SOCI 1301 Midterm

a stereotype

A simplified description unfairly applied to every person in the same category is called ________

idealize

According to Erving Goffman, people usually make efforts to _____ their intentions

radically alter a person's personality or behavior

According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is to

performance

According to Erving Goffman, we engage in a _____ when we use costumes, props, tone of voice, and gestures to convey information to others

Technology

According to Gerhard Lenski, which of the following has the greatest power to shape a society?

humans have basic, self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society

Applying Freud's thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude that

rise up against the capitalist system.

As the suffering of workers became worse, Marx predicted that they would ________

6

Based on research around the world, Paul Ekman concludes that people everywhere express how many basic emotions?

Theory

By linking specific facts together to give us meanings of life, we create a:

personal problems into public issues.

C. Wright Mills claimed that the "sociological imagination" transformed ________

girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards

Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg's research, showing that

an information-based economy.

Compared to an industrial society, a postindustrial society is based on ________

passing cultural patterns from one generation to another.

Cultural transmission refers to the process of ________.

Anomie

Durkheim called the condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals ________

Suicide

Emile Durkheim's Study of ___________________ showed that society affects even our most personal decisions.

studying the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings

Garfinkel's research, an approach called ethnomethodology, involves

has both positive and negative effects.

Gerhard Lenski claims that the development of more complex technology ________

high culture.

If you were to attend a New York Ballet performance, you would be experiencing ________

it is necessary to specify exactly what variable you are measuring.

If you were trying to measure the "social class" of various people, you would have to keep in mind that ________

Replication

Imagine that you are repeating research done by someone else in order to assess the accuracy of that research. You are doing which of the following?

a variable.

Imagine that you were going to measure the age of a number of respondents taking part in a survey. As you record the data, you are using the concept "age" as ________

true

In her research, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross found that death is an orderly transition consisting of specific stages

population is small and nomadic.

In hunting and gathering societies the ________

increased over time

In the historical perspective, the importance of the mass media to the socialization process has

cognition, or how people think and understand

Jean Piaget's focus was on

master status

Julie is a police officer who finds that wherever she goes in her small town, people seem to think of her as a "cop." Julie is experiencing the effects of

economic survival.

Low-income countries have cultures that value ________.

Helps us assess the truth of common sense, both opportunities and constraints, and live in a diverse world

Making use of the sociological perspective:

id

Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of the

society

People who interact in a defined territory and who share a culture are part of what sociologists call a

general; particular

Peter Berger described using the sociological perspective as seeing the __________ in the __________.

the symbolic-interaction approach.

Qualitative research has special appeal to investigators who favor ________

role exit

Rebuilding relationships with people who knew you in an earlier period of life is a common experience for those who are undergoing

must protect the privacy of subjects taking part in a research project.

Regarding ethical research guidelines, the American Sociological Association states that researchers ________

logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation.

Science can be defined as a ________

Social dysfunctions

Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society as a whole. Which of the following concepts refers to these negative consequences?

false

Socialization is typically completed by the time a human reaches adulthood

anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture.

Sociologists define a symbol as ________.

Values

Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called ________.

people see the world through the cultural lens of their language.

The Sapir-Whorf thesis states that ________.

culture; nation

The concept of _____ refers to a shared way of life, and the term ____ refers to a political entity.

a belief in individuality.

The dominant values of U.S. culture include _______.

the structural-functional approach.

The early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim used the ________

culture changes over time.

The fact that instant messaging is based on a new set of symbols shows us that ________.

horticultural and pastoral.

The first type of society to generate a material surplus was ________

patterns of social inequality.

The social-conflict approach draws attention to ________

dramaturgical analysis

The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance is referred to as

they vary together.

Two variables are said to display correlation if ________

Ascribed status

What concept refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily assumed later in life?

The Hawthorne effect

What concept refers to any change in a subject's behavior that is caused by the awareness of being studied?

Efforts to create impressions in the minds of others

What does the concept "presentation of self" mean?

Mode

What is the term for the value that occurs most often in a series of numbers?

people see themselves as they think others see them

When Cooley used the concept of the "looking-glass self," he claimed that

deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish any task.

When Weber used the concept "rationality," he had in mind ________

what is funny to people in one society may not be funny to those from another society.

When interacting with people of an unfamiliar cultural background...

Learning more about other societies helps us better understand our own way of life.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

industrial

Which of the following types of society has the most productive specialization?

true

While many researchers have studied outward behavior, George Herbert Mead focused on symbolic meaning—specifically the meaning people attach to behavior.

Validity

_________ refers to measuring exactly what one intends to measure.

Folkways; mores

__________ are rules about everyday, casual living; __________ are rules with great moral significance.