Social and Cultural Diversity
are those who are caring for their own children as well as their elderly parents.
'Sandwich generation' parents
With Hispanics, the counselor must be sensitive to and aware of __________.
'familism.'
strong identification with and attachment to family.
'familism.'
1. employers of 15 or more workers to discriminate in employment (or even applying for employment) against the disabled (including substance abusers who are in rehabilitation, AA, etc.). 2. discrimination in public transportation 2. private transportation 3. public buildings and facilities.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA-1990) - Prohibits Discrimination
is helping clients find/uncover both male and female characteristics.
Androgynous counseling
Every individual has both male and female characteristics.
Androgyny
76. There have been many positive steps taken in regard to the LGBTQ population in recent years. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Over 90 percent of Fortune 500 companies protect workers based on sexual orientation. B. No states have yet allowed "marriages" between LGBTQ couples. C. The number of openly LGBTQ elected officials is growing each year. D. Many countries around the world have legalized same-sex marriages.
B. No states have yet allowed "marriages" between LGBTQ couples.
94. Many individuals have both female and male characteristics, although one is usually dominant and visible. Counselors who focus in this area are said to be doing __________ counseling. A. sexual orientation B. androgynous C. developmental D. re-education
B. androgynous
83. A collectivistic, group-oriented value system is most likely to explain career behavior of A. young European immigrants. B. older Native American and Asian American workers. C. middle-aged white males. D. young and professionally trained white women.
B. older Native American and Asian American workers.
They are characterized by seeking stimulation, wanting the facts -- the right answers, wanting exciting, non-boring jobs, and keeping options open?
Baby Busters/Generation X
the law provides for supplemental funds to communities for services to eligible children from birth through age 2 if the state meets requirements of the law.
IDEA
counseling which addresses and comprises all components of various cultural environments together with pertinent theories, techniques, and practices of counseling.
Multicultural Counseling
this represents a country often with the same (one) language. A central government establishes laws, policies, and institutions. Each country has a world view and citizens socialize each other accordingly through education and other means.
National
When a discrepancy exists between verbal and nonverbal messages, the __________ one will be believed.
Nonverbal
Sexual interest and activity generally decline with age, however, men and women may be sexually active into
Old Age
has increased to crisis proportions
Opioid use
race refers to assumed biological differences including physical features that are used by people to identify majority and minority groups. One may be treated as inferior; race related cultures develop.
Racio-ethnic
is the belief that some races are inherently superior to others.
Racism
this is a culture specific to a region within a nation. In the U.S., this could be the South, Midwest, etc.
Region
1. aware of biases. 2. aware of culturally different worldviews. 3. appropriate help-giving practices. 4. awareness for and competence
Responsibilities of Counselors
This is an expectation that individuals will act in a certain way. It is a powerful attitude especially significant in its ability to influence school children's performance.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
include higher temperatures, rising sea levels, and more devastating natural disasters.
The impact of 'climate changes.'
Generally speaking, Baby Boomers have the following attitude about money: a. Buy now, pay later b. Pay cash, put it away c. Earn to spend d. Cautious and conservative.
a. Buy, now, pay later.
In counseling older adults, help them:
a. build and maintain positive attitudes toward their worth and dignity. b. educate society and advocate for a change in attitudes about obsolescence. c. use a problem-solving approach; deal with specific and immediate problems. d. use a structured life review process to integrate the past and prepare for the future.
389. An evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different is ___________________. a. Implicit egotism b. Adaptive conservatism c. Prejudice d. Discrimination
b - This is the definition of adaptive conservatism. None of the other answer choices are rooted in evolution.
Stanley Strong viewed counseling as an:
interpersonal influence process.
Two types of motivation:
intrinsic and extrinsic
Although counselors are charged with practicing only within the bounds of their competence, it is unlikely that counselors will be
knowledgeable about every culture. It's important to "stretch boundaries" to increase culture awareness.
Most ethnic group minorities are characterized by
large differences between members of the group.
families are averaging
less than two children.
suicide rates in general, not just teenage, are increasing in.
less urban-more rural areas vs. more urban areas.
Few older adults receive.
mental health services.
Who are the oldest groups?
non-Hispanic Whites
A Princeton University study suggests that _________ is impacting the labor force.
opioid use
Abuse and neglect can be:
physical or psychological.
Research suggests nearly 1/2 of men in their prime work age, not in the labor force take:
prescription painkillers daily.
Over 40 percent of FIRST marriages end in ___________.
separation or divorce.
The term self fulfilling prophecy comes from:
social psychology.
These values and use of language could be _____________ between the counselor and culturally different client.
sources of conflict
Culture exists on three levels that is, culture organizes how groups as a whole, individuals within a particular group, and individuals as a human race behave, think, and feel.
universal group individual
754. In terms of cultural bias in American psychology: a. Much of it is intentional. b. Much of it is done by people who see themselves as moral, just, and fair-minded professionals. c. They may have malicious intentions. d. They know they are racists.
. b - Most of the cultural bias in American psychology is done unintentionally by people who see themselves as good, who have good intentions and deny their racism.
Counselors report their clients are expressing and exhibiting more stress and anxiety since 2016. Some causes for the increased stress and anxiety may be:
1. the political atmosphere is more divisive and sometimes toxic. 2. there is an increase in violence and terrorism. 3. there is more divisiveness between racial and religious groups. 4. there are changes in the protections afforded LGBTQ groups. 5. climate changes and weather dislocations are increasing.
The predominant racial group in 2015 was
1. White - 77.3% 2. non-Hispanic - 63.7% followed by 3. Black/African American - 13.2% 4. Asian American - 5.5% 5. Native American, 6. Alaska Native, 7. Native Hawaiian making up about 4% of the total U.S. population.
Who would experience "White Privilege" differently?
1. Women 2. Other White People 3. Sexual Minorities 4. People with Disabilities
Characteristics of older adults:
1. a physical impairment 2. intellectual decline 3. personality traits remain stable. 4. may have depression and other mental illness.
a disability substantially limits the individual in one or more major life activities such as:
1. caring for oneself. 2. performing manual tasks 3. walking 4. seeing 5. hearing 6. speaking 7. learning 8. working
Counselors can influence prevention and intervention programs by promoting:
1. climate resilience. 2. strengthening disaster response programs. 3. advocating for vulnerable populations.
In the Socialization Process, each gender has a role, a set of gender expectations prescribing how girls and boys should think, act, and feel. Who promotes these expectations?
1. family, 2. school 3. religion 4. peers 5. culture 6. society in general.
