Soci 205 Final

George Ritzer referred to the impact of the problems and peculiarities of bureaucracy on society overall as the _____. "alienation of society" "McDonalization of society" "impersonalization of society" "calculization of society"

"McDonalization of society"

Resulting in part from processes of racial residential segregation, employment discrimination, and exclusion from access to home ownership after World War II the U.S. is characterized by racial wealth disparities. As of 2013 (as discussed in class). the median family wealth for white families was approximately $113.100. for African American families, the median wealth was approximately: $5,600 $10,300 $40,000 $68,200

$5,600

According to the video on wealth disparities from class, the bottom 80% of the population in the United States shares ______ of the total wealth of the country. 7% 15% 28% 42%

7%

Which of the following is the best example of institutional racism? A. Airport security procedures that specify people who appear to be Middle Eastern should be scrutinized more closely than others. B. A waiter refusing to serve a Black man who sits in his section. C. Dr. Jones, a professor, claiming she doesn't even notice the color of her students' skin. D. A landlord who will never rent to anyone who has dark skin.

A. Airport security procedures that specify people who appear to be Middle Eastern should be scrutinized more closely than others.

he historical process in any society by which a group comes to be defined as a race is called ______. A. racial formation. B. immigration contact theory. C. the principle of physical salience. D. engendered racism

A. racial formation.

In the film American Violet, the charges criminal against Dee were eventually dropped because: A. Officer Calvin Becket was found to be intentionally targeting the black community because of his own racial bias. B. The prosecuting attorneys admitted they did not have the evidence to continue to trial. C. The police voluntary dropped the charges when they realized what the consequences of a plea would be for Dee. D. None of the above.

A. Officer Calvin Becket was found to be intentionally targeting the black community because of his own racial bias.

When it comes to attitudes in the U.S. toward gays and lesbians, A. a majority of people believe that homosexual relations between consenting adults should be legal. B. only 20% believe that marriage between couples of the same sex should be legal. C. there has been little change over the years. D. most people agree with the policy of "don't ask, don't tell" in employment situations.

A. a majority of people believe that homosexual relations between consenting adults should be legal.

The theoretical framework that emphasizes how sexuality contributes to the stability of society is the ______. A. functionalist perspective. B. conflict perspective. C. symbolic interaction perspective. D. Social exchange perspective.

A. functionalist perspective.

In practice, sexual harassment in the workplace. A. is an example of discrimination. B. has no real impact on women's employment. C. happens to men as often as it does to women. D. is an inevitable product of men and women working together.

A. is an example of discrimination.

The state _____. A. is made up of government, the police, the military, and the legal system. B. is an individual unit, separate from the police and the military. C. is only made up of government and the legal system. D. cannot be described.

A. is made up of government, the police, the military, and the legal system.

Which of the following statements is NOT a factor in the increase in racial disparities in the U.S. incarceration rates between 1980-1991. A. President Reagan's war on drugs included a transfer of funding away from the policing of white-collar crime, onto the policing of street-level crime like drug use and sales. B. African American rates of criminal activity were increased during this time at a level three times higher than whit rates of criminal activity. C. Residential segregation by race resulted in the targeted surveillance and policing of predominantly African American neighborhoods for drug crimes. D. All of these were factors in the increase in racial disparities.

B. African American rates of criminal activity were increased during this time at a level three times higher than whit rates of criminal activity

Gail is arguing that women are fundamentally more emotional and men are more aggressive. She is using which of the following concepts? A. Social constructionist B. Biological determinism C. Gender socialization D. Intersexed

B. Biological determinism

Use of prison labor in private industry deprives free laborers of jobs in a number of sectors because free laborers are economically uncompetitive compared to the prison counterpart. Which perspective best explains this? A. Functionalist B. Conflict C. Postmodern D. Feminist

B. Conflict

_______ theorists see economic restructuring as the result of tensions and power differences between groups vying for social and economic resources. A. Functionalist B. Conflict C. Symbolic interaction D. social exchange

B. Conflict

According to _______ theory, sexual violence such as rape or sexual harassment is the result of power imbalances between men and women. A. functionalist B. conflict C. symbolic interaction D. social exchange

B. conflict

In which type of theory does the power elite model of state power have its origins? A. functionalism B. conflict theory C. symbolic interacionism D. social exchange theory

B. conflict theory

The process of learning the expectations for behavior associated with each sex is called _____. A. sexual differentiation. B. gender socialization. C. gender polarization. D. sexual norm internalization.

