Social 30-1 Vocabulary
Authoritarianism
Authority vested in a elite group that may rule or may not rule with the interests of the people in mind. (totalitarianism). Can be really good at accomplishing, but often ignores human rights and sacrifices the individual for the collective good
Proportional Representation
Based on percentage of votes (get 10% of votes, get 10% of seats) Often results in minority governments/coalitions
Feminsm
Belief that men and women should be treated equally in all respects. Suffragists fought for women's suffrage
Karl Marx
Believed history is the story of evolving class warfare and the only way to overthrow capitalism is for the proletariat to defeat the bourgeoisie
Welfare Capitalism
1. initiatives by industrialists to curb unrest 2. Government uses legislation to give workers protection and a safety net. Usually oriented towards the workplace. Seen in Factory Laws (Britain) and Teddy Roosevelt's square deal.
Great Purge
1936-1938, Stalin kill all opposition, including senior members of the party (Old Bolsheviks). 1.5-2 million of the general populace were arrested, about half of them were executed, the rest were sent to gulags (forced labour camps)
Burke
A classical conservative who supported established government but not tyranny
Utopian Socialists
A concept of the ideal world. Advocated the end of the appalling conditions for the average worker. Did not plan to overturn the basic political, economic, or social orders. Believed that education and better working conditions would peacefully eradicate the worst aspects of capitalism
Consensus Decision Making
A group of individuals share ideas, solutions, and concerns to find a resolution that all members accept. May not come to a decision, long process
Environmentalism
A political and ethical ideology focusing on on protecting the natural environment and lessening the harmful impact of humans
War on Terror
A political/ideological conflict headed by the USA as a result of the 9/11 terrorist attack
Isolationism
A retreat from involvement in other countries' affairs (in the United States, especially European ones)
Aboriginal Healing Foundation
Aboriginal managed, non for profit organization focused on sustainable healing from the legacy of abuse from Residential school systems
Monetary policy
Actions taken by the central banks to control the supply of money. ie. Raising/lowering interest rates or printing/destroying money
Environmental Change/Activism
Activism focusing on gaining media attention to the changing environment (climate change)
Socialism
And ideology that believes resources should be controlled by the public for the benefit of everyone in society and not by private interests for the benefit of private owners and investors. All agreed that private ownership permits exploitation, the state should direct the economy to achieve equality, and society should be classless.
McCarthyism
Anti-communist movement. Uncover and persecute suspected communists
Expansionism
Attempt to enlarge territorial/ideological influence beyond borders and allies. Basically expand the nations sphere of influence
Lobbying
Attempt to influence the direction of government policy by groups representing particular groups or perspectives
Brinkmanship
Attempt to push a dangerous situation as far as possible without conceding anything to your opponent
Containment
Attempts to thwart the others expansions without direct warfare
Enclosure
Common land became private (small farmers dispossessed). Basically combined small farms into one large one
Personal Identity
Idea that you are an unique individual, the collection of distinguishing triats
Collective Identity
Identity shared with members of a larger group
WWI
Immigrants from the Central Powers were considered enemy aliens, had to carry identification, could not leave without exit permits, own firearms, or join certain groups. Many were also deported or sent to internment camps
Beliefs and Values
Important aspects of identity, abstract ideas. What you believe in and what you find valuable. Influenced by family, gender, religion/spirituality, language, ideology, media, and government
Point of View
Individuals opinion based on personal experience
The Second Red Scare
Intense fear of communism overtook most of America
Kyoto Protocol
International convention to approach the challenges of climate change. The first and only binding international agreement with specific goals to reduce greenhouse emissions
WWII
Japanese Canadians from the Pacific Coast were placed in internment camps (poor conditions, work camps) and their property were seized and sold
Party Solidarity
Key aspect of Canadian politics, all members of the party vote within the party. Rarely are they allowed a free vote
Radical
Move towards the far left and a complete rejection of past political/economic traditions
MAD
Mutually Assured Destruction. That is if the US and USSR go to war it will be nuclear and the entire world would be completely annihilated
White Paper
Pierre Trudeau. Proposed to eliminate treaties, the Indian Act and and everything else keeping Inuit and First Nations people distinct
Hegemony
Political control exercised over one group by another
Military Dictatorship/junta
Political power resides with military leadership.
Oligarchy
Political power rests with a small elite branch of society. Often based on inheritance.
Iron Curtain
Popularized by Winston Churchill. describes the line between the self-governing countries of the west and the Soviet-controlled Eastern European nations
Great Depression
Price of grain crashed when France started growing grain again, people started selling all there stocks, banks failed, factories closed, unemployment rose, vicious cycle
Treaty of Versailles
Principle treaty ending WWI, provoked long lasting resentment among Germans. Germany lost all colonies, some territory, army/weaponry was severely limited, Rhineland demilitarized, had to make reparation payments and accept sole responsibility for the war (war guilt clause)
Principles of Individualism
Private Property, Rule of Law, Individual rights and freedoms, Competition, Economic freedom, Self-interest (PRICES)
Natralization
Process of applying for citizenship
Assimilation
Process of encouraging Aboriginal people to adopt liberal ideology and a European way of life
Collective Rights
Promoted in the Canadian constitution. Basically rights given to specific groups such as Francophones and Aboriginals
Nativism
Promotion of policies that favour the existing dominant culture in a country and reduces immigration
Self-reliance
Quality of being solely responsible for ones own affairs (emphasized in individualism)
Modernism
Science provides eternal, universal truths, knowledge leads to progress, freedom consists if obedience to laws based in reason, reason/rational thinking are the ultimate ways of establishing truth
Reasons for Imposing Liberalism
Self-interest:eliminate/reduce terrorist threats or for economic self-interest Humanitarianism: moral/ethical reasons ie. improve living conditions/stop human rights violations
Autarky
Self-sufficiency or independence from other nations
The Nurmenburg Laws
Series of laws barring Jews from most aspects of public life (ie. voting, civil service, public schools, marriage to nonJews,) as well as defining who was a Jew
Social Programs
Services provided by the government payed for through taxation (ie. healthcare)
Ideology
Set of principles or ideas that explain the world and our place in it
Monetarism
Shift back towards classical liberalism. Control of the nations money supply through regulating interest rates is the best way to encourage monetary growth
Responsible government
The branches of government are both independent and dependent, basically interconnected so no one branch can take too much power.
Negative Freedom
The freedom from something ie. Freedom from tyranny
worldview
The lens through which the world is viewed by an individual or group
Luddites
The skilled textile workers who were being replaced by machines. They attacked factories and the machines. They were suppressed through force and the law
Adam Smith
Successor to the physiocrats. Believed in the invisible hand (selfish desires would eventually benefit everyone) Government interference should be limited to maintaining rule of law, ensuring contracts are followed, and some public works (roads)
Berlin Wall
Surrounded West Germany. Western powers said it was to stop Eastern Berliners from flowing into West Berlin and West Germany said it was a protective measure against Western agression
War Measures Act
Suspends, restricts, and limits the rights and freedoms of Canadians. Invoked three times. Turned into the Emergency Act which includes more safeguards
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Swiss philosopher who believed man was inherently good, but society corrupted them. They are naturally equal and free. Supported direct democracy
Holocaust
Systematic destruction of Jewish people, as well as gypsies, disabled people, the mentally ill, the Poles, homosexuals, Soviets and so forth. (Used bullets, carbon monoxide from trucks and eventually gas chambers, as well as starvation and overwork)
Sphere of Influence
Territories and countries dominated by a powerful country
Anti-Semitism
The Jews are no good and to blame for most if not all problems. Widely accepted through most of Europe and North America and throughout history
October Crisis (1970)
The Quiet revolution aimed at peacefully enhancing opportunities for Francophones. Unhappy with the slow results the FLQ was founded in 1963 and used bombing and armed robberies to further its goals. On Oct.5 they abducted James Cross, and then Pierre Laporte on the 10. Laporte was also murdered. On the 16 Trudeau enacted the War Measures Act.
Tyranny of majority
The will of the majority may be forced on minorities to the detriment of liberal practices
Friedman/Hayek
Theories of monetarism. Wanted less government involvement
Detente
Time following the Cuban Missile Crisis. Involved treaties limiting nuclear weapons/testing, the hotline came into being
Industrial Revolution
Transition in Britain from a mercantile, agriculture based economy to a modern, capitalistic, industrial one
Supply side economics
Trickle-down economics. Lower tax rates especially for the wealthy (likely to invest) and the benefits will trickle down to the working class
Reactionary
conservative or to the right. Any ideology supporting a return to a previous state of affairs
single-member constituency
first past the post. Nation divided into ridings and within those people vote and the person with the most votes wins that seat. Argued that its more stable
Citizenship
form of identification or label applied to ones self in relation to a country
free markets
free choice to buy, sell, and trade without government interferance
Rights Legislation
Often entrenched in a nations constitution. Can't be changed without extensive consultation and multi-party support
Voter turnout
On a downward trend
WMD
Weapons of Mass Destruction
Electoral college
people vote for electors who vote for the president. Each states gets a certain number of electors (votes) and its usually a winner take all situation
Egalitiarianism
political principle that holds that all people should be treated as equals and should have equal rights
Markism
radical form of socialism, often called scientific socialism or communism. Advocates for the abolition of private property and centralized means of production
Fiscal Policy
Direct spending and taxing functions of the government
Pluralism
Diversity of views
Class Structure
Division of society into different classes of people, often based on wealth or income
Physiocrats
Group of french enlightenment thinkers who critiqued mercantilism. Capitalism emerged from these thinkers
Enfranchisement
Giving Aboriginals civil rights and land in exchange for them giving up their status as official Indians and the associated rights
Neo-conservatism
Going back to old policies like laissez-faire capitalism
Will of the People
Government listens to what the people want and enact laws to address those wants and needs
Traditional Economy
Mainly rural and based on agriculture
Residential Schools
Mandatory boarding schools for Aboriginal children that had the primary goal of assimilating children
Holodormor
Mass starvation in the Ukraine to end dissent and opposition to collectivization
Command Economy
Centrally planned (basically communism) where the government makes all economic decisions. Seen in the Soviet Union, China, and North Korea
Marshall Plan
$13 billion plan to offer aid to recovering European countries, which in order to get aid had to submit to a thorough economic assessment and participate in a unified European economy
Income Disparity
Difference in earnings between the rich and poor
Illiberal
Against or in opposition to liberal practices
Bretton Woods Agreement
Agreement to use the gold standard to set the exchange rates of most currencies
Mercantilism
Aim of all economic pursuits is to benefit the state's power and wealth
Bill of Rights/Charter of Rights and Freedoms
American/Canadian legislation protecting rights and freedoms of citizens
The Cold War
An all-out political, economic and social struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union
The PATRIOT Act (2001)
An attempt to prevent and deter terrorism by stripping rights of those suspected of such acts. Seen by many as a threat to civil liberties
Cuban Missile Crisis
Brinkmanship.Cuba agreed to the Soviets plan to put nuclear weapons in Cuba after America staged an invasion (Bay of Pigs) and stopped trading. Fearful of nuclear attack (Cuba was pretty close) Kennedy ordered a naval blockade (a quarantine in his words) - if any Soviet ships crossed it (especially with nuclear weapons) the two nations would be at war. Krushchev 'blinked first' and ordered his ships not to cross the line. Also America promised to remove their nuclear weapons from Turkey
John Maynard Keynes
British economist who felt government intervention was required to avoid the booms and busts of unregulated capitalism. Consumer demand should be controlled through fiscal and monetary ways. During good times interest rates and taxes should go up, while government spending goes down. The opposite should happen during times of depression (deficit spending)
Detterence
Building up ones capacity to fight so that neither side will fight due to expected outcomes (MAD)
Postmodernism
Challenges modern liberalism. Questions modernism and claims that it created a governing narrative putting most of us under a veil of deceit. Disbelief in dominating moral and political ideals, skeptical about progress in civilization, critiques the nature of knowledge, concern for issues of parts of culture marginalized by the governing narrative.
Kulak
Class of prosperous landowners, transformed into anyone who employed people or owned means of industry. Became scapegoats
Principles of Collectivism
Co-operation, Collective interest, Collective responsibility, Public Property, Adherence to collective norms, Economic equality (CCCPAE)
liberalism
Collection of ideologies committed the principles of dignity and freedom of the individual as the foundation of society. Faith in human progress, tends to favour decentralized power, and respects the sovereignty of the reasoning individual
Features of Fascism in Nazi Germany
Collectivism (work for the greater good of Germany), Anti-liberalism, Racism (superior Aryan race), Extreme nationalism, Big business-State-Military partnership and the Cult of leadership (Hitler is Germany, Germany is Hitler)
Consumerism
Consumer spending
Eugenics
Controlling human reproduction so desirable genetic traits (blonde hair) are encouraged and undesirable ones (being Jewish) are discouraged
Liberation Movements
Country rebels against the country that colonized it or oppressed it. Such movements were often supported by one superpower or the other
Inflation
Decreased value of money
Indian Act
Defined who was an Indian (First Nation) and what they could and could not do
Night of Long Knives
Elimination of SA leadership (Rohm) and therefore the SA (the military did not appreciate the SA)
Classical Liberalism
Embrace the principles of individualism, utilize the free-market/minimal government involvement, original ideals of liberalism, belief in human rationality, constitutional limitations of the government
Five Year Plan
Ended the NEP, centralized all economic planning, focused on heavy industry, and combined small farms into large collective ones or kolkhozes (collectivization)
John Stuart Mill
English philosopher advocating free speech and individual rights and freedoms to the point that other's liberties are also protected
John Locke
English philosopher who believed humans were rational, intelligent, and reasonable and believed people were the source of power and that government action must be justified by popular consent. Supported representative democracy
Thomas Hobbes
English philosopher who believed that human nature is essentially evil (fear, violence, dangerous self-interest) and that security is more important than freedom. Supported authoritarian governments
Montesquieu
Enlightenment thinker in France who believed in the worth of the individual, equality, and the accountability of the government. Supported the separation of powers (legislative, executive and judicial) which are both dependent and separate from one another and democracy
Constitution
Entrenched the collective rights of First Nations
Direct Democracy
Every citizen participates in every decision - everyone gets together, discusses and then votes, majority rules. Used now through plebiscites and referendums
Classical Conservatism
Felt change had to honour the past and future rather than just the present. Believed that society is an organic whole with a hierarchical structure, there should be a limited electorate with special privileges, leaders should be humanitarian, and the stability of society is of utmost importance
The Three Worlds
First:United States and its allies Second: USSR and its allies Third: Everyone who didn't pick a side
Dissuasion Policy
France's policy of develop nuclear weapons so people don't attack you
New Deal
Franklin Roosevelt's response to the Great Depression. Involved massive public works/alphabet agencies, and emergency relief to banks and farmers
Positive Freedom
Freedom of something. ie. Freedom of expression
Urbanization
Large segments of the population migrate to urban centres (cities)
Aboriginal's general laws of relationships
Laws of Sacred Life (Each person is born sacred and complete), Laws of Nature (nature provides of life and place), and Laws of Mutual Support (Alone, a person will not survive)
Lenin
Leader of the communist party (Bolsheviks) in Russia. Believed violent revolution was the only way
First Red Scare (1917-1920)
Left-wing groups faced strong opposition due to fear of communism. People were against radical political movements and foreigners.
Representative Democracy
Most common form. Citizens elect a representative to make decisions on their behalf
No-Fly list
List of people posing immediate threat to aviation security and are barred from flying on domestic flights. One does not know they are on the list until they try to fly
Paternalism
Looking at members of another race as children who need to be taught and guided
Themes of ideology
Nation, class, race, environment/relationship to land, gender, religion
Nouveau Riche
New, wealthy class of bankers and other professionals, who rose during the industrial revolution
NORAD and DEW
North American Aerospace Command consisting of the Distant Early Warning Line. Part of Canada's contributions to American defense. Also Canada was involved in peacekeeping.
Monopolies
One bussiness owns the means of production, manufacture, transport, and distribution. Basically they own everything to do with their specific bussiness
Proxy Wars
One superpower might fight another country or provide support to a group which opposes a rival superpower. For example Koreao, Vietnam, Chile, Afghanastan
Elite Theories
Only an elite group of people should determine the government, as they are better qualified
One-Party States
Only one party forms the government and no other party can have any candidates run.
Extremism
Only used to refer to other people. Belief system outside the mainstream spectrum of beliefs, can be absorbed (women's suffrage). Some claim its the only method to achieve justice. Often goes hand in hand with intolerance
Night of Broken Glass
Organized attack on Jewish people, as well as synagogues and their businesses
Pandemics
Outbreak of a disease on a global scale. Watched by nations and the WHO (World Health organization)
Perspective
Outlook of a group with similar age, culture, faith, language, economics, or another shared quality
New Economic Plan (NEP)
Peasants were allowed to own land and small businesses (allowed for some capitalism)
Social Contract
People give up some natural rights to a government in order to receive social order and protection for themselves and their property
Alignment
People had to pick a side. There were often economic, political, and security benefits to doing so
Cold War Hysteria
People were terrified of the other side and of nuclear war due to the propaganda, misinformation and the real threat of WWIII. Quite a bit of mania and paranioa
Dissidents
People who disagree with the government
Jus Soli
Person's citizenship/nationality is determined by place of birth
Jus sanguinis
Person's citizenship/nationality is the same as their natural parents, wherever they are born
Democracy
Power is ultimately vested in the people
Totalitarianism
Powerful, central government exercises strict control over all aspects of a citizen's life and does not allow political opposition
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Prevent business entities from owning two or more competing companies. Also used to prevent some organized labour activity (Remedied in the Clayton Act)
Superpowers
State with great power/influence. Term used to describe the US and USSR because of their great influence and economic/military strengths
Fascism
Reactionary, extremely right wing totalitarian system. Seen in Nazi Germany
Reaganomics
Reagan's movement towards less government involvement. Utilized trickle-down economics
Stagflation
Recession and high inflation at the same time
Labour Unions
Recognition of a new right: to organize and bargain collectively
Secular State
Religion and politics don't mix
The Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
Statutory bill of rights and human rights code passed in Quebec in 1975. Precedence over all provincial legislation
Red Paper
Response to White Paper - outlined objections to the White Paper
Enabling Act (1933)
Restricted freedom, eliminated privacy (communication) and the need for warrants, banned all parties but the Nazi Party, and allowed the chancellor (Hitler) to make decisions without the Reichstag's approval.
Emancipation
Russian policy under Czar Alexander II. Freed the serfs in 1861 Was slowly implemented
Non-allignment
Some nations chose to not pick a side (difficult to do) and follow their own ideologies. They were often recently colonies.
Neo-conservative Foreign Policy
Something they all actually agree about: Patriotism is good, World government is bad, A large country has interests extending past its borders and therefore needs a strong army, democratic capitalism is the best
Molotov Plan
Soviet counterpart to the Marshall plan. Bilateral trade agreements to help consolidate economies of socialist states
Deficits
Spending financed by borrowing. Excess of liabilities or expenditures
Espionage
Spies. Like spy planes, human spies and so forth
Welfare State
Spurred by the Great Depression. Emergence of modern liberalism/mixed market economies. Employed Keynesian economics (demand side economics). Used by FDR's New Deal
Autonomy
State of individual freedom from outside authority (emphasized in individualism)
Hot War
Troops and battles in direct conflict
Bicameral Legislature
Two-chamber. (The senate and house of Commons)
Progressivism
Umbrella term for ideologies advocating moderate political/social reforms through government action
Affirmative Rights
United States, Address inequalities women and minorities faced, introduced practices giving these people preferential treatment. Criticized as reverse discrimination
Thatcherism
Very similar to Reaganism
Techniques of Authoritarian Governments
Vision (what the country could be if you had the right leader and sacrificed in the present), Propaganda, Controlled Participation, Directing popular discontent (scapegoats), Terror
Universal Suffrage
Voting is a right for all people above a certain age, regardless of race, gender, economic situation, etc
Robert Owen
Was a Utopian who became mill manager at New Lanark. He offered education, medical care, and social events all for free. Improved living conditions
Chartists
Working class movement in Britain focused on political and social reform. They had 6 goals: Universal suffrage for all men over 21, Equal sized electoral districts, Voting by secret ballot, End property qualifications for Parliament, Pay for Members of Parliament, and Annual elections. Presented three petitions (all were rejected), called for a general strike and marched on the prison were their leaders were being held.
The Communist Manifesto
Written by Mark and Friedrich Engels in 1848
Humanists
believed in the importance of art/literature alongside faith. Reason based. Sought meaning and purpose in love, beauty, art, and bettering oneself
Methods of totalitarian states
extensive organization at all levels, forced participation in a variety of groups (not always forced), force and terror (secret police), indoctrination, censorship of the media/propaganda, redirecting popular discontent (scapegoating)
Conditions when liberalism may fail
high unemployment, inflation, civil unrest, no democratic tradition
Capitalism
laissez-faire, Economic system based on free markets, fair competition, wise consumers, and profit motivated producers,. Minimal government involvement
Negative Consequences of Liberalism
large gaps between haves and have nots (people and nations), poor treatment, conditions for illiberalism, violence and terrorism
War Communism
mass nationalization, conscripted labour, rationing, and taking/redistributing food surplus. Worked very poorly
Individualism
values the freedom and worth of the individual over the security and harmony of the group
Collectivism
values the goals of the group and the common good over any one individual's goals
