SOCI 111.01 All Quiz Final

Which of the following racial or ethnic groups is most closely associated with liberation theology?

African Americans

"Child minders", who work in state-funded day care centers, are found in _______.

France

The federal government became involved in regulating the costs of healthcare in the United States when _______.

Medicare and Medicaid programs were established

_____________ challenge the notion that gender is binary.

Transgender individuals

The fastest growing religion in the United States is ______.

no religious preference

In the U.S, ____________ has historically mattered more than ___________.

race; ethnicity

The gender gap in orgasm is narrowest in __________.

relationships of six or more months

Sociologists estimate that __________ of adult black men who finish high school but do not attend college will serve time in prison.

one-third

Which of the following groups is an example of a subculture?

online gamers

A true meritocracy would most likely be considered a(n) __________ society by sociologists.

open

One explanation for why the healthcare system in the United States resists most attempts at change is ______. This explains how institutions that develop a particular way of working find it very difficult to reverse course.

path dependency

Alexa was surprised to find that when she visited her new physician for the first time she sat down with her and just talked, asking questions about her past health issues and current situations. Alexa was experiencing __________.

patient-centered care

In the U.S, a majority of the country's politicians are men. Since men have traditionally held higher-level positions in politics, the economy, and the family, the gender system of the U.S is best described as a(n)________.

patriarchy

In china, the eldest son and his wife are expected to live with his parents and obey their authority. China is an example of a _____________ society.

patrilocal

The colonial period of the eighteenth century saw most healthcare being provided by _____.

poorly trained local doctors, community folk healers, and religious leaders

Public health initiatives, like requiring fast food restaurants to list the calories of all menu items, are an example of the ______.

population model of prevention

The state of California passed laws banning the sale of soda to shift the distribution of risk for obesity for all school-aged children. This approach to dealing with health risks is called the ______.

population model of prevention

Societies use criminal sanctions to _______ and ______.

prevent future crimes; as a form of vengeance

The premise of the ______ is that billionaires, millionaires, and all those at the top of the income ladder are expected to pay more in taxes than minimum-wage employees.

progressive tax system

Some of the earliest research on prejudice and discrimination was conducted by __________, who saw racism as__________.

psychologists; an expression of particular personality disorders

Nailah is writing a research on the concept of religion as a social institution. She is interviewing religious leaders from a wide variety of faiths. What kinds of questions should she ask the leaders to help her address the topic?

questions to find out how people incorporate religious beliefs into their everyday lives and community organizations.

To measure how religious someone is, a social scientist would look for ways to assess _______

religiosity

In a meritocracy__________.

rewards are linked to personal ability

Social control requires both _____ and _____.

rewards; punishments

In a study involving fictitious résumés of applicants with stereotypical "white names" (Emily and Greg) and "black names" (Lakisha and Jamal), researchers found that __________.

résumés with "white names" received 50 percent more follow-up calls than résumés with "black names"

According to the sociological definition of civil religion the American flag would be considered ______.

sacred

State deviance is ________.

seemingly deviant tactics and behavior supported by government policy

Early life exposure that results in health issues in adulthood is referred to as the _______ model.

sensitive-period

In the past 2 years, Jospeh has made and broken intimate bonds with 5 partners in a pattern of behavior known as ____________.

serial relationships

As demand for __________ grew, employment opportunities for women increased during the 1960s and 1970s.

service workers

The concept of national cultures assumes that ____.

shared cultural practices and beliefs exist within nation-states

Studies that demonstrate that gender differences fluctuate depending on the social situation offer proof that ______.

social forces have an impact on some gender differences.

Because there are no obvious ways of determining how much opportunity individuals really have, social scientists measure it indirectly by examining_______.

social mobility

Which of the following statements about social contexts would sociologists agree is true? (a) social contexts can sometimes be used to understand some types of group situations (b) social contexts can have a huge impact on where individuals end up in life (c) social contexts can be easily overcome by the will of the individual (d) social contexts are important but ultimately cannot be used to determine anything about an individual

(b) social contexts can have a huge impact on where individuals end up in life

Your sociological research is examining the relationship between how governmental policies reinforce economic inequality. This research is investigating___________. (a) structuralism and cognition (b) social structure (c) symbolic interaction (d) agency and path dependence

(b) social structure

Peter Berger's "Invitation to Sociology" suggested that sociology is like a consuming passion. Which of the following describes the difference between sociology and physics? (a) almost sociologists, unlike physicists, have social skills (b) sociological insights are often relevant to the lives of sociologists themselves (c) sociologists are obsessed with discovering secrets, while physicists describe phenomena (d) sociologists pursue their interests dispassionately, rather like physicists

(b) sociological insights are often relevant to the lives of sociologists themselves

Why would sociologists who study academic performance be interested in the lives of college freshmen before they enter college? (a) sociologists are particularly well equipped to study individual's intelligence quotients and the impact of intelligence on academic performance (b) sociologists are particularly well equipped to study the influences of studying students' backgrounds - such as family influences - on academic performance (c) students who excel academically are likely to attend schools closer to home (d) sociologists who took sociology courses are particularly well equipped to study the academic performance of students entering college for the first time

(b) sociologists are particularly well equipped to study the influences of studying students' backgrounds - such as family influences - on academic performance

Of the following behaviors, which is least likely to be considered a norm violation? (a) physically assaulting a police officer (b) standing too close to strangers at the bus stop (c) talking too loud in a movie theater (d) leaving a public restroom without washing your hands

(b) standing too close to strangers at the bus stop

You want to conduct a research study on the sexual behaviors of married couples in rural America. You plan on interviewing individuals using an in-depth survey method. After approval from your institutional review board and finding individuals to interview, but before you conduct the interviews, what is needed to make sure that this project is ethical? (a) agreement from another researcher to conduct follow-up interviews with all respondents (b) the informed consent of all participants (c) approval from the American Sociological Association (d) approval from the chair of your sociology department

(b) the informed consent of all participants

What is social structure? (a) individual personality differences in a variety of contexts (b) the way rules and norms become enduring patterns that shape social interactions (c) the deterministic belief that one can never escape their social position (d) a collection of sociological theories that examine the difference between rich and poor

(b) the way rules and norms become enduring patterns that shape social interactions

What factor is most important for successful learning, according to Dr. Chew? (a) knowledge about your learning style (b) what you think about while studying (c) paying close attentions to the material as you study (d) the amount of time you spend studying