B. gender socialization.

After World War II, as the housing market was growing and the middle class was accessing home ownership at unprecedented levels, a wide spread practice developed in the real estate market whereby realtors would sell a home in a white neighborhood to an economically qualified African American family: then the realtor would go to white neighbors and threaten them with falling housing values to get them to undersell their homes- which they would then sell at higher rates to other African American families. This process (now illegal) was called: Redlining Discrimination Blockbusting Code-switching

Blockbusting

What is the sociological term for the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender? A. Gender apartheid B. Gender roles C. Gender stratification D. Gender assignation

C. Gender stratification

According to the text, which of the following is true about a person's sexuality? A. There is a definitely a gene that determines sexual orientation. B. Being homosexual or heterosexual depends on one's genetic structure. C. Social influences are an important part of every person's sexual identity. D. There is a definitely no gene that determines sexual orientation.

C. Social influences are an important part of every person's sexual identity.

The privatization of the military refers to the fact that A. it is harder and harder to get into the military. B. it is extremely difficult to get accurate information about military practices. C. an increasing number of the military's functions are being carried out by for-profit, private corporations. D. an increasingly large number of new recruits are being kept in the lower ranks and not permitted to pursue promotions.

C. an increasing number of the military's functions are being carried out by for-profit, private corporations.

Holding the belief that one does not notice racial differences, and that discussing race only perpetuates racism, would be considered ______. A. old-fashioned racism. B. traditional racism C. color-blind racism D. institutional racism

C. color-blind racism

Research on contemporary discrimination in housing has found that _______. A. racial discrimination in housing is less important than other forms of racial discrimination. B. when two people of different races apply for the same housing both are equally likely to be accepted or turned down. C. members of minority groups are frequently turned down for housing in situations in which a White person is not. D. reverse discrimination, or discrimination toward a White person is equally as common as discrimination.

C. members of minority groups are frequently turned down for housing in situations in which a White person is not.

Postindustrial societies are organized around _____. A. production of goods B. agricultural production C. the provision of services D. trade via the Internet

C. the provision of services

According to Arlie Hoschild's ethnographic research, even when husbands and wives are both employed outside of the home, the bulk of the domestic responsibilities fall on women. The sociological term for this is ______. A. the dual labor market. B. gender segregation. C. the second shift. D. familial inequity.

C. the second shift.

In Marissa Cisneros' lecture, she noted that "food apartheid" is a better way describe the racialized disparities in food access then "food deserts" because A. There is not a food shortage in communities of color, there is a shortage of healthy food in those communities. B. The concept of food apartheid captures the systemic nature of food segregation patterned along racial lines. C. We have enough food in the United States to feed the entire population, it just does not get to everyone equally. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

Which of the following best represents feminist theories of the state? A. The state should be predominantly matriarchal. B. A few powerful women are equal in influence to organizations that are predominantly male. C. Women should boycott involvement in the state. D. The state reflects men's interests, and is run primarily by men.

D. The state reflects men's interests, and is run primarily by men.

With regard to gender, Functionalists have been criticized for ____. A. ignoring gender roles. B. emphasizing symbols in their approach to the study of gender. C. failing to see the merits of a conflict approach to the study of gender. D. interpreting gender a fixed role in society.

D. interpreting gender a fixed role in society.

With regard to gender, Functionalists have been criticized for ____. A. ignoring gender roles. B. emphasizing symbols in their approach to the study of gender. C. failing to see the merits of a conflict approach to the study of gender. D. interpreting gender as a fixed role in society.

D. interpreting gender as a fixed role in society.

All sociological research follows the model of hypothesis testing. True False

False

In 1980 the U.S. incarcerated approximately 500,00 individuals, by the year 2000 that number was almost 2.5 million people; this rise in prison population was due to increased crime commission. True False

False

In the relationship between a social structure and the agents (or people) living in that structure, culture plays an insignificant role. True False

False

Most of the family heirs featured in the film Born Rich required their children to work in low level positions in the family businesses before they were able to inherit family money. True False

False

Sociological research is only valid if social scientists are completely impartial and objective. True False

False

The Chicago School, led by Robert Park's research on ethnicity and the race relations cycle, was the first school of sociology exemplified by their theoretical and empirical work. True False

False

The film Cast Away illustrates that people do not need social interaction or relationships to be mentally healthy. True False

False

The racial disparities in U.S. jails and prisons are explained by racial differences in criminal involvement. True False

False

White youth tend to sell drugs at rates lower than black youths. True False

False

Which of the following is an example of a primary group? Classmates Neighbors Family Teachers

Family

______ theory emphasizes cohesion in society, while _______theory emphasizes friction between groups. Conflict / functionalist Symbolic interactionist / conflict Functionalist / symbolic interacionist Functionalist / conflict

Functionalist / conflict

______ believe that the greater rewards attached to some positions in society help ensure that people will make the sacrifices necessary to acquire the training those positions demand. Functionalists Conflict theorists Symbolic interactionts Social exchange theorist

Functionalists

Wages earned, child support received, and interest payments are all examples of ______. Income Wealth Assets Tax receipts

Income

Which of the following is true about the family as an agent of socialization? The family is rarely a person's first source of socialization. In today's world, parents have a very minor role in the development of their child's identity. Not all families socialize children in the same way or into the same expectations. The media is a more important source of gender socialization than the family.

