The most common interracial/ interethnic marriage is between White and Latino followed by White-Asian and then Black-White -Asian Americans are the most interracially married the Native Americans then Latinos

The US Census Bureau defines family as:

Two or more persons sharing a household and who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption

According to Seltzer, which of the following does NOT contribute to the changing expectations of eventual marriage of cohabitating couples?

Increase divorce rates What does: -Increased number of couples living together before marriage -Increased acceptance of cohabitation -Increasing social acceptance of childrearing outside of marriage

This type of marriage is judged by happy and fulfilled the partners feel that they are in the union: *

Individualized marriage

Adults with what attachment style exhibit possible negative behaviors such as unwarranted jealousy or attempts to control one's partner due to "fear of abandonment"?

Insecure/ anxious

This idea type of marriage was built on economic necessity, familial and community obligation and social regulations

Institutional marriage

According to role-based approach family member:

Interact and communicate with each other based on their respective social roles

Which approach to defining family is sometimes referred to as "doing family"?

Interactionist

Which approach to defining family argues that families are best understood as a pattern of shared activities and relationships rather than the fulfillment of structurally prescribed roles?

Interactionist approach

Cross-culturally, societies with _________ tend to be more peaceful, egalitarian, and gender-equal, whereas societies with _______ tend to exclude women from community decision making and religious systems, have marriages in which husbands demand deference from their wives, and have public displays of competitive masculinity:

Involved, intimate models of fatherhood; Uninvolved, aloof models of fatherhood

Emotional Child Abuse or Neglect

Involves a parent's being overly harsh and critical, failing to provide guidance, or being uninterested in a child's needs

Pragma

Involves rational assessment of a potential partner's assets and liabilities

All of the following are true about intensive parenting except: *

It allows the parent great flexibility with time

Benson and Coleman conclude that: *

LAT is a legitimate family form, but rarely a deliberate decision

There are several factors that have "a profound negative effect on a person's capacity for sexual expression" Which is NOT one of these factors? *

Lack of desire What is: -Monotony -Lack of an understanding partner -Mental or physical fatigue

In what type of relationship was minimizing boundaries and sharing intimate thoughts especially prevalent?

Lesbian relationships

When compared to children with heterosexual parents, children with lesbigay parents appear:

Less traditionally gender-typed and more likely to be open to homoerotic relationships

Which type of kin includes grandparents, parents and children?

Lineal relationships

Consider this maxim: "If I can get him/her to do what I want done, then I'll be sure he/she loves me" This reflects:

Manipulation

Love Isn't Manipulation

Manipulators may: -Ask others to do something that they could do -Assume that others will happily do whatever they choose -Be consistently late -Want others to help them develop their talents but seldom think of reciprocating

Exogamy

Marrying outside one's group

Heterogamy

Marrying someone dissimilar in race, age, education, religion, or social class

Endogamy

Marrying within one's social group

One of the things love isn't is __________, which involves maintaining relationships by consistently minimizing one's own needs while trying to satisfy those of a partner.

Martyring

Three Things Love Isn't:

Martyring Manipulating Obsession

Love Isn't Martyring

Martyrs may: -Be reluctant to suggest what they want. -Allow others to be constantly late and never protest. -Help loved ones develop talents while neglecting their own. -Be sensitive to others' feelings and hide their own.

Gender Character Traits

Masculine: instrumental (or agentic) character traits - confidence, assertiveness, and ambition Feminine: expressive (or communal) character traits - warmth, sensitivity, the ability to express tender feelings, and placing concern about others' above self-interest

Gender Differences in Communication

Men: report talk; conversation aimed mainly at conveying information Women: rapport talk; speaking to gain or reinforce intimacy

The steep increase of female-headed Chicano households in the latter half of the 19th century was largely a consequence of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo because:

Mexican families were displaced from their lands when the Southwest was incorporated into the US and men went to work in mines or railroads, which resulted in temporary abandonment and, often, death

Sex

Used in reference to male or female anatomy and physiology, and includes chromosomal, hormonal, and anatomical components of males and females

Edin and Kefalas find that many young, poor, inner city girls: *

Value and anticipate children, believing that they are up for the job of mothering

Fathers' participation in child rearing has ________ throughout culture and history

Varied dramatically from virtually no involvement to participation in all aspects of care

What effect did the emergence of wage labor and the specialization of occupations and professions have on gender roles in the 19th-century United States?

Wage labor had different effects depending on the intersection of gender, class, and race

Research shows that people with less financial stability are ______ to cohabitate and _____ ot marry people in higher socioeconomic classes

More; Less

Outside of contemporary Western thought, _______ is an important part of the definition of mothering in numerous cultural traditions *

Wage-earning

Defeateds Aftermath

Were very negatively impacted by the divorce (up to 30years later) Were bitter, sad, lonely and drank or used other substances to cope

Although reproductive labor is often defined as unpaid caregiving, cleaning, cooking, and childcare, Dill argues that this definition:

Must be expanded in order to include the productive labor and double days that were demanded of women of color for economic survival

A study shows that since the 1970s, differences across generations on a wide range of attitudes, value and behaviors have: *

Narrowed

Seekers Aftermath

Needed remarriage and felt it brought them the security and meaning they wanted in life

Competent Loners Aftermath

Never remarried but led full and happy lives as singles

Unmarried students say that the most desirable quality in a potential mate is: *

None of the above

What of the following was NOT a characteristic of Native American families of North America prior to sustained contact with European colonialists? *

Nuclear family-owned property passed down through birth What is: -Sharp distinctions between family duties and civil, domestic, and political duties -Kinship obligations that organized the community -An importance on friendship and marriage

Which of the following is NOT part of Coltrane's definition of fatherhood? *

What men d with and for their children What is: -Impregnating a women and begetting a child -A kinship connection that facilitates the intergenerational transfer of wealth -A relationships that reflects a normative set of institutionalized social practices and expectations

For many of the young, poor mothers interviewed, children: *

Offer a sense of purpose and intimacy

During the 19th century, both women of color and white women in the United States were oppressed by the patriarchal nature of society. However, what privilege were white women afforded that women of color were not?