(b) what you think about while studying

When did education and learning become institutionalized? (a) when teachers began to think of themselves as professionals (b) when a curriculum was established (c) when taboos against teaching began to disappear (d) when social elites began to send their children to schools

(b) when a curriculum was established

One of the most powerful predictors of one's health is _______.

socioeconomic status

Current data indicate that Asian Americans have the highest median household incomes in the United States. Researchers caution, however, that the data about Asian incomes can be misinterpreted because __________.

some Asians, such as Vietnamese and Cambodian Americans, are at the bottom of the income hierarchy

Taylor and Ally are attending a home game to cheer on their favorite baseball team. Taylor, like the vast majority of fans in attendance, is wearing the home team's jersey. Ally is wearing a random T-shirt that isn't even the team's color. Ally's behavior is __________.

statistically deviant

Dr. Morrison and Dr. Smith are both faculty members at Abilene Christian University and are therefore required to be active members of a church of Christ. Both Morrison and Smith attend the same congregation in Abilene. Dr. Cox, who teaches at Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, attends with Morrison and Smith, but is not required to do so by her employer. Which problem would Perrin say Drs. Morrison and Smith are more likely to experience than Dr. Cox?

tainted witness

You want to study people on both sides of the digital divide. Of the following sets of test subjects, which would make the most suitable interview subjects to capture both sides of the divide?

teenagers and senior citizens

According to Elijah Anderson, _____ refers to informal rules of behavior in the inner city, while _____ refers to the amount of respect an individual possesses.

the code; juice

You are fascinated with Bourdieu's concept of habitus. Which of the following subjects could lead to a project that might add to the theoretical research surrounding habitus?

the differences in table manners at family dinners across classes

The earliest encounter with what is perceived to be normality is, essentially, that of ______.

the parents

Maria and Manno both work full time. Maria gets off work at 4, picks up her kids from her sister's house, and returns home to start the laundry. She makes dinner for her family and checks her children's homework. Maria's scenario is an example of the housework and care work that sociologists call __________.

the second shift

Women are far more likely than men to assume household duties in addition to working full-time jobs, an inequality that Arlie Hochschild has dubbed __________.

the second shift

Insights from the sociological study of deviance come from studying ________.

the social and economic positions of those in power

Candace and Bill are married with two children. Bill works and earns minimum wage. Candace stays home to raise their two young children. Their annual household income in 2012 was below the poverty line. Given this scenario, you can accurately infer that __________.

their annual income is above $35,000

Before retirement, most people get most or all of their income from __________.

their jobs

Eighty-five percent of African Americans who have suffered from a heart attack are treated in only 1,000 urban hospitals, while only 40 percent of white heart attack victims are treated in those same hospitals. This supports the theory that _____.

there are clear differences in the quality of healthcare that African Americans receive

Hochschild distinguishes between emotion management and emotional labor. What is the difference? (a) there is no difference (b) everyone manages emotions and does emotional labor (c) emotional labor is part of the work process and thus is paid; emotion management is uncompensated (d) emotion management is paid work, emotional labor is not

(c) emotional labor is part of the work process and thus is paid; emotion management is uncompensated

You want to study riot that occurred over 60 years ago. You have access to a handful of survivors, but they likely cannot provide all the information you need. Which two research methods should you use in this study? (a) interviews and experiments (b) surveys and ethnography (c) interviews and historical research (d) ethnography and interviews

(c) interviews and historical research

When we fail at public social performances, such as accidentally dropping a book in class, how do we repair our mistake? (a) most people involved in the scene will have an embarrassed reaction (b) most people go on as though nothing has happened (c) most people signal that all is okay by quietly indicating that they have performed imperfectly (d) most people immediately stop what they are doing and launch into a detailed apology

(c) most people signal that all is okay by quietly indicating that they have performed imperfectly

Thomas, who has never been to a formal dinner, is attending one at his friend's house. Throughout the evening, Thomas observes his friend's behavior in order to fit in and act appropriately. Thomas is of formal dinner learning the social ________ of a formal dinner (a) hierarchies (b) roles (c) norms (d) structures

(c) norms

What did Craig Haney find the impact of solitary confinement to be on inmates in the California prison system? (a) Prisoners suffered from numerous physical maladies but did not suffer mentally from solitary confinement (b) solitary confinement caused no change in the prisoners (c) prisoners' physical and mental health was negatively impacted; some committed suicide (d) prisoners benefited from solitary confinement and were better behaved afterward

(c) prisoners' physical and mental health was negatively impacted; some committed suicide

In "Invitation to Sociology" Peter Berger says that sociology can pose a danger to __________ (a) received wisdom (b) the poor (c) religious leaders (d) psychology professors

(c) religious leaders

What do sociologists mean when they describe life as a stage? (a) that our interactions are all scripted, leaving very little room for free will (b) that our lives are directed by unseen individuals behind the scenes (c) that we are always on stage, performing the self in the spotlight of others (d) that acting is a natural as breathing

(c) that we are always on stage, performing the self in the spotlight of others

Sociologists argue that we know appropriate social behavior because of commonsense understandings based in _____. (a) cognitive psychology theory (b) a self-fulfilling prophecy (c) the generalized other (d) the social construction of reality

(c) the generalized other

In his controversial study in which he led subjects to believe they were delivering painful shocks to innocent people, what social phenomenon was Stanley Milgram trying to understand? (a) the situations in which society's deviants can thrive and flourish (b) the ways in which codes of conduct are violated by scientific professionals (c) the process through which normal individuals can be compelled to hurt others simply because they are told to (d) the difference between normal individuals and sociopaths

(c) the process through which normal individuals can be compelled to hurt others simply because they are told to

There is an Easter Egg hidden in the syllabus. Which television or movie character is mentioned in that part of the document? (a) Wonder Woman (b) spiderman (c) Bart Simpson (d) ALF

(d) ALF

Lareau contrasts the parenting styles of the middle and upper classes with those of the lower and working classes. What is one outcome associated with the "Accomplishment of Natural Growth" style? (a) Leisure activities coordinated by adults (b) A sense of entitlement with institutions (c) Leisure activities coordinated by adults (d) Dependence upon institutions.

(d) Dependence upon institutions.