Racism can be expressed on an:
1. individual basis. 2. institutional basis. 3. cultural basis, all or most members of a society express it.
Culture includes the symbols and products of that community including such things as
1. language 2. music 3. food 4. rituals
Microaggression often directed at
1. racial or ethnic minorities 2. women 3. Individuals with Disabilities
From Gilbert Wrenn, 'Cultural Encapsulation' refers to:
1. the substitution of model stereotypes for the real world. 2. disregarding cultural variations—believing in some universal notion of truth. 3. use of a technique-oriented definition of the counseling process. For example, a Gestalt therapist might only use certain Gestalt techniques, no matter who the client or what the problem.
About how many ____________ baby boomers reach 65 years of age every day?
10,000
is the extent to which an individual has changed so much that he or she is absorbed into the dominant group losing their own original values and behaviors.
Assimilation
the explanations (causal attributions) we offer for our out- comes influence our future expectancies of success and our future motivation to succeed.
Attribution theory
sometimes referred to as 'Generation X.'
Baby Busters
are more successful (about 80 percent of all suicides).
Boys
refers to the broad categories of individuals who may have special concerns and needs or seek respect, representation, and development in society.
Cultural Pluralism
is the set of values and behaviors that are learned and passed on within an identifiable community.
Culture
counseling tends to be individual centered with verbal/emotional and behavioral expressiveness, with defined communication patterns, openness and intimacy.
Culture-bound values
29. Of various counselor characteristics, which one of the following has the most impact upon counseling success? A. Counselor gender. B. Counselor race. C. Counselor age. D. Counselor expertness.
D. Counselor expertness.
57. In general, women earn about 80% of what men earn for a variety of reasons including their entry/re-entry pattern in the labor market, discrimination, and because the types of jobs most of them hold pay less. Which of the following statements is most accurate? A. The glass ceiling is more of a barrier now than in the past. B. The percentage of the labor force composed of women continues to increase dramatically. C. There are fewer women than men in service-related occupations. D. In terms of income, younger women compare more favorably with younger men than do older women compared to older men.
D. In terms of income, younger women compare more favorably with younger men than do older women compared to older men.
39. People of similar cultural background occasionally believe that their group is the center of everything—that it sets the standard for other groups to follow. This belief is called A. racism. B. prejudice. C. cultural awareness. D. ethnocentrism.
D. ethnocentrism.
T in ________ refers to them, and how I would describe others
Etic
In developing MCC, counselors are to be familiar with two perspectives that can be considered a continuum:
Etic vs. Emic
It means that when you make a prediction about yourself or someone else you can actually cause that prediction to come true. Eventually, you, or the person you're making the expectation about, will act or conform to the expectations you set.
Example of a SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY
this is the belief that events occur independently of their own actions and that the future is determined more by chance and luck. - J. Rotter.
External control
drive to do something influenced by external rewards and punishments.
Extrinsic motivation
comprise about 51 percent of the population; for anyone born now in the U.S
FEMALES
involve postures, body movements, and positions. These might include facial expressions, eye contact and gazes, and touch.
Kinesics
When moving through the " FIVE" stages of Grief, ___________ suggested that experiencing any loss can lead to this series of emotions.
Kubler-Ross
believed that dying persons experienced the following behaviors and feelings: a. Denial and isolation -- "It's not really happening." b. Anger -- "Why me?" c. Bargaining -- "If I don't die, I will...." d. Depression -- characterized by silence, suffering, and grief. e. Acceptance -- a sense of peace, it's okay.
Kubler-Ross
there is use of standard English and the emphasis is on verbal communication
Language Variables
The concept of cognitive dissonance is associated with:
Leon Festinger
Social influence model of counseling suggests, counselee may view the counselor as having these characteristics:
1. a. expert: has formal training, experience, and special knowledge. 2. attractive: the counselor is perceived as similar to the client; the client has a desire to gain the counselor's approval. 3. trustworthy: the counselor is perceived as wanting to help and is caring.
Assertiveness training promotes:
1. an ability to express all manner of emotion. 2. the capacity to express one's rights without denying others' rights. 3. differentiating between aggression and assertion.
includes negative attitudes and stereotypes which may suggest that older people are incompetent, forgetful, and useless.
Ageism
indigenous People
native people
Atkinson suggested that the traditional 'time-bound, space-bound, cathartic psychotherapy' may
not be relevant to many cross-cultural clients.
91 percent of Fortune 500 companies protect workers based on.
sexual orientation.
Culture includes:
the symbols and products of that community.
The Masters and Johnson approach was to?
use male-female co-therapy teams to work with the marital partners together.
One method of resolving conflict is through:
Mediation
had origins in government bureaucracies.
Program accountability
764. What percent of all African American clients do not return after the first visit due to a lack of trust that a Caucasian counselor can help them? a. 80% b. 20% c. 90% d. 50%
. d - Issues documented in research around trust with this population indicates that it may be a spill-over from African Americans not trusting Caucasians outside of the therapeutic relationship. Additional factors include: the African American believing that the Caucasian counselor could not understand or accept them or know much about their culture; fear of being misdiagnosed as 'crazy'; their (African American's) struggle to believe that Caucasians can remain unbiased. The therapist's ability to express genuine concern, communicate knowledge of the culture and not appear overwhelmed by the African American's problems tends to build trust.
greatest risk of suicide between ages 10-24.
1. American Indian/Native Americans 2. Alaska Natives (Eskimos)
By age 60 to 70 most adults have a physical impairment such as a
1. Chronic Disease 2. Sensory Impairment
The following characteristics may pertain to counseling:
1. Culture-bound values 2. Class-bound values 3. Language variables
Differences within ethnic minority groups are found across a range of variables including:
1. Values 2. Attitudes 3. Behaviors 4. Education 5. Racial identity development and acculturation. 6. Socioeconomic differences within an ethnic group must also be recognized.
'White Privilege' individuals have been raised with the perception that their lives are:
1. Normative 2. Average 3. Ideal
Issues of culture and class in cross cultural counseling include:
1. Normative behavior 2. Structuring 3. Transference and Countertransference 4. Language 5. Personalism 6. Diagnosis
Some major social factors of the Socialization Process include:
1. Parents 2. Peers 3. Television and Social Media
Cultural Pluralism categories include:
1. Racial 2. Ethnic and Religious Classifications 3. Women 4. Elderly 5. Single-parent families 6. Divorced 7. Handicapped 8. Gays and Lesbians 9. Poor 10. Children 11. Young Adults
Many 'isms' exist such as:
1. Racism 2. Classism 3. Ageism 4. Sexism 5. Weightism 6. Handicapism
People are products of five different cultures. What are they?