Not all families socialize children in the same way or into the same expectations

Russell is an African American student at Princeton University. He is majoring in Engineering, and when asked to completed an exam of complex mathematical problems, he performs better on the exam when he is told that the exam is a test of the validity of the individual questions, as opposed to a test measuring his math competency. this is probably an example of: Stereotype Threat Controlling Images Ideology Risky shift

Stereotype Threat

Research suggesting that individuals respond to pressure in small group settings is likely based on a _______ theory framework Symbolic interacion Conflict Functionalism Feminism

Symbolic interacion

The main distinction between Ritzers original concept of McDonalidization, and the process of "starbuckization" is: The element of theater The principle of predictability The commitment to social justice The assembly line service model

The element of theater

The Bakers are part of the upper 5% of wealth holders in the US. Which of the following is likely be the reason for their wealth? They achieved their wealth completely on their own. They were born into the middle class and experienced upward mobility. They are a family who have held wealth for generations. None of the above is the correct answer.

They are a family who have held wealth for generations.

Which of the following is TRUE in regard to socialization and social conformity? They mean that people are incapable of individuality They result in the tendency of people to act in ways that reproduce, rather than change, the social structure They prevent people from engaging in social change behaviors They make culture irrelevant to processes of structuration

They result in the tendency of people to act in ways that reproduce, rather than change, the social structure

Gender norms and the boundaries of gender socialization are frequently enforced through the deployment of homophobia. True False

True

In the recursive relationship between structure and agents (structuration) culture and socialization operate to trend the behavior of agents toward normative behavior and the reproduction of the social structure. True False

True

The United States has the greatest wealth inequality in the world. True False

True

The prosecutor and defense attorney both counseled Dee to take a plea deal after she was arrested. This would have led to her eviction from public housing. True False

True

This sociology class is an example of a group according to the sociological definition. True False

True

The statement, "unequal distribution of resources in society exist because more important social roles are held by society's most competent individuals" is representative of which theoretical paradigm? a. Functionalist b. Conflict c. Symbolic interaction d. psychoanalytic theory

a. Functionalist

____ theorists are most likely to emphasize that cultural norms and beliefs integrate people into groups and create social bonds a. Functionalist b. Conflict c. Symbolic interactionist d. New cultural studies

a. Functionalist

Conflict theory originated in the work of _______. a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. Robert Parks d. Max Weber

a. Karl Marx

In the relationship between a social structure and the agents (or people) living in that structure, culture plays an insignificant role. a. They were all macrosociological theorists. b. They were all German researchers. c. They all followed the Chicago School. d. They were all functionalists.

a. They were all macrosociological theorists.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using surveys to gather data about human social processes? a. What people say and what they do may be different. b. Surveys cannot be shown to be valid and reliable. c. Survey allow people too much flexibility in expressing their opinions. d. All of the above.

a. What people say and what they do may be different.

What is a sample? a. any subset of people of a population being studied b. another term for the population under study c. the set of data that comes in response to a survey d. a portion of data taken from another study to the one being done

a. any subset of people of a population being studied

Sociology is a(n) _____ discipline, meaning conclusions are based on systematic observations a. empirical b. faith-based c. common sense d. rigorous

a. empirical

According to the ______ perspective, the positive contributions of the health care system are the prevention and treatment of disease. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interationist d. feminist

a. functionalist

The infant mortality rate measures the number of deaths each year of infants under the age of one. This measure is also a reflection of a. overall quality of life for a group of people. b. a person's life expectancy. c. population growth. d. the overall birthrate of a population.

a. overall quality of life for a group of people.

A(n) _______ is something that stands for something else, or anything to which people give meaning. a. symbol b. culture c. identity d. society

a. symbol

Which of the following is true about the meanings of symbols? a. they depend on the culture in which they appear. b. they have no influence on human behavior. c. they are inherent in the symbol itself. d. they are always the same, regardless of the context in which they exist.

a. they depend on the culture in which they appear.