John is taking an introductory sociology class. As a result, he is conscious of his environment and carefully thinks about what he sees rather than jumping quick conclusions. notices an unhoused man on his way class every day. Using his sociological imagination, what might John conclude about this man's circumstances? (a) John reacts with indifference. Although would not make the same choice, the unhoused man, obviously, has chosen to live off handouts rather than work. (b) John is sympathetic and recognizes that unhoused man alcoholic, but particular disease- alcoholism-is personal, not social, issue. (c) John reacts with frustration, He considers the unhoused man's situation as personal problem. The man, obviously, is lazy and chooses not to work. (d) John reacts with sympathy. He considers the social circumstances that may have drawn the unhoused man into poverty and wonders why many unemployed. He concludes that because of social change, the unhoused man has lost his housing along with his job.

(d) John reacts with sympathy. He considers the social circumstances that may have drawn the unhoused man into poverty and wonders why many unemployed. He concludes that because of social change, the unhoused man has lost his housing along with his job.

Karen operates a clothing store. Last summer she hired young man work her store. He was frequently late and did not work particularly hard when he did show Karen now feels that most young men do not have the work ethic necessary to meet her demands. Her belief that young men lazy is an example of (a) discrimination (b) racism (c) the sociological imagination (d) stereotype

(d) stereotype

How do sociologists define power? (a) the financial means to acquire resources (b) membership in dominant hierarchies (c) the ability to claim rewards (d) the ability to influence the behavior of others

(d) the ability to influence the behavior of others

There is a parallel between Chambliss' argument and Dr. Chew's argument in the videos. What do both of these authors suggest is missing from how many athletes practice and how many students study? (a) the best athletes and students both practice or study for more hours than are really necessary (b) the best athletes and students do not challenge themselves (c) the best athletes and students simply stick with their practice and study habits (d) the best athletes and students practice and study in ways that differ from their peers

(d) the best athletes and students practice and study in ways that differ from their peers

Jon views himself as a lazy person who is not very intelligent. His self-understanding comes from his overly critical father who continually belittled him when he was growing up. Jon's perception of himself is what sociologists might refer to as _________. (a) backstage behavior (b) the social construction of reality (c) role consistency (d) the looking-glass self

(d) the looking-glass self

Erving Goffman suggested that everyone engages in "impression management" with others. What motivates people to practice impression management, for Goffman? (a) security (b) deception (c) self expression (d) to achieve their goals

(d) to achieve their goals

Which of the following statements about reference groups is true? (a) reference groups do not tend to influence our behavior (b) we are only associated with one reference group at a time (c) reference groups are important only in the teenage years (d) we are often associated with several reference groups simultaneously

(d) we are often associated with several reference groups simultaneously

Sociologists decide what to research and what questions to ask once they are familiar with ___________. (a) what expenses they are likely incur (b) what mainstream Americans believe about sociologists (c) what sources of funding are available (d) what other sociologists have already discovered

(d) what other sociologists have already discovered

Qualitative research relies on ___________. (a) statistical analysis of data (b) variable analysis (c) numerical data (d) words, observations, or pictures

(d) words, observations, or pictures

________________ is a designation of class that considers income, occupation, and salary.

Socioeconomic status

How does Coontz explain why there is so much conflict btw teenagers and their parents?

Teens lack socially valued roles in society and their parents restrict their freedom.

Something happened during the last ten years that made a Missouri community a "natural experiment" in school desegregation. What was it?

The Normandy school district lost its accreditation.

Moral regulation, the effort to legislate morality, is being curbed by what phenomenon?

The general support for lifestyle freedom rather than organized resistance.

Eric and Carrie hooked up after a party last night. They have never hooked up before. What is the most likely outcome of their hookup?

They probably did not have intercourse.

Sociologist Joan Williams argues that workplace anti-discrimination policies need to address family responsibilities for what reason?

To end penalties that those who care for others face.

Carla and JD are both employees at Sacred Heart Hospital, but Carla is a nurse while JD is a physician. According to a Structural Functionalist perspective, why would we expect JD to have higher social rank and rewards (such as income) than Carla?

Training JD for his job took longer than training Carla for hers.

You are a successful sociologist and have recently written a new book on ethnography. You are about to enter a party where an important executive at a publishing company is in attendance. You are talking to one of your colleagues about how to impress this individual. She advises, "Just be sure to use your cultural capital!" If you were to follow this advice, which of the following actions might you take?

Walk up to the executive and strike up a conversation on classical music.

Which of the following statements is true according to the analogy of the red-,blue-, and yellow- colored blocks cited in the text?

We grow up learning to look for certain pieces of information about a person's body to decide which race they belong to, while disregarding others.

Other than punishment, why do we follow rules and norms?

We seek the positive rewards good behavior provides

What did Durkheim mean by "the unstated terms if the social contract"?

What sociologists call "norms"

When is a "deviant" behavior deviant according to most sociologists?

When it violates societal rules.

Why might a yogi in southern India or a Buddhist monk in Nepal violate a Westerner's so-called "norm of engagement"?

When meditating, it appears as if they are doing nothing.

A pessimistic interpretation of recent survey results used to measure prejudice might be that ______.

Whites are reluctant to admit to harboring racial prejudices.

Who are most likely to work a fully day outside the home for pay and perform a second-shift of unpaid labor at home?

Women

__________tend to suffer from less deadly chronic diseases such as arthritis, anxiety, or depression.

Women

Of the following, which is the most plausible explanation for why women continue to earn less than men?

Women in the workforce, by choice or because of discrimination, are concentrated in lower-paying jobs.

According to sociologists, ________ has a strong influence on the differences in life expectancy for citizens living in different countries.

a country's healthcare system

What is a primary reason for the high rate of emergency room use by Americans?

a lack of health insurance

What is a cultural tool kit?

a set of ideas and skills that we learn and use in daily life

Anthropologist Broinslaw Malinowski's study of the Trobriand islanders observed that __________-.

uncles performed many of the duties that Western societies associate with fatherhood.

Which of the following is an example of a counterpublic?

union halls

Sociologist Devah Pager (2003), who tested the influence of criminal records on the job applications of blacks and whites, found that __________.

white applicants with criminal records were more likely to be considered for jobs than black applicants without criminal records

Among the following groups, who is most likely to take up a "new religion"?

women

The "opt-out revolution" refers to _________.

women who leave the workplace to care for their children

When did homelessness begin to grow into a serious problem in the United States?

1980s

____________ have the highest rates of educational attainment in the U.S

Asian Americans

Of the following, what is the most popular denomination in America today?