1. Universal 2. Ecological 3. National 4. Region 5. Racio-ethnic
13. Which of the following statements is true when considering cultural and familial influences on self-esteem? a. Chinese and Japanese children have higher self-esteem than North American children, mainly because their cultures have higher academic standards for achievement. b. Boys tend to have lower self-esteem than girls. c. African American children tend to have lower self-esteem than Caucasian children. d. An authoritative parenting style usually allows children to have especially high self- esteem.
13. D. Actually, Asian children usually have lower self-esteem than their North American counterparts, while African American children have higher self-esteem than their Caucasian counterparts. Generally, boys have higher self-esteem than girls. An authoritative parenting style is generally more accepting and less critical of children's negative behavior: Parents tend to build their children's self-esteem because the focus is on building a sense of worth and independence.
14. Research on gay and lesbian parents indicates: a. Their children are maladjusted. b. They are as dedicated to and effective at child rearing as are heterosexual parents. c. They are less dedicated to child rearing than heterosexual parents. d. Their children are parented harshly and inconsistently.
14. B. There is very little evidence to support that homosexual couples are poor parents. When gays and lesbians become parents, they generally are just as effective and caring as are heterosexual couples who become parents. The proportion of children who are maladjusted is just about equal for homosexual and heterosexual parents. The research shows that being gay or lesbian does not make a person a bad parent.
percent of the population is over 65.
14.5%
18. In what ways do stereotypes distort reality? a. Stereotypes exaggerate the differences that exist between groups. b. Stereotypes exaggerate the differences that exist within groups. c. Stereotypes produce many differing perceptions by many people. d. Stereotypes demonstrate that members of a group can be different.
18. A. The key word here is "distort." As you attempt to answer this question, you need to think about how stereotypes distort the truth in negative ways. The most reasonable answer is that stereotypes distort one's ideas about how one group is so different from another group. In reality, the differences between groups are not as extreme as stereotypes make them out to be. People of differing cultures are not so different from people from another culture. It has been found that people are people, and we are more alike than dissimilar.
The aging of the baby boomers born between:
1946 - 1964
Culture's role in mental health was first discussed during.
1960s and 1970s due to cultural identities of clients should be acknowledged because they affect clients' experiences in counseling.
The baby busters are born between.
1965 and 1976.
all the minority groups combined will become larger than the Non-Hispanic White population by?
2050
21. Working with individuals from different cultures requires that the counselor: a. have sensitivity to the needs of the individuals b. make a referral to another counselor c. have knowledge about the different cultures d. Both A and C.
21. D. It is not necessary that a counselor refer a client from another culture to another counselor. What is important is that the counselor demonstrates sensitivity to the needs of that client and has some knowledge about other cultures. Another way to look at this is to consider how you would treat someone who has an allergy to dairy products. You wouldn't give the person with allergies milk or ice cream. Instead, you would find out what the person with allergies can have and make adjustments based on that. You treat the person with allergies with sensitivity and get as much information about those allergies as possible.
22. A high standard of counseling practice when working with diverse populations involves all of the following EXCEPT: a. treating all clients the same way. b. acknowledging and confronting their own biases and prejudices. c. adapting one's knowledge and skills to meet the clients' needs. d. educating oneself as completely as possible regarding the clients' cultural context.
22. A. The answer is pretty straightforward when you consider the other choices. The most appropriate standard of care for a counselor who works with multicultural clients is to treat each client individually. Special concern must be taken to ensure that the counselor is cognizant of her/his own biases; that the counselor becomes familiar with other cultures; and that the counselor can adapt her/his strategies and approaches to what is most efficacious for a particular client.
23. When working with individuals from different cultures, the effective counselor may not: a. use language similar to the client's. b. maintain good eye contact at all times. c. be cognizant of the context. d. honor religious beliefs.
23. B. This question could trip you up if you are not aware of the cultural differences regarding eye contact. It is expected in our Western culture that we maintain good eye contact at all times. In the Eastern traditions, however, eye contact is averted in some situations. It is the counselor's job to know those subtle differences and respect them.
The median age of the U.S. population is over
35
Over 20 percent of the population over _______ years of age speaks a language at home other than English.
4 years old
about ___________ adolescents kill themselves each year.
5,000
561. You walk into your first group session. Who would you expect to divulge the least to you, a Caucasian counselor? a. A 52-year-old Caucasian female b. A 36-year-old Caucasian male c. A 24-year-old African American male d. A 49-year-old Hispanic female
561. c - From a gender perspective, males tend to divulge less. As a race, African Americans tend to divulge little as well, making answer c the least likely to reveal much to a Caucasian counselor.
6. Which of the following is a myth about suicide in the United States? a. Male suicide is four times higher than that among females. b. It occurs in age groups of 90 years and up. c. Psychiatrists, physicians, and dentists are most prone. d. Asking someone about suicide may push that person over the edge.
6. D. If someone is thinking about suicide, asking that person about suicide will not plant the seed or push her into committing suicide. It is important that as a counselor, you ask clients about suicide so that they can get the help they need. It is necessary to assess suicidality whenever you suspect that someone is contemplating it or behaving in ways that may suggest that she is contemplating it. It is best practice to assess for suicidality at each session with your clients. Suicide knows no age boundaries. Females attempt suicide at a rate three times higher than males, but males are successful more often, usually because they use more lethal methods than females.
Child sexual abuse occurs most often between the ages _______ by a MALE known to the child.
7 and 13
76. Career-oriented, successful ethnic minority women: a. face racial but not gender discrimination. b. rarely receive support from other women. c. tend to have mothers who had low expectations for them. d. often display unusually high self-efficacy.
76. D. The only answer that makes any sense is an emphasis on self-efficacy. All of the other answers are false. If you think through this, you should have been able to choose the correct answer. If these women had mothers who had low expectations for them or did not receive much support from other women, then these women would not be successful. These women face both racial and gender discrimination.
92. Gender bias would be aroused by which of the following? a. A man who is studying to be a nurse b. A woman who is studying to be a nurse c. A woman who drives a semi truck d. Both A and C.
92. D. Gender bias goes both ways. Men in female-dominated careers and women in male- dominated careers can experience discrimination. So, a man seeking to be a nurse (a female- dominated career) and a woman seeking to be a semi-trailer truck driver (a male- dominated career) might experience discrimination on the job.