________ are the expected behavior associated with a given status in society. A. Roles B. Norms C. Folkways D. Values

a. Roles

Using multiple indicators of a concept likely makes the measure more _______. a. reliable b. valid c. reactive d. reflective

b. valid

he theoretical concept of "psychological wage of whiteness" as constructed by W.E.B. DuBois is: a. A biological construction of race and racial categories. b. The non-material benefits that accrue to whites as a result of racial inequality. c. A sense of defining blackness through the lens of racial oppression combined with self-definition. d. None of the above.

b. The non-material benefits that accrue to whites as a result of racial inequality.

How do sociologists ensure the validity of their research findings? a. They stick to a single indicator for a particular concept in order to avoid confusion. b. They use more than one indicator for a particular concept. c. They avoid using concepts at all because they are too abstract. d. None of these: validity of findings is not an issue.

b. They use more than one indicator for a particular concept.

Studies of family planning indicate that a. the majority of Catholics in the U.S. follow church teachings and only use the rhythm method. b. a majority of Catholics in the U.S. practices some type of contraception that is forbidden by the church. c. Catholics in the U.S. are not concerned with contraception. d. all of the above.

b. a majority of Catholics in the U.S. practices some type of contraception that is forbidden by the church.

A group of people who purchase Barbie dolls, paint them in red to symbolize blood, and attach them to crosses as a means of protest against organized religion are most likely engaged in a: a. subculture b. counterculture c. cult d. none of the above

b. counterculture

According to Durkheim, public rituals, including punishment, are important because they a. make people afraid of authority and less likely to commit crime. b. create a bond among the members of society. c. give members of society an opportunity to meet the key figures of authority. d. create sui generis.

b. create a bond among the members of society.

In a study of the impact of parental prejudice on the attitudes of their child, the attitudes of the child are the________. a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. intervening variable d. control variable

b. dependent variable

Marx's perspective of society argued that a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. intervening variable d. control variable

b. dependent variable

The United States is one of the few industrialized nations that a. has socialized medicines. b. does not provide universal health care to its citizens. c. basis access to health care on need, rather than income. d. immunizes its citizenry.

b. does not provide universal health care to its citizens.

According to the video Barbie Nation, Ruth Handler created Barbie dolls for the purpose of: a. marketing a doll directly to children, by-passing the parents in the marketing process. b. introducing a doll with breasts in order to make the transition to puberty less stressful for girls. c. convincing the Board of Directors of Mattel that she should be promoted. d. All of the above.

b. introducing a doll with breasts in order to make the transition to puberty less stressful for girls.

Theoretical frameworks that center on face-to-face social interaction are categorized as ________. a. macrosociology b. microsociology c. theories of the middle range d. universalistic sociology

b. microsociology

Research that is an exactly repeats the methodological process of a previous study, but on a different group of people or in a different time or place, is called a ______ study. a. carbon b. replication c. reified d. spurious

b. replication

Symbolic interaction theory holds that illness is partly (although obviously not totally) a. due to changes in social structure. b. social constructed. c. related to power elites in society. d. None of the answer choices are true.

b. social constructed.

Prior to industrialization,: a. the nuclear family was the cultural ideal in the U.S. b. the household was the center for production and distribution of goods. c. men were responsible for economic life and women were responsible for domestic life. d. men worked in wage labor outside the home, and women and children labored at home.

b. the household was the center for production and distribution of goods.

Sociological studies of patterns of family violence have found that: a. violence in lesbian and gay relationships is as common as in heterosexual relationships. b. the most common form of child abuse is neglect c. most perpetrators of elder abuse are men. d. overall, violence in families has been declining.

b. the most common form of child abuse is neglect

The results of Solomon Asch's classic study of conformity were that a. test subjects required a great deal of harassment before they would succumb to group pressure and give an incorrect answer. b. individuals are likely to conform to group pressure, even if the group is objectively incorrect. c. the size of the group of confederates does not make any difference in the likelihood of the subject to give an incorrect response. d. male subjects were more likely to conform than female subjects.

b.individuals are likely to conform to group pressure, even if the group is objectively incorrect.

In what way does symbolic interaction theory differ from conflict theory and functionalism? a. Conflict theory and functionalism are theoretical frameworks and symbolic interactionism is not. b. Conflict theory and functionalism focus on immediate social interaction and symbolic interactionism does not. c. symbolic interactionism does not examine society in terms of its abstract institutions, and conflict and functionalist theory do. d. symbolic interactionism is a macro-level approach, conflict theory and functionalism are not.

c. symbolic interactionism does not examine society in terms of its abstract institutions, and conflict and functionalist theory do.