Baptist

According to Wilkinson and Pickett, after a certain point, increases in gross domestic product (GDP) make no difference in the level of social dysfunction in a society. Why is this?

Because after that point, inequalities within each society make the most difference.

What is meant by the "sleeper effect" in understanding the consequences of divorce?

Children of divorce may not feel its harmful consequences until years after the divorce.

Who coined the term "paganism"?

Christians

What is the difference btw cohabiting and hooking up?

Cohabiting involves living together while hooking up involves sexual behavior with or without commitment to a relationship.

You are a corporate advertising executive. You want your message to get out to as many mainstream Americans as possible. Which of the following approaches would best accomplish this goal?

Come up with a clever ad for the super bowl.

One of the main take-aways from Dr. Fikes presentation in class on Oct 14th was:

Current members of the ACU community have benefitted from funds supplied by white supremacists.

Which sociological figure defines religion as the way societies distinguish between the sacred and the profane?

Durkheim

Robin Perrin's article, "What makes a church strong?" demonstrates the utility of rational choice theory. In the article, he documents that high-cost, evangelical churches are growing while mainline denominations, like Methodists, Lutherans, and Presbyterians, are declining. Which of the following is one reason he gives for this?

Evangelical churches are high-cost, and specialize in other-worldly rewards.

Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for the underrepresentation of men in jobs as kindergarten teachers?

Female-dominated occupations pay less than male-dominated occupations.

DuBois suggested that social progress for Blacks would not come through accommodating their oppression. What did he suggest Blacks do to gain equality with whites?

Gain education and political power.

____________ refers to the impact that social forces have on the individual in terms of what it means to be male or female; ____________ refers to how males and females differ in terms of anatomy, chromosomes, and hormones.

Gender; sex

Wilkinson and Pickett's article on inequality and social dysfunction discusses the "social gradient" in several social problems. What does the fact of social gradient mean for a society?

Health inequities affect everyone in society

____________ are terms used to describe bias directed at persons because of their sexual orientation.

Heterosexism and homophobia

In Promises I Can Keep, Edin and Kefalas studied women who chose to give birth to one or more children before they got married. Which of the following was one of the reasons these women gave for this choice, according to these authors?

Impoverished, inner city girls highly value children.

One of the main points from October 4's lecture concerned mobility. Which of the following most accurately reflects the truth about intergenerational reproduction of income?

Income at age 30 is highly correlated with parental income

Who theorized that the critical divisions between classes were the result of the economic system?

Karl Marx

The two articles we read outside the textbook, "Saints and Roughnecks" and "Being Sane in Insane Places" share a similar perspective. Which theory do they both most closely conform to?

Labeling Theory

Sociologists think of the United States as _______.

an intensely class-bound society

In South Africa, ___________ segregated nonwhites from whites and made legal many forms of discrimination that benefited the white ruling majority.

apartheid

How is a sociologist most likely to define religion?

as the behaviors, beliefs, and commitments of a group or society

Gender-stereotypical behavior is most likely to occur when people believe they are ________.

being watched

What are stereotypes?

beliefs about a group that are often untrue or exaggerated

Anderson explains that the inner-city is characterized by a zero-sum quality. In other words, inner-city residents....

believe that they can only gain respect and status by putting others down.

Income and wealth in the family can result in buying more nutritious food, living in safer environments, and getting better healthcare. This has particularly positive effects for _____.

children

Through what process are class boundaries and distinctions maintained over time?

class reproduction

Young people today are much more likely than young people in the 1970s to _____.

cohabit

The Chinese have long exhibited an approach to religion that ______.

combines elements of different religions

Sociologists define ethnicity as a system for classifying people who share_______.

common descent, based on perceived cultural similarities

Polygamists believe that monogamy is not a natural state for human beings. They feel that people should have multiple spouses at the same time rather than just one spouse. Although polygamy is illegal in the United States, there are many people around the world who engage in this practice, including some who do so in the United States, despite the legal restrictions. Polygamists who live in the United States are an example of a _______.

counterculture

Sociologist William Whyte referred to the conformity expected of the _______ in 1950s America.

"organization man"

Contemporary sociologists argue that social contexts impact our health because social contexts _______.

define what is normal behavior, like the acceptance of binge drinking at a party

A school dress code bans tank tops, skirts, and shorts above the knee, and ripped jeans for females. This is an example of _____.

disinterested rule-making

The percentage of black men who have been incarcerated is __________ to their percentage representation in the population at large.

disporportionate

In an effort to cope with marital tensions faced by an unequal second shift, Nancy and Evan Holt, the couple described in your text, ________. Hochschild stresses, however, that developing strategies such as this do not- and cannot- change the underlying conditions from which the tensions stem.

divided up the household chores btw the two of them

Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu thought about the kinds of resources that have a bearing on people's lives in terms of __________.

economic capital, social capital, and cultural capital.

Oscar recently lost his job and is having difficulty obtaining a new one. His wife, Lillian, on the other hand, recently finished her nursing degree after staying at home with the couple's twin daughters and has had numerous job offers. Oscar and Lillian's scenario best aligns with the __________ of family change.

economic restructuring perspective

German sociologist Jurgen Habermas's ideal of the public sphere is a vision of the ________.

equal participation in political life of all private citizens

What key factor played into Cesare Beccaria's formula for making people obey the law?

fairness

Earl is married and has two children. His spouse and his children comprise his __________.

family of procreation.

Johana's parents and her 2 sisters constitute her __________.

family or orientation

One reason for the high cost of the American healthcare system is that doctors work on a _______ basis that results in them doing more expensive tests and procedures.

fee for service

The dominant system of inequality prior to the advent of capitalism is known as __________.

feudalism

Sarah and her family have just moved to a new city hours away from their old home. She has made new friends who have been very supportive and helpful. Her new friend Anna is often called "Aunt Anna" by Sarah's children. In Sarah's scenario, Anna is an example of____________

fictive kin

A CIA black site is a _____.

foreign prison operated by the CIA in which prisoners accused of terrorist activities can be interrogated outside the reach of any legal authority

Which two factors are more relevant than the others when studying the relationship between age and religiosity?

generational differences between age cohorts and gender

The components of Nike tennis shoes are produced in different parts of the world. The final assembly of the shoes is completed in China. Thereafter the shoes are shipped to the United States, where David purchases a pair at the Mall of Abilene.

globalization

According to studies from early in the twentieth century, students who attend more years of school ________.

have higher survival rates as adults

Most "one percenters" __________.