135. The use of opioids beyond legitimate medical reasons, is said to be at a crisis level. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Psychological trauma is the primary reason individuals start using opioids. B. Physician groups are recommending changes in opioid prescription protocols. C. National legislation is making some attempts in dealing with the opioid crisis. D. Injuries and illnesses and the consequent pain can lead to the increased use of opioids.
A. Psychological trauma is the primary reason individuals start using opioids.
187. Legislative language which bans sex discrimination in academics and sports in schools is found in A. Title IX of the educational amendments. B. Buckley amendment. C. Americans with Disabilities Act. D. Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act
A. Title IX of the educational amendments.
185. In a counseling relationship, both the client and counselor have worldviews. The worldview for some counselors is to see "all of us in this together. We are all more similar than we are different." This worldview has sometimes been referred to as a(n) ______ perspective. A. etic B. encapsulating C. emic D. pluralistic
A. etic
131. A key provision of the Individuals With Disabilities Act is A. inclusion of the child in all regular classes and activities. B. identify high school students for vocational training. C. develop new intelligence tests. D. institutionalize the mentally retarded.
A. inclusion of the child in all regular classes and activities.
Abuse occurs __________.
ALL 1. Ethnic groups. 2. Cultures. 3. Socioeconomic levels.
percent of households consist of a married couple and their children.
About 24%
argues for performance evaluation.
Accountability
is justifying activities engaged in by counselors to those served and to those who finance their work.
Accountability
is the extent to which an individual from a racial or ethnic minority adopts and incorporates the values, beliefs and customs of the dominant culture.
Acculturation
108. Research indicates that hiring older workers has advantages over their younger counterparts. Which of the following is NOT true? A. There is minimal difference in output between older and younger workers. B. Older workers take less frequent days off because of illness than do younger workers. C. Older workers tend to leave their jobs sooner than younger workers. D. The ability to learn many tasks at age 50 is about equal to that of age 16.
C. Older workers tend to leave their jobs sooner than younger workers.
158. The largest minority group in the United States is now Hispanic Americans. Which of the following statements is most accurate? A. Few Hispanic students are acculturated and most speak little English. B. Hispanics are characterized by high academic interest and low dropout rates. C. One can find diverse value systems among Hispanics. D. Most assessment instruments are appropriate for all Hispanic cultures
C. One can find diverse value systems among Hispanics.
150. Career counseling with culturally diverse clients argues for certain awareness on the part of the White counselor. Which of the following is NOT an issue of concern? A. The client's sense of being a part of an individualistic vs. collectivistic culture. B. Perceptions of power, work, time, and value of counseling vary cross cultures. C. Understanding the historical and socio-political environment is not particularly helpful with the career client. D. Level of client acculturation and language skills will influence assessments used.
C. Understanding the historical and socio-political environment is not particularly helpful with the career client.
14. Gender role socialization occurs in most cultures and includes the development of role stereotypes which may be rigid and fixed. Imitation and identification with a same-sex model facilitates the learning of gender roles. Gender role socialization A. is primarily based on heredity. B. seldom occurs within the family. C. becomes a basic component of our self-concept. D. is usually complete by six years of age.
C. becomes a basic component of our self-concept.
77. An Asian American sophomore in high school was referred to the counselor by the teacher. Although her academic work was fine, Minh was usually left out of class activities and social events. The counselor knew that Minh was a first-generation American so early in the counseling session he tried to determine her A. level of English language facility. B. family composition. C. level of acculturation. D. attitude toward education.
C. level of acculturation
120. Jane is a new mental health counselor with little experience in multicultural counseling. She is uncomfortable with Juanita, a Latina client, who asks her questions about her family and other personal matters. Juanita's behavior is best explained as A. limited acculturation. B. needing to know boundaries and ethics of counseling. C. needing to know the counselor as a person. D. familism, a strong attachment to her family.
C. needing to know the counselor as a person.
137. Older adults experience a number of developmental demands. Many of these demands relate to transitions they experience such as those related to changing physical capacities, family and social relationships, and social roles. One successful counseling approach with older adults is to A. identify the obsolescence the older adult represents and help him or her face it. B. encourage older adults to transition themselves into appropriate nursing homes. C. use a problem solving approach focusing on specific and immediate problems. D. review their past life in considerable detail.
C. use a problem solving approach focusing on specific and immediate problems.
When the counselor does not understand the client's worldview or cultural identity and thus fails to integrate this information in practice. This is known as
CULTURAL ENCAPSULATION
consists of the shared values, practices, social norms, and worldviews associated with a particular cultural group; groups can be categorized based on race, ethnicity, gender, ability, status, and sexual orientation.
CULTURE
includes behaviors, attitudes, feelings, and cognitions related to our identities living within the world.
CULTURE
we have varying ways of defining
CULTURE
Latin America consists of
Caribbean Central America South America
is sometimes referred to as child maltreatment.
Child Abuse and Neglect
Who developed an awareness of transnationalism, access and use culture-centered interventions, understand the intersectionality of multiple identities within the same individual, and understand the diverse White identities.
Cirecie West-Olatunji
strict adherence to a time schedule (50 minutes, each week), ambiguous/unstructured approach to problems, and seeking long-range goals or solutions.
Class-bound values
influence individuals, families and communities.
Climate Changes
include trained staff, psychoeducational programming on coping skills, stress reduction, self-esteem, the use of support groups, a crisis plan, and community involvement.
Comprehensive school programs
law addresses the opioid crisis by providing funds for monitoring prescription drug programs and for treatment programs.
Congress passed the 21st Century Cures Act in 2016.
counseling takes place within the larger sociopolitical environment which cannot be ignored.
Cross-Cultural Counseling
represent a group's basic interpretation of life. Norms provide the values for living and lifestyle.
Cultural Norms
148. A standard technique often used by family counselors who are interested in determining intergenerational influences is A. sculpting. B. structural map. C. determining coalitions. D. genogram.
D. genogram.
101. During high school and for two years after, Juan has been employed in many jobs. However, eventually something happens and he is terminated by the employer. Although his attendance and work habits are poor, Juan believes that he is being discriminated against. In seeking a career counselor, Juan might benefit most from one who approaches clients from a A. trait-factor perspective. B. developmental perspective. C. needs-based perspective. D. social-learning perspective.
D. social-learning perspective.
5. Individuals of European ancestry often enjoy benefits, without their awareness, that people of color do not. This phenomenon is referred to as A. ethnocentrism. B. double standard. C. acculturation. D. white privilege.
D. white privilege.
__________is the actual physical or mental limitation.
Disability
is the process of treating some school-age children differently than others by referring them to special education or disciplinary procedures. The result is these children may experience unneeded special services, less-rigorous curricula, lower expectations, and more disciplinary consequences.