In Giddens'concept of structuration: a. social institutions cause agents to problematize social norms. b. social movements are inevitable. c. the recursive process between social agents and social structures gets mediated by culture and socialization. d. all of the above

c. the recursive process between social agents and social structures gets mediated by culture and socialization.

An American Flag is an example of: a. Material culture b. Non-Material culture c. Both material and non-material culture d. Neither material or non-material culture

c. Both material and non-material culture

In the U.S., one's SAT score may be used as a "proxy" measure of one's social class. What does this mean? a. The SAT score is a more realistic measure of social class than income or education. b. SAT scores are the best predictors of how well a student will do in their career. c. Family, income is strongly correlated with scores on the SAT exam. d. SAT scores are more related to race than income.

c. Family, income is strongly correlated with scores on the SAT exam.

_______ is concerned with how people define and negotiate family relationships. a. Functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Symbolic interaction theory d. Feminism

c. Symbolic interaction theory

Research on environmental racism indicates that a. it is probably not done intentionally and many dumps are also located in White neighborhoods. b. the problem is overstated: it does not occur very often. c. the location of hazardous wastes near minority neighborhoods is too frequent to be occurring by chance. d. most of the toxic dumps have now been dismantled and cleaned up.

c. the location of hazardous wastes near minority neighborhoods is too frequent to be occurring by chance.

Regardless of the city one is in, a hamburger purchased at McDonalds is always very much the same. This is due to what Ritzer called. a. efficiency b. calculability c. predictability d. control

c. predictability

The fact that women and minorities, as well as members of lower social classes, are not treated equally and do not benefit from the resources equally within bureaucracies is generally the focus of ______. functionalism conflict theory symbolic interaction theory social exchange theory

conflict theory

Which of the following is not characteristic of Weber's "ideal type" bureaucracy? cooperative structures for accomplishing tasks impersonal relationships formal rules and regulations high levels of efficiency

cooperative structures for accomplishing tasks

What sociological concept was used by instructor Young to explicate the taken for granted nature of culture? culture shock counter cultures ethnocentrism cultural pluralism

culture shock

The Spir-Whorf hypothesis states that a. languages are universal. b. some languages, such as English, are superior to others. c. perception and language are unrelated. d. language has ways of looking at the world embedded within it.

d. language has ways of looking at the world embedded within it.

Functionalism emphasizes all of the following except a. the consensus that exists in society. b. the order that exists in society. c. share public values. d. the role of coercion and power.

d. the role of coercion and power.

The influence of groups ends once one reaches adulthood. effects things we view as individual like how we dress and how we style our hair. has little affect on nonconformists. All of these choices are true.

effects things we view as individual like how we dress and how we style our hair.

According to attribution theory, when an out-group member's behavior is unclear it will be interpreted in a neutral way by in-group members. it will be interpreted in a negative manner by in-group members. it will be interpreted as positve by in-group members. in-group members will not pay attention to it.

it will be interpreted in a negative manner by in-group members

According to Marxian conflict theory, as capitalism progresses the professional-managerial class will become part of the elite. many of those in the middle class will drop into the working class as they are pushed out of managerial jobs into working-class jobs. corporate mergers will redistribute wealth from being in the hands of the few to society's "have-nots". the classes will become polarized with no overlap or mobility.

many of those in the middle class will drop into the working class as they are pushed out of managerial jobs into working-class jobs.

In the United States it is very common for people to start out poor and yet achieve great wealth. most people live their entire lives as members of social class very close to the one they were born into. a person's individuals achievements have no effect on his or her social class. most individuals move down the social class ladder during their lifetimes

most people live their entire lives as members of social class very close to the one they were born into.

The statement that there is "strength in weak ties" refers to the fact that: members of a secondary group can still be emotionally supportive. even a dysfunctional family may be useful at times. one doesn't have to know a lot of people in a network in order for it to be useful. sometimes the friend you are the least close to is the most helpful.

one doesn't have to know a lot of people in a network in order for it to be useful.

In the now famous Milgram Obedience Studies, the results demonstrated that people will not conform when they believe their behavior will harm another person. women are less likely to engage in behavior that is potentially harmful for others than men are. there is a significant difference between what people believe they will do and how they actually behave. people only conform up to a certain point, but will not violate moral or ethical standards.

there is a significant difference between what people believe they will do and how they actually behave

Organization ritualism refers to the: coersive norms and practices that an organization uses to socialize members. fact that formal organizations have written rules. way that rules in an organization are followed even if they do not serve the purpose they were originally meant to. way in which the informal structure of a formal organization is able to subvert the organizations goals.

way that rules in an organization are followed even if they do not serve the purpose they were originally meant to.