have jobs

Sandra is a corporate attorney. She graduated from Harvard Law School at the top of her class and earns $250,000 a year. Sociologists who evaluate Sandra's social position based on the dimensions of her income, education, and occupation would describe her as __________.

having high SES

Which of the following comes closest to Chambliss' view of the idea that some people are simply "talented" and that this attribute their success? (a) He believes that "talent" is the label we give to successful people, not its cause (b) he believes that "talent" is just another word for lots of practice (c) he believes that "talent" explains why one person succeeds while other do not, given the same amount of practice time (d) he does not have a position on the idea of talent

(a) He believes that "talent" is the label we give to successful people, not its cause

This course requires you to create an infographic. How many people can be in your group? (a) Just one--this is not a group project (b) only three (c) only two (d) between two and four

(a) Just one--this is not a group project

When is the "Student Information Sheet" due to Dr. Morrison? (a) September 6, via canvas (b) No later than September 4, in class (c) the "Student Information Sheet" is not required (d) the "Student Information Sheet" has no due date

(a) September 6, via canvas

Which of the following is an example of how population changes impact life chances? (a) The types of jobs and employment available to individuals can be determined by population size. (b) People's IQs can be determined by whether a population has changed recently. (c) When people move into a new area, they immediately develop new social structures. (d) Population changes have very little impact on life chances.

(a) The types of jobs and employment available to individuals can be determined by population size.

Along with informed consent, what other ethical obligation do sociologists have regarding their professional responsibilities and conduct? (a) They must disclose their identity as researchers. (b) They must disclose their theoretical traditions. (c) They must disclose their epistemological orientations. (d) They must disclose the true identities of their subjects.

(a) They must disclose their identity as researchers.

What do we call the act of bowing out of a conversation when two or more people are talking at once? (a) a repair (b) conversational permissiveness (c) taking turns (d) a pause

(a) a repair

As we transition from one stage of the life course to another we are expected to alter our _________ to fit new roles. (a) behavior (b) social structures (c) social inequalities (d) hierarchies

(a) behavior

Which of the following regarding note taking is LEAST LIKELY to be recommended by Dr. Chew? (a) borrowing notes from a classmate (b) organizing your notes (c) recording the lecture with the professor's permission (d) getting missed information right away

(a) borrowing notes from a classmate

When Ashley's parents drop her off at school, she immediately goes to the bathroom and applies makeup. In this scenario, the agent of socialization impacting her immediate behavior is __________.

her peers

Which of the following groups faces the least disadvantage when applying for jobs?

heterosexual white men

A ______will most likely not be a _________.

heterosexual; sexual minority

Dr. Chew suggests that you should not read the textbook over and over. What does he suggest you do instead? (a) close your book and notes, then try to recall as much information as you can (b) get a good night's sleep after the reading and the textbook chapter one time (c) reward yourself with a Facebook break (d) make flashcards of key terms

(a) close your book and notes, then try to recall as much information as you can

You want to understand how American views on violence in the media differ from the views of Germans. To complete your comparison of these two populations, what type of research should you conduct? (a) cross-national comparison (b) longitudinal-historical research (c) demographic analysis (d) ethnography

(a) cross-national comparison

Which of the following is NOT a "belief that makes you stupid" according to Dr. Chew? (a) deep processing helps students retain information (b) knowledge is composed of isolated facts (c) you are really good at multi-tasking (d) being good at a subject is simply natural, or the result of inborn talent

(a) deep processing helps students retain information

You are social scientist in the mid-nineteenth century. You want to study the forces in society that are driving social change. What human subjects are you most likely to study? (a) factory workers who live in New York City (b) shrimpers who live in Louislana (c) members the U.S. Ariny (d) farmers who live in rural lowa

(a) factory workers who live in New York City

Institutionalization is best understood as when ___________. (a) groups try to formalize norms, rules, or practices that people were doing informally (b) new social roles and formal organizations are established (c) businesses progress from small to multinational corporations (d) an organization resists social protest and refuses to adapt to social norms

(a) groups try to formalize norms, rules, or practices that people were doing informally

When groups become more equal a size, competition between them for jobs, housing, romantic partners, and other resources________ (a) intensifies (b) decreases (c) ends (d) stabilizes

(a) intensifies

Sociologists' understanding of social contexts, social interactions, and social structures teaches us that people _________. (a) present themselves in different ways based on the social situation they are in (b) typically present themselves in the same way to everyone they meet (c) often behave in highly unpredictable ways (d) never present themselves in the same way twice

(a) present themselves in different ways based on the social situation they are in

Good research questions are both feasible and ___________. (a) relevant (b) broad (c) narrow (d) complex

(a) relevant

According to Dr. Chew, writing down everything that Dr. Morrison (or any professor) says in class ___________. (a) results in shallow processing (b) helps you prepare for exams (c) is an excellent way to learn the material (d) leads to deep learning

(a) results in shallow processing

Which of the following does NOT help your learning, according to Dr. Chew? (a) shallow processing (b) practicing retrieval (c) minimizing distractions (d) developing accurate metacognition

(a) shallow processing

In Spitz's study of the differences between children in an orphanage and a nursery and incarcerated mothers, half of the children were denied ___________. (a) social interaction (b) sufficient warmth (c) nutritious food (d) natural sound

(a) social interaction

As part of your morning routine you eat breakfast, drink a cup of coffee, take a shower, and walk your dog. Which part of this routine is most likely controlled by the voice of the generalized other? (a) taking a shower (b) walking the dog (c) eating the breakfast (d) drinking coffee

(a) taking a shower

Imagine that you are a senior in college with one semester to go before graduation. You do not have a job yet, but you are looking for one. You have a good relationship with your parents, are married, but do not have children. Which of the following is one of your reference groups? (a) current high-school students (b) recent college graduates (c) new parents (d) business professionals

(b) recent college graduates

The deepest levels of information processing _________. (a) involve memorizing definitions (b) relate new information to prior knowledge (c) result from using flashcards (d) do NOT rely on personal meaning

(b) relate new information to prior knowledge

Which of the following is an example of an informal rule? (a) not driving while intoxicated (b) respecting the needs of children (c) filing tax returns (d) stopping at red lights

(b) respecting the needs of children

___________ are people who have a disproportionate influence on how we behave. We use them as examples to shape our behavior in ways that we interpret as desirable. (a) significant others (b) role models (c) referents (d) generalized others