Disproportionality
humans are influenced by where they live such as northern versus temperate climates. Language is influenced by the region we live in—also by what we eat, wear, and live in.
Ecological
M in __________ refers to ME, and how I describe myself
Emic
perspective refers to using counseling approaches that are specific to a client's culture.
Emic
replaced PL94-142 Education for All Handicapped Children's Act.
IDEA
refers to practices, language, and learnings of a group and style of living which are often regionally or culturally based.
Ethnic
is the belief that one's own group is the center of everything; it sets the standard.
Ethnocentrism
perspective refers to viewing clients from a universal perspective.
Etic
Hispanics have a strong identification and attachment to _________.
Family
Most children achieve a sense of being male or female aka ______________ by age _____________.
Gender Identity; 3
Although more ________ attempt suicide.
Girls
Over 55 million people encompass more than 20 nationalities with Mexican and Puerto Rican the largest groups.
HISPANICS
A ____________exists if the disability impacts performance in one or more of life's major roles because of some barrier, e.g., the need for a ramp to access a place of employment.
Handicap
a in a Journal of Counseling and Development article believe counselors working cross-culturally should use a variety of techniques to help the client achieve freedom from any ongoing oppression they feel. Without achieving this freedom, they will continue to experience pain and anger.
Hanna and Cardona
The law requires that children with disabilities should be placed/educated with other children including those without disabilities.
IDEA
a. free, appropriate public education must be assured to all children and youngsters between 3 and 21. b. these individuals with handicaps will be placed in the least restrictive environment. c. each person has an individualized education plan (IEP). d. children with qualifying disabilities attending private schools or those institutionalized are also eligible for services.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA)
this is the belief that rewards and satisfaction are contingent on their own actions and that people can shape their own fate. - J. Rotter.
Internal control
internal desire to be competent and to do something for its own sake.
Intrinsic motivation
developed a multicultural counseling theory?
Ivey Ivey A E., Andrea, M. J.
formulated the concept of internal-external control.
J. Rotter and others
may be defined as the integration of cultural identities within the counseling process.
MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING
believed that a primary reason for sexual dysfunction was that the participant was "critically watching and evaluating" their own sexual performance.
Masters and Johnson
a. may present new methods of solution, or b. may present a solution that would not be acceptable unless it was presented by a third party.
Mediation
can be any comment, action or gesture an individual experiences as hurtful or inappropriate based on their personal characteristics or history.
Micro-agressions
communicate hostile slights or insults and may be intentional or unintentional.
Microagressions
Echo Boomers, Internet Generation, Nexters, Generation Y are known as?
Millennials
This generation were raised to be self-confident, tech aware, goal oriented, civic minded, and multiculturally inclusive.
Millennials - Echo Boomers, Internet Generation, Nexters, Generation Y.
are the largest living generation and follow Gen X individuals.
Millennials - Echo Boomers, Internet Generation, Nexters, Generation Y.
Approximate % are born to unmarried women and the majority of such births occur within cohabitating unions.
Over 40% of children
percent of marriages begin as cohabitations.
Over 50%
were more associated with minorities.
Pathology and deficiency
Acronyms for certain kinds of undesirable clients: QUOID
Quiet, Ugly, Old, Indigent, Dissimilar culturally
relates to differential levels of material possessions or economic advantage including assets and money.
Social Class
values, language, interpersonal relationship style, worldview, different levels of opportunity, respect and influence is related to _____________.
Social Class
Treatment of violence in the family requires services to the high-risk parent, the high-risk child and other family members. The ______________ of the family system must be considered.
Social Context
Biological factors, including hormones, influence development. Many social factors interact with biological and physical characteristics during the individual's development.
Socialization Process
require reporting suspected or actual child abuse and elder abuse.
State Laws
Most at risk may be children from families under
Stress
is the second leading cause of death among 10 to 24 year olds.
Suicide
a. need to move out - low-lying islands and communities. b. devastation from tornadoes and hurricanes. c. temporary/permanent displacement of populations. d. psychological consequences -anxiety, depression, PTSD, substance abuse, and suicides.
That climate changes may result in
include: loss - death of friends and spouses, retirement and increased leisure time, physical changes, changing family roles including dealing with adult children.
Typical issues older adults
as human beings we are biologically alike; we have the same biological needs.
Universal
comprise about 47 percent of the labor force.
WOMEN
'White Privilege' benefits and entitlements accrue to
White Men
refers to the subtle advantages and entitlements that European Americans (whites) experience, usually without their awareness.
White Privilege
is how an individual perceiving his or her relationship to the world including its institutions, other peoples, things, and nature.
World View
attitudes, values, opinions, and concepts and affect how we think, make decisions, behave and define events.
World views are comprised of
authors The Culturally Encapsulated Counselor.
Wrenn
Acronyms for certain kinds of (desirable and undesirable) clients:
YAVIS and QUOID
Acronyms for certain kinds of desirable clients: YAVIS
Young, Attractive, Verbal, Intelligent, Successful
763. Jerome, an African American client of yours, tells you his best friend's girlfriend is 'sick'. You take this to mean she is ill. This is an example of: a. A connotative error b. An allopathic viewpoint c. An autoplastic viewpoint d. An emic viewpoint
a - A connotative error occurs when there is a misunderstanding about the meaning of a word, which may be based on culture.
767. A(n) _____________ is any group that is defined by the majority or "power elite" as being different and or inferior based on certain perceived characteristics and as a result are discriminated against. a. minority b. special population c. ethnic group d. majority
a - A minority is any group of people that differ from the majority group either culturally, ethnically racially or economically. The minority group will coexist among the majority group but will lack power and be subordinate to the dominate group. The "majority group" will often discriminate against the minority or subordinate groups.
304. By correcting the boy's misperceptions—explaining that one is a big animal and this is a person, you will help him learn: a. Accommodation b. Secondary Assimilation c. Impulse Control d. Disequilibrium
a - Accommodation occurs when disequilibrium results from schemas that do not match and the schema needs adjusting. There is no such term as secondary assimilation in cognitive development. Impulse control is not the issue at hand, and equilibrium actually results from correcting the mismatched schema.
564. Andre learns that his new doctor is a woman. He tells his sister that a female doctor will not be as effective as a male doctor because females are too emotional. He goes on further to say that he doesn't want to talk about his feelings; he just wants his back pain to go away. Andre's way of thinking about this situation can best be described as: a. prejudiced b. ethno racial c. an example of poor cognition d. discriminatory
a - Andre is demonstrating prejudice. Prejudice is defined as drawing negative onclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence.