White women were protected in their roles as wives and mothers, whereas economic pressure required women of color to work outside the home

For young people who do not yet know what they want to do after high school, SR suggest they should: *

Opt for a gap year

In the pre-Industrial United States who was often expected to remain at home and care for their aging parents? *

Youngest daughter

What practice became popular following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire that increased the number of Chinese people in the US? *

Paper sons, where the purchase of fraudulent documentation allowed greater immigration

Which of the following phrases was used by Japanese families in the 1990s and 2000s to describe the social occurrence of young adults completing life transitions at later ages?

Parasite singles

Attachment theory believes that which relationships are foundational for the emotional and social outcomes in adult life? *

Parental relationships

Free-Choice Culture

People choose their own mates, although often they seek parents' and other family members' support for their decision

Similar to the early feminist movement, what challenge did the gay liberation movement face in the first half of the 20th century in the United States?

People of color were excluded from the larger fight against discrimination and instead created smaller, separate groups

Homogamy

People tend to marry people of similar race, age, education, religious background, and social class

Petting

Physical contact between males and females in an attempt to produce erotic arousal without engaging in sexual intercourse -Generally more acceptable than is intercourse because it is more accessible and often less intimate and it does not result in pregnancy

Women in both same-sex and different-sex relationships are more likely than men to:

Place emphasis on the importance of emotional intimacy for positive sexual interactions

Socialization

Process by which people develop their human capacities and acquire a unique personality and identity and by which culture is passed form generation to generation

Baca Zinn argues that feminism must incorporate hierarchies of race and class in addition to gender in order to truly develop inclusive family theories because:

Race and class function as primary mechanisms by which societies construct unequal distribution social opportunities

Gender

Refers to societal attitudes and behaviors associated with the two sexes

Gender Identity

Refers to the degree to which individual sees herself or himself as feminine or masculine based on society's definitions of gender roles

Mania

Rests on strong sexual attraction and emotional intensity; differs form eros in that manic partners are extremely jealous and moody and their need for attention and affection is insatiable

Social psychologist John Gottman identified "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" Which of the following is NOT one of these?

Sabotage What is: Contempt Criticism Stonewalling

Good Enough Aftermath

Saw divorce as a 'speed bump' but felt it did not negatively affect their lives

Which ideology held that the public sphere of work and the private sphere of home were independent realms of existence?

Separate spheres

What refers to male or female anatomy and physiology?

Sex

What can you infer from Coontz's description of sexual behavior before the 20th century? *

Sexual behavior was not as intertwined with morality as it often is today

Which of the following statements best defines expressive sexuality?

Sexuality is basic to the humanness of both men and women

According to Seltzer, marriage as an institution is now celebrated as:

Short term and nonpermanent

Which concept discusses the relationship between "personal troubles" and "public issues"? *

Sociological imagination

The ABC-X Model

States that A (the stressor event) interacting with B (the family's ability to cope with a crisis; their crisis-meeting resources) interacting with C (the family's appraisal of the stressor event) produces X (the crisis)

Joe refuses to listen to his wife Paulette and is particularly resistant to considering her complaints. Joe's behavior illustrates:

Stonewalling

Stress Model of Parental Effectiveness

Stress that parents experience form sources such as job demands, financial worries, concerns about neighborhood safety, feeling stigmatized due to stereotypes causes: -Parental frustration -Anger and depression -Increasing likelihood of household conflict -Leads to poorer parenting practices: inconsistent discipline, limited parental warmth or involvement, lower levels of trust and communication -Poorer child outcomes result -Having social support mediates this adverse relationship

The Women's Movement of the 1960s

Successful because of general societal change, such as movement for Civil rights, Disability rights, Children's rights and the reemergence of diversity in general

Hyperparenting

The "Hurried Child" and the "Helicopter Parents" -Parents who hover above, meddling excessively in their children's lives -The over-scheduled or "hurried child" is forced to assume too many challenges and responsibilities too soon

1960s Sexual Revolution: Sex for Pleasure

The availability of birth control and changes in laws allowed intercourse to become separate from pregnancy, and helped reverse the idea that the state held sway over sexual and reproductive decisions

Divorce Divide

The decline in divorce rates varies by social category -Has declined dramatically for women college graduates, whereas less-educated women have experienced virtually stable divorce rates

A gender-as-relational approach focuses on: *

The difference among women and the differences among men

Enhanced Divorce Aftermath

The divorce helped them to focus on their strengths and to develop themselves more fully

What key factors aided the conservation of Chicano culture in the US? *

The impacts of racism and segregation and the system of compadrazgo

Robert's story at the beginning of Hansen's reading illustrates:

The inclination of parents to describe themselves as independent and self-sufficient despite sometime extensive networks of help and support