(b) role models

The _________ is the individual's reflection on one's own identity and social position that is made and reformulated through social interactions. (a) mind (b) self (c) id (d) ego

(b) self

Social movements allow for the process of______________. (a) reinforcing stereotypes (b) social change (c) causing social inequality (d) eliminating our legal foundation

(b) social change

Symbols communicate an idea while being distinct from the __________ itself.

idea

Growth among practicing Catholics in the United states is largely attributed to what?

immigration

Illegal or "underground" earnings from crime or from untaxed (undeclared) work or activity are __________.

income

Which of the following factors is most responsible for school re-segregation after its peak in 1988?

increasing residential segregation by race

The concept of _______ is at the heart of the study of social stratification.

inequality

Roger moved to a new city and had to find a new primary care doctor. He had great difficulty choosing because he could find no ratings or reviews about the quality of care from any of the local doctors. Roger's situation is a form of __________.

information asymmetry

What did Nikole Hannah-Jones reporting indicate was successful in reducing the achievement gap btw white and black students?

integration

The deviance implicit in a drone strike is that _____.

it kills noncombatants such as innocent civilians

Anthropologists see families as __________.

kinship systems

It is argued that when we enter the marketplace for healthcare we have information asymmetry. Information asymmetry refers to the _______.

lack of available information regarding the quality of doctors and hospitals

Ethnography is a research method based on ______.

lengthy and intimate observation of a group.

The Untied States spends __________ on programs that directly alleviate poverty than other wealthy nations

less

The biblical story of the Exodus (the escape of the Jews from slavery in Egypt) reflects what type of theology for traditionally black churches?

liberation theology

Research has shown that most Americans have two tools available to them in their cultural tool kits regarding romantic love. What are they?

love as a choice and love as a commitment

The highest rate of births outside of marriage occurs among __________.

lower-income men and women who do not finish college

It is often better to use the __________, instead of the __________, to measure household income because it is a more stable calculation that is influenced less by outliers.

median; mean

Dahlia lives in Texas with her family. Every Sunday they attend church with thousands of other people. Which of the following concepts best describes their congregation?

megachurch

The spread of the big five religions came about mostly through _____.

missionaries and conquest

Deviance and control always constitute a paired relationship and it is the _______ group that determines what is normal and what is deviant.

more powerful

Individuals of mixed-race ancestry are more likely to identify themselves as __________ if they have Asian ancestry, but individuals with __________ ancestry are more likely to be assigned to a single race by others, regardless how they self-identify.

multiracial; African

A main idea of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' Communist Manifesto is that the proletariat.....

must achieve class consciousness and overthrow the capitalist class.

In the Dr. Coontz video, the scholar explained that it's not that big, emotional moments like fights or major conflicts that are associated with long term marriages or divorce. What is it?

mutual attention and respect for each partner

In an ethnographic study of black and white working-class men, Deirdre Royster (2003) found that the job market was __________.

not fair and not meritocratic

Ellen is a sociologist interested in studying how the gender revolution has impacted the composition of sexes in various fields of employment. She will study the percentage of males to females in specific occupations. Ellen is likely to utilize an index that will measure __________.

occupational sex segregation

Why is conversational precision critical to interacting with other individuals in society? (a) timing ad spacing in the delivery of spoken communication convey subtle cues that are critical for understanding (b) conversational precision allows us to study language in a way that is of use to the social sciences (c) conversational precision provides us with the vocabulary needed to convey complex ideas (d) without conversational precision, we cannot interpret complex ideas

(a) timing ad spacing in the delivery of spoken communication convey subtle cues that are critical for understanding

What is the policy on the use of electronic devices in this class? (a) unless authorized or necessary for an accommodation, no student may use electronic devices (b) only devices without internet access may be used (c) electronic devices are discouraged, but not banned (d) there is no policy

(a) unless authorized or necessary for an accommodation, no student may use electronic devices

According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do most people construct the way they view themselves? (a) we view ourselves based on how we think others view us (b) we view ourselves based on our own personal philosophies (c) we view ourselves based on genetically based criteria (d) we view ourselves based on the media we consume

(a) we view ourselves based on how we think others view us

The "Great Migration" refers to the movement of which group of Americans? (a) migrant farmers (b) African Americans (c) senior citizens (d) Latino Americans

(b) African Americans

When social structure breaks down so does social order; which of the following best illustrates a breakdown in social structure? (a) shoppers in a new mall (b) New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina (c) a parking lot after a sporting event (d) Wall Street after the housing market crashed

(b) New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina

What can applying the sociological imagination tell us about unemployment and homelessness? (a) Unemployment, but not homelessness, is almost always the result of individual choices (b) Unemployment and homelessness can be due to changing social forces beyond an individual's control (c) Anyone is just as likely as another to become either unemployment or homelessness (d) Homelessness and unemployment are almost always the result of individual choices

(b) Unemployment and homelessness can be due to changing social forces beyond an individual's control

What role do values play in sociological research? (a) Values have no part in shaping the research interests of sociologists. (b) Values influence sociologists' research questions, but they do not determine findings. (c) Values determine findings almost exclusively in sociological research. (d) Values have very little influence on sociologists' research questions, but they impact findings in significant, albeit hidden, ways.

(b) Values influence sociologists' research questions, but they do not determine findings.

Ben works at a local hospital. Every day he takes the elevator to his office on the tenth floor. He has noticed that once he steps into the elevator, he looks straight ahead at the elevator door and does not make verbal or eye contact with others. This behavior is an example of ________. (a) institutionalization (b) a social norm (c) social movement (d) path dependency

(b) a social norm

When research questions have more to do with how people interact and less with how they say they interact, what research method is usually best? (a) a survey (b) ethnographic observation (c) in-depth interviews (d) a social experiment

(b) ethnographic observation

Catherine is taking research methods class in which the semester project involves conducting original research. Catherine is interested in finding out viewing particular television programs has an impact on behavior. She wants to see if children are more likely to engage in aggressive behavior after they watch television shows that exhibit violent images. Catherine's tentative prediction is what scientists refer to as ___________. (a) an operational definition (b) hypothesis (c) validity (d) reliability

(b) hypothesis

Where does the process of socialization typically begin? (a) in peer groups (b) in families (c) in communities (d) in schools

(b) in families

When sociologists refer to the institutions of society, they are most likely referring to social practices such as:__________ (a) social welfare programs (b) marriage, family, or school (c) public opinion (d) corporate takeovers