753. When counselors have applied the same interpretation to a behavior regardless of the cultural context, _____________ has been the consequence: a. cultural bias b. equality c. unbiased consensus d. All of the above
a - Answers b and c oppose the correct answer, cultural bias. Cultural bias arises as a result of ethnocentrism, the belief that one's culture is superior and/or normal, and other cultures are inferior or abnormal. Cultural bias can be reduced with research and education.
378. Seventeen year old Patrick was the victim of a homicide. It is most likely that Patrick was: a. an African American adolescent boy b. a Latin(o) American adolescent boy c. an African American adolescent girl d. a Latin(a) American adolescent girl
a - By the time they reach adolescence, African American males' leading cause of death is homicide. This remains the leading cause of death among African American males into middle adulthood, where homicide drops to the 3rd leading cause and is replaced by heart disease as number one.
765. Counselors of a/the _____________ culture and counselors of a/the ______________gender offer the best chance at developing a successful relationship. a. Same, same b. Same, different c. Different, same d. Different, different
a - Counselors who match the client's gender and culture offer the best chance of client retention and success.
294. What has to be considered when minorities participate in psychological assessments or standardized testing? a. Cultural Test Bias b. Cultural Competency c. Cultural Knowledge d. False Positives
a - Cultural test bias in testing or assessment occurs when test scores from one group of people significantly differ from the test scores of another group of people based upon cultural differences.
761. Rashad, a 28-year-old Indian male client of yours has not married and still lives with his parents. You have been working to help him cut the apron strings so he can be out on his own, independent of his family. This is an example of: a. Ethnocentrism b. Effective counseling c. Therapeutic surrender d. None of the above
a - Ethnocentrism leads the counselor to think that his or her culture holds the correct values and beliefs. It is customary for Indian males to live with their parents until they wed.
771. A corporation, institute of higher education social organization that fails to hire, promote, or admit minorities is an example of___________________. a. institutional racism b. specification c. privilege d. favoritism
a - Institutional racism involves the social policies, laws, and regulations or an atmosphere that discriminates against minorities and whose purpose is to maintain the social or economic advantage of the racial/or ethnic group in power.
394. A white juvenile client has been court-mandated to work with a Latino counselor. The client makes the comment, "I am not working with that taco eating counselor!" The client is demonstrating ____________. a. prejudice b. empathy c. fear d. egotism
a - Prejudice is an emotional response, usually based on fear, mistrust, and/or ignorance, which is directed at other racial, ethnic, religious, national or cultural groups. Prejudice is having negative attitudes or stereo-typical beliefs about the groups who are considered inferior.
392. A math professor has a meeting with an Asian student regarding her low math grades and makes the comment, "I don't understand why your grades are so low. I would expect math to come naturally for you." The student just experienced: a. Racial Micro-aggression b. Historical Hostility c. Transference d. Positive regard
a - Racial micro-aggressions are brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicates hostile, derogatory or negative racial slights and insults toward people of color.
392. A math professor has a meeting with an Asian student regarding her low math grades and makes the comment, "I don't understand why your grades are so low. I would expect math to come naturally for you." The student just experienced: a. Racial Micro-aggression b. Historical Hostility c. Transference d. Positive regard
a - Racial micro-aggressions are brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicates hostile, derogatory or negative racial slights and insults toward people of color.
748. Who is MOST likely to conform to a group? a. Su-Yin, a Chinese female b. Keith, an American male c. Carlos, a Spanish male d. Brittany, an American female
a - Research consistently demonstrates that Asians are more likely to conform to groups, likely due to their cultural focus on collectivist behaviors. Americans tend to be the least likely to conform, largely due to the cultural focus on individualistic behaviors.
748. Who is MOST likely to conform to a group? a. Su-Yin, a Chinese female b. Keith, an American male c. Carlos, a Spanish male d. Brittany, an American female
a - Research consistently demonstrates that Asians are more likely to conform to groups, likely due to their cultural focus on collectivist behaviors. Americans tend to be the least likely to conform, largely due to the cultural focus on individualistic behaviors.
Counselors have underlying assumptions (typical of white middle-class counselors):
a. concern and respect for the uniqueness of clients. b. emphasis on inherent worth and dignity of all regardless of race, creed, etc. c. high priority placed on helping others reach their self-determined goals. d. valuing freedom and opportunity to explore one's characteristics. e. future-oriented promise of a better life White counselors often have a Eurocentric perspective and view of the world.
In terms of older workers, they:
a. have longer unemployment periods than younger ones. b. their intellectual funct. is not impaired. c. a persistent and progressive decline on speeded tasks. d. their age is related positively to overall job satisfaction. e. there is an increasing need for security and affiliation.
life expectancy is about.
about 79 years of age.
cohabitation has become more
accepted
Sandra Bem (Bem Sex-Role Inventory) has found that approximately 30 percent of children and college samples are
androgynous
770. Jasmine, a trans-gender Latino youth, was taunted and violently attacked by a group of teens while walking through a park. The teens were arrested, and all were charged with a ____________. a. assault b. hate crime c. discrimination d. racism
b - A hate crime is a verbal or physical assault motivated by prejudice and the perception that the victim is a member of a minority group. Some groups are targeted for hate crimes because of their race, ethnicity, language, physical appearance, gender identity, sexual orientation, and or religion. Hate crimes are considered criminal acts that include but are not limited to physical attacks, verbal abuse or insults, harassment, bullying, hate mail or messages via mail, email, text or internet social media as well as damage to property.
303. A young child points to a morbidly obese person in your waiting room as yells, "Shamu, Daddy, Shamu!," This is an example of: a. Accommodation b. Assimilation c. Poor parenting d. Impulsive speaking from ADHD
b - Assimilation is a cognitive developmental occurrence when a child sees only similarities of objects, but not differences. In this case, the child had seen a very large whale and a very large person and matched what he knew (his schema) with what he sees (the person). What the child failed to do is see the differences between them.
751. Cross-cultural counseling: a. Recognizes culture as a marginal factor in counseling. b. Recognizes culture as a fundamental factor in counseling. c. Is a consideration in some but not all counseling interventions. d. All of the above
b - Cross-cultural counseling recognizes culture as fundamental and central to all counseling relationships and interactions
577. Maylin and her family recently emigrated from China. Maylin is 8 years old and is having difficulty adjusting to school and life in America. Maylin's teacher reports that Maylin does not socialize with the other students and "acts as if she is afraid of the other students." Maylin may be experiencing: a. Assimilation b. Cultural Anxiety c. Historical Hostility d. Discrimination
b - Cultural Anxiety is a naturally occurring anxiety that a person from a minority or different culture may experience while attempting to assimilate or exist in the host or dominate culture.
774. ___________ is the belief that one's group, (family, country, culture, belief system) is right and must be defended. a. Egocentrism b. Ethnocentrism c. Racism d. Agnosticism
b - Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's group (family, country, belief system) is right and or superior and must be defended. It is the thought process of judging other cultures based on the values or standards of one's own culture.
758. Counseling psychology has been quick to respond to cultural bias. a. True b. False
b - False - Counseling psychology has been slow to respond to cultural bias. Some theorists believe that at best, counseling psychology has added on some eclectic strategies in response to cultural bias. Some evidence suggests that the field of counseling psychology is more biased now than twenty years ago.
391. A young adult who shaves his head, has a swastika tattoo on his arm and wears combat boots, reads literature and subscribes to an ideology that Aryan people are superior to all other races and ethnicities. This type of belief is __________________. a. individualism b. individual racism c. ethnocentrism d. egotism
b - Individual racism is the personal attitudes, beliefs, and or behaviors designed to support one's personal theory that their race or ethnicity is superior over other races or ethnicities.
733. Rebecca makes an insensitive comment to another group member with racist overtones. Another female group member confronts her on her racial overtones and Rebecca cries out, "I don't understand why you all are attacking me?" She looks over at Bill as she starts sobbing. Bill reaches to across the group to hand her a tissue and suggests that the group change the subject. What role has Rebecca taken on? a. Hostile Member b. Seducer c. Rescuer d. Self-Righteous
b - Rebecca has taken on the role of Seducer. A Seducer uses subtle attempts to manipulate and control other members of the group. She may play victim or may act or pretend to be fragile in attempt to get others to either sympathize with her, reach out to her or even rescue her.
778. Hate crimes against gay, lesbian and trans-gender individuals are acts of _________ that oppress these groups. a. discrimination b. violence c. prejudice d. racism
b - When minority groups are violently targeted, the act of violence itself becomes a tool of oppression. The targeted group does not have to necessarily experience physical violence to be victimized. The oppression can also take the form of harassment, humiliation, degradation or bullying of an individual. Threats can be verbal or sexual in nature and can often imply some physical threat.
749. __________________ is the process of becoming adapted to a new or different culture. a. Socialization b. Transference c. Acculturation d. Crystallization
c - Acculturation is the process of becoming adapted to a new or different culture. The process may involve adopting the language, values, attitudes, dress and behavior of the host culture.
749. __________________ is the process of becoming adapted to a new or different culture. a. Socialization b. Transference c. Acculturation d. Crystallization
c - Acculturation is the process of becoming adapted to a new or different culture. The process may involve adopting the language, values, attitudes, dress and behavior of the host culture.
179. A researcher wants to take a survey of public opinion on the topic "Do portrayals of gay and lesbian characters in television and movies influence attitudes of tolerance toward gay and lesbian people in rural America". In developing the questionnaire, the researcher must be careful that the questionnaire reflects_____________. a. Reliability b. Ethical responsibility c. Construct validity d. Discriminate evidence
c - Construct validity ensures that the actual research, experiment, or data collection process conforms to theory that is actually being studied. It is important that the researcher creates a questionnaire that is directly related to theory or the topic being researched.
768. The experience of easily connecting and empathizing with a client who is from the same cultural background as the counselor is: a. Cultural Alliance b. Cultural Knowledge c. Cultural Intuition d. Cultural Sensitivity
c - Cultural Intuition is the immediate knowledge, sensation, connection and rapport that counselor may experience when encountering clients from their own culture. It is the empathy that a counselor may feel for the client that shares their cultural background.
772. Which of the following is the societal belief and custom that promotes an assumption that a dominant culture or group is superior in comparison to minority groups and cultures? a. Cultural isolation b. Cultural exclusion c. Cultural racism d. Cultural sensitivity
c - Cultural racism is the societal belief and customs that promote the assumption that the products of the dominant culture or majority group are superior in comparison to other minority groups and cultures.
775. "I don't understand why Black people are still complaining about racism. Slavery has been over for a long time now." This statement is an example of: a. Ethnocentrism b. Stereotyping c. Denial of Racism d. Discrimination
c - Denial of racism is the lack of awareness or the ignoring of racism where racism actually exists or affects an individual or another group. It is the inability to empathize with a person or group who are claiming to experience or be victimized by racism.
757. Approximately ___________ of people worldwide use some form of alternative therapy, while _______________ of Americans do. a. 30%, 40% b. 60%, 20% c. 80%, 30% d. 70%, 50%
c - Eighty percent of people worldwide use some form of alternative treatment, while 1/3 of Americans and 50% of Europeans do.
777. Many Chinese immigrant workers who came to America to help build the railroad system in the 1800s were taken advantage of economically by the American companies they worked for and by the communities in which they lived. This treatment is considered: a. Racism b. Capitalism c. Exploitation d. Ethnocentrism
c - Exploitation is a form of oppression where the dominant group takes economical advantaged of a minority for their skills and expertise. Exploitation creates unjust power relations when workers' energies and capacities are controlled by and appropriated for the benefit of other people.
306. You read a story about a family with five kids, and then ask your 7-year-old client to tell you about the family - who is older than who, etc. He asks for some paper and a pencil so he can show you. He has not yet mastered: a. Assimilation b. Object permanence c. Inferential reasoning d. Conservation
c - Inferential reasoning means having a mental representation of something without dependence on concrete manipulation. Assimilation is the concept of generalizing learned mental models; object permanence is the task of understanding something is still there even when it is hidden. Conservation is the developmental task of understanding that a thing itself is no different, even if its appearance is.
779. Which is NOT a characteristic of a culturally competent counselor? a. Have awareness of how stereotyping, oppression, racism, and discriminatory practices impact the lives of their clients. b. Work to improve the level of cultural knowledge and sensitivity through education, consulting and cultural immersion activities. c. Are more knowledgeable about their client's culture than their own. d. Have awareness of the mental health characteristics of their diverse clients.
c - It is important that culturally skilled counselors are self-aware and knowledgeable of their own culture and cultural heritage. Culturally skilled counselors are aware of how their culture influences their worldview. Culturally skilled counselors are also respectful of others people's cultural practices as well as their worldview.
776. Native-Americans living on reservations, who are denied access to basic resources such as adequate food, health care and education, are considered a(n) ___________ group. a. ethnic b. unique c. marginalized d. individualistic
c - Marginalization is a form of oppression. A group is denied access to resources that would allow them to exist equitably among other groups or cultures.
393. A white counselor is working with an African-American client. The client asks the counselor, "Have you ever worked with a black client before?" The counselor reassures the client, "That when I work with clients, I don't see color." This is an example of: a. Transference b. Counter-transference c. Micro-invalidation d. Objectivity
c - Micro-invalidations are communications that exclude, negate, or nullify the psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiential realities of a person of color. When Black people are told, "I don't see color" or "We are all human beings," the effect is to negate their experiences as racial/cultural beings.
329. Generally speaking, Millennials have the following attitude about money: a. Buy now, pay later b. Pay cash, put it away c. Earn to spend d. Cautious and conservative
c - Millennials, or Gen Y, were raised in a time of being given a lot from parents that had to work hard and were given little. They are used to having what they want and tend to spend what they earn. Answer a is for baby boomers, answer b describes traditionalists and answer d describes Gen X
390. John was released after an 8-year prison sentence. John currently has a high school diploma and earned an Associate Degree while incarcerated. It has been almost a year and John still cannot find a job to help support his family. John has expressed his frustration to his counselor who suggests that he join a support group for ex-offenders. Ex-offenders are considered a ___________________. a. sub-culture b. minority group c. special population d. ethnic group
c - Special populations are groups of people who may share symptoms related to trauma or problematic life situations but do not necessarily pass these issues on from generation to generation. Special populations are diverse groups of people whose needs are unique to their condition or situation.
396. A Muslim woman shares with a counselor that her boss is pressuring her to not wear her hijab to work because it makes the other employees and customers "uncomfortable". The counselor agrees with her boss and tries to convince the client of the benefits of assimilating into American culture. The counselor's actions are: a. Egotistical b. Culturally sensitive c. Unethical d. Empathetic
c - The counselor's actions are unethical based on the American Counseling Association (ACA) code of ethics. The code of ethics states that counselors do not condone or engage in discrimination against prospective or current clients, students, employees, supervisees, or research participants bases on age, culture, disability, ethnicity, race, religion/spirituality, gender identity, sexual orientation, marital/partnership status, language preference, socioeconomic status or immigration.
760. Which of the following are the proper steps for developing cultural competency? a. Do a needs assessment of awareness and knowledge only b. Identify specific objectives at the skill level only c. Learn and practice new behaviors d. Automatically repeat steps b-c
c - The steps to developing cultural competency are: • Do a needs assessment of skill, knowledge and awareness. • identify specific objectives in each area. • learn and practice new behaviors. • evaluate skill, knowledge and awareness.
Generally speaking, Gen Y have the following attitude about money: a. Buy now, pay later b. Pay cash, put it away c. Earn to spend d. Cautious and conservative.
c. Earn to spend.
A mediation may be used for
conflict resolution in counseling
773. Matt is in charge of recruiting for the company baseball team. He does not know his co-worker Jose very well but thinks he would make a good member of the team. Matt says to himself, "Well, there are so many Latinos in Major League Baseball...I guess they all must play baseball." Matt's thinking is: a. Hypocritical b. Ethnocentric c. Racist d. Stereotypical
d - A stereotype is the thought process that assigns over-generalized characteristics or qualities to a group or an individual. A stereotype is an overly exaggerated or simplistic characterization that can be either positive or negative in nature but is most likely offensive because it denies a person or members of a group of being acknowledged for their individual uniqueness and judges them based on the generalization rather facts. Stereotypes are faulty, rigid, conditioned beliefs based on limited experience and understanding of the individual or group.
578. The civil rights movement was birthed out of an ideology of _________ which united and mobilized African-Americans to stand together and fight for freedom. a. democracy b. assimilation c. socialism d. collectivism
d - Collectivism is a social system in which individuals submit to the interest or subscribes to the values of groups such as peers, family, community, co-workers, leaders, government or any affiliation that may provide a sense of belonging for the individual.
769. The feelings of mistrust that Native Americans feel toward White Americans and the American Government is called___________. a. Oppression b. Discrimination c. Prejudice d. Historical Hostility
d - Historical Hostility represents the memory of negative treatment or a negative experience of a people's ancestors that continues to impact their current relationship with others, especially those whose ancestors were participants or perpetrators of the violation or negative treatment of their ancestors. That memory is at the core of their attitudes and feelings of anger, fear or mistrust towards the members who ancestors were past perpetrators. For example, Native Americans today may still find it difficult to trust or forgive the government and or White-Americans for the atrocities afflicted upon them by their European ancestors who came to settle in America.
579. The United States embraces the concept of ___________________ as the First Amendment encourages citizens of the United States the freedom to compete and pursue their own interest. a. egocentrism b. collectivism c. patriotism d. individualism
d - Individualism is the ideology that the needs, desires, and aspirations of the individual take precedence over the needs, desires, and aspirations of the group. For example, an individual may focus on self-promotion which may not include any group that he may be a member of, such as family, peers, community, business or country.
782. __________ may consider looking someone directly in the eye to be disrespectful when speaking face-to-face to someone significantly older or in a position of authority. a. White Americans b. African-Americans c. Western Europeans d. Latinos
d - Latino culture often considers it to be disrespectful to look people viewed as authority figures directly in the eye. The Latino culture is more likely to avoid eye contact when listening or speaking to someone of influence like a counselor than a white person or African-American, for example. Therefore, this behavior can easily be mistaken as "resistance" if the counselor is not culturally aware.
5. Mary is a counselor and has received a referral to work with an inmate who has been recently released from prison. Mary says to her co-worker, "I don't know why they assigned him to me, he's only going to re-offend and end up back in jail." Mary's attitude reflects: a. Prejudice b. Cultural insensitivity c. Ethnocentrism d. Lack of Objectivity
d - Mary's attitude reflects a lack of objectivity towards the client. Objectivity is a characteristic of an effective counselor. The ability to demonstrate objectivity means to be able to view the client or the situation without assigning any judgment or allowing external information to influence the counselor's perspective of the client. Objectivity is being able to view the client and counseling relationship as a blank slate so that conclusions can emerge naturally as the counseling relationship develops.
743. Who is LEAST likely to seek mental health services? a. Sean, a Caucasian male b. Marisol, a Hispanic American female c. Edgar, an African American male d. YunLi, an Asian American male
d - Members of several racial and ethnic minority groups are less likely to seek mental health services than their Caucasian American counterparts, largely due to the stigmas associated