(b) marriage, family, or school

How is sociology like determining a new language? (a) sociology is inherently difficult (b) multiple channels of "input" are required to be successful (c) both require little effort from most (d) some people are naturally gifted at learning sociology and languages

(b) multiple channels of "input" are required to be successful

The textbook authors suggest that in the real world researchers _________ deviate from the traditional order of the scientific method. (a) predetermine whether they (b) often (c) never (d) always

(b) often

Imagine you are a sociologist investigating the link between position in the social hierarchy and socialization. What term is used to describe this link? (a) routine (b) personality development (c) habitus (d) discrimination

(b) personality development

The final exam (aka the Final Assessment) will __________________. (a) pull questions from past assessments ONLY (b) pull questions from past assessments and "The Promise" (c) not be cumulative (d) feature short answer questions, unlike past assessments

(b) pull questions from past assessments and "The Promise"

In "The Mundanity of Excellence" Daniel Chambliss reports on swimming. He argues that excellence is not the results of more time spent in the pool. What, then, does Chambliss report helps swimmers (and others) achieve excellence? (a) quantitative changes in their practice (b) qualitative changes in their practice (c) meditation (d) special swimming suits

(b) qualitative changes in their practice

Dr. Chew suggests that ___________ can help you learn at the appropriate level of processing. (a) long study sessions (b) questions generation (c) memorizing definitions (d) frequent breaks to text friends

(b) questions generation

You are a first-year student at a major university. Which of the following describes a social context that could have a positive impact on your academic success? (a) You are a perfectionist in all things. You always study very hard and have no intention graduating with less a perfect 4.0. (b) You went to high school that did not offer many Advanced Placement courses. (c) After college, you plan on being teacher. For this reason, you take your education very seriously. (d) Your parents were able to hire summer tutors for you when you were in high school

(c) After college, you plan on being teacher. For this reason, you take your education very seriously.

Which of the following statements would Joel Best be most likely to agree with? (a) Every social statistic reflects ideological biases. (b) Competing social statistics can be equally right. (c) Every social statistic reflects the choices that go into producing it. (d) Competing social statistics should be averaged to get the correct result

(c) Every social statistic reflects the choices that go into producing it.

Dr. Morrison's syllabus indicated that he would like to meet all students enrolled in this class. What is the best way to schedule a meeting in advance? (a) Flag Dr. Morrison down on campus (b) Call Dr. Morrison's cell phone (c) Make an appointment using a link from the course syllabus (d) Email Dr. Morrison, neglecting a subject line

(c) Make an appointment using a link from the course syllabus

Which of the following is an example of how understanding how social structure determines one's life opportunities? (a) College students "know" that a degree is not the best path to success. (b) Rich people "know" that poor people don't work hard. (c) Poor people "know" that the world is stacked against them. (d) Women "know" their path is not influenced by their gender.

(c) Poor people "know" that the world is stacked against them.

You, a sociology student, are approached by an anthropology student who would like to work with you. How should you respond to this offer to participate in an interdisciplinary study? (a) The project may work, but it is likely that you will come into conflict with your partner for theoretical reasons. This conflict could make the project very difficult to finish. Decline. (b) Sociology is very narrow field of study with very specific research methodologies. A project with an anthropologist just doesn't make sense. Decline. (c) Sociology is a broad discipline that would benefit from the research anthropology has to offer. Accept. (d) Historical contexts and the nature of modern universities prevent sociologists from interacting effectively with anthropologists. Decline.

(c) Sociology is a broad discipline that would benefit from the research anthropology has to offer. Accept.

Kordell is interested in distributing questionnaires to college freshmen regarding their study habits. He has targeted several colleges where he wants to carry out the research. What must Kordell do first? (a) Have students sign informed consent forms. (b) Brief students on what he is interested in studying. (c) Submit his research proposal to each school's institutional review board (IRB). (d) Identify which classes he wants to target.

(c) Submit his research proposal to each school's institutional review board (IRB).

You are the coach of a little league baseball team. You decide that it would be a good idea to teach the players about social roles. Which of the following examples is the clearest example of a role? (a) Players who hit more home runs are usually liked better by their teammates. (b) The team that hits more baseballs tends to win. (c) The job of the catcher is to catch the ball and throw it back to the pitcher. (d) Some kids prefer to play with grass in the outfield rather than pay attention to game play.

(c) The job of the catcher is to catch the ball and throw it back to the pitcher.

How do sociological researchers define the term dependent variable? (a) The variable causing or influencing particular outcome. (b) The variable that is artificially created by researchers to simulate real-life situations. (c) The variable expected to fluctuate in relation to other variables under study. (d) The variable expected to have a positive correlation to other variables under study.

(c) The variable expected to fluctuate in relation to other variables under study.

__________ guide and shape sociologist's research, including questions asked and methods used. (a) Religious ideologies (b) Professional organizations (c) Theoretical traditions (d) Government funds

(c) Theoretical traditions

The syllabus policy on missed quizzes is: __________________ (a) you will be given a make-up quiz the next class period (b) expect to talk to Dr. Morrison after the quiz (c) They will be recorded as zeros in the grade book (d) you will be given the average of you other quiz grades

(c) They will be recorded as zeros in the grade book

Imagine that you sociology student in the early twentieth century at the University Chicago. You are trying to come up with an idea for research project that you can easily conduct without leaving the city. Which of the following projects best embodies the sociological imagination? (a) You suspect your older brother has some serious mental problems. You want to show him a series of ink blots and ask him what he thinks they look like. In this way, you will try to gain new insight into his mental health needs. (b) The sidewalk outside your dormitory cracked and many people have injured themselves on it. You decide to organize volunteers so that you can repair the damage. (c) You have observed that the police force made up almost entirely of a certain immigrant group. You want to interview members of that community and police officers to find out why this group might be drawn police work. (d) You think the tenant in the apartment across the hall is stealing your clothes from the laundry room. You plan to hide in the laundry room to catch him in the act to figure out why he is thief.

(c) You have observed that the police force made up almost entirely of a certain immigrant group. You want to interview members of that community and police officers to find out why this group might be drawn police work.

You are an ethnographer studying poverty in Chicago. Over the course of your research, you live in a low-rent apartment, join a number of social clubs, and take several jobs in the community. The total time you spend on this project takes several years. Given what you know about ethnography and proper data analysis, when should you analyze your data? (a) only at the very conclusion of the project (b) at the midpoint and at the end of the project (c) continually over the course of the project (d) at the beginning and at the end of the project

(c) continually over the course of the project

Which of the following accurately connects the effect communities have on people'e life pathways? (a) living in a safe neighborhood has very little positive effect on children's school performance (b) Living in a dangerous neighborhood encourages a child to leave that neighborhood by doing well in school (c) living in a dangerous neighborhood has very little effect on a child's future employment (d) Living around people who encourage a child to be confident leads to children who are more ambitious in life

(d) Living around people who encourage a child to be confident leads to children who are more ambitious in life

Which of the following is a benefit of representative sampling? (a) Representative sampling is more reliable than in-depth interviews. (b) Representative sampling is faster and easier than other types of sampling. (c) Representative sampling allows researchers to approximate results with only minor statistical weighting (d) Representative sampling allows researchers to use a subset to approximate results to the entire population.

(d) Representative sampling allows researchers to use a subset to approximate results to the entire population.

You are studying homicide rates in major city, and your data seem to be indicating something quite peculiar. You notice that ice cream consumption seems to be correlated with an increase in murder rates. Upon more careful reflection, you recall that murder rates tend to rise in the summer, when people are outside more (and, consequently, eating more ice cream). Your first conclusion is an example of ___________. (a) improper theoretical development (b) causality (c) a poor sample size (d) a spurious relationship

(d) a spurious relationship

What is a spurious relationship? (a) an apparent relationship among three or more variables having causal relationships with each other (b) an apparent relationship between two factors with an established causal relationship (c) an apparent relationship between two variables for which a causal link has yet to be established (d) an apparent relationship between two factors that has the appearance of linkage but, in reality, does not

(d) an apparent relationship between two factors that has the appearance of linkage but, in reality, does not

When understanding intimate relationships, a sociological imagination allows us to __________. (a) understand the lack of diversity in intimate relationships cross-culturally (b) recognize that marriage is not always monogamous, but is a lifetime commitment between a man and a woman (c) observe the natural differences in intimate relationships within our own culture (d) challenge the assumption that particular forms of marriage are natural as opposed to social in origin

(d) challenge the assumption that particular forms of marriage are natural as opposed to social in origin

Primary source data are data _________. (a) provided by the American Sociological Association (b) expected to overturn previous findings (c) collected by others (d) collected by researchers themselves

(d) collected by researchers themselves

Dr. Morrison composed three student learning outcomes for this course. Which one of the following is NOT listed in the syllabus? (a) Summarize and raise sociologically significant questions about sociological theory, deviance, medicine, family, culture, and inequality (b) apply sociological concepts and perspectives at the micro- and macro- social levels (c) define and demonstrate the use of "sociological imagination" (d) demonstrate your commitment to sociology's founding principles

(d) demonstrate your commitment to sociology's founding principles

According to C. Wright Mills, the sociological imagination enables us to grasp the relations between _________ in society. (a) money and power (b) students and teachers (c) biology and destiny (d) history and biography

(d) history and biography

Living in high-crime areas has obvious risks: being victim of physical violence, for example. What is one of the more subtle risks faced by people who live in high-crime areas that is mentioned by Pat Sharkey? (a) decreased access to housing that allows pets (b) increased forgetfulness because of rampant escapism (c) increased attentions from politicians trying to court nonaffiliated voters (d) impaired job or school performance because of stress

(d) impaired job or school performance because of stress

When ideas are passed down from one generation to another, they begin to solidify, become accepted, and then become __________. (a) obsolete (b) taboo (c) secondary (d) institutionalized

(d) institutionalized

Which of the following is true of the sociological imagination? (a) it shows that circumstances we take for granted are often simpler than they appear (b) it allows us to enjoy society without over complicating social life (c) it challenges stereotypes by proving that stereotypes benefit no one (d) it raises questions about the origin, benefit, and harm of stereotypes

(d) it raises questions about the origin, benefit, and harm of stereotypes

Which of the following expectations are part of the role set of traditional college students? (a) binge drink, sleep until noon, eat a diet mostly of pizza (b) respect authority figures, pay for food in restaurants, drive safely (c) attend religious services, vote in elections, treat senior citizens with respect (d) respect the teacher, show up for lectures, complete assigned papers, take exams

(d) respect the teacher, show up for lectures, complete assigned papers, take exams

What is the process through which people learn to behave in society or particular social settings? (a) localization (b) experimentation (c) memorization (d) socialization

(d) socialization

Although psychologists and sociologists study similar subjects and phenomena, what is a significant difference in the types of questions they ask? (a) sociologists are interested in understanding the intrinsic causes of behavior; psychologists are interested in understanding the motivational effects on behavior (b) sociologists are interested in understanding the philosophy of the individual; psychologists are interested in understanding the ideology of the individual (c) sociologists are interested in understanding how people think; psychologists are interested in understanding why people think (d) sociologists are interested in understanding broad social factors; psychologists are interested in understanding how individuals think

(d) sociologists are interested in understanding broad social factors; psychologists are interested in understanding how individuals think

Sociologists define _______ as a distinct social category that is set off from others and has associated with is a set of expected behaviors for individuals to assume. (a) role set (b) subculture (c) culture (d) status

(d) status

Why are a disproportionate number of African Americans unable to vote?

Many African Americans have lost their right to vote following convictions.

What effect has the Internet had on how people consume media?

Media have become more participatory.

Which of the following groups is an example of a counterculture?

Neo-Nazis

What do most sociologists agree is the most important reason that older people tend to be more religious than younger people?

Older people were brought up in more religious times than younger people.

How does labeling one as deviant reinforce the so-called "deviance"?

Once labeled a deviant, an individual's actions are more closely scrutinized by others, improving the odds that the person will be caught in further acts of deviance.

Armstrong, Hamilton, and Sweeney investigated conditions that make sexual assault more likely. Which one of these is NOT a condition that they suggested makes a difference?

Presence of a feminist club on campus

What is the critical difference between what President Obama did in regard to torture conducted by the military and his predecessor?

President Obama banned torture in 2009.

In the Frontline video concerning the militarization of police forces, which of the following is cited as an important reason for changing the policy that allows military equipment to be given to local police departments?

Reactions to the death of Michael Brown in Missouri.

What are the main contributing factors to the increasing religiosity levels in parts of the world besides the United States, especially in the Middle East and Russia?

Religious people and societies have more children than the irreligious; also, the influence of religion is rising among political and military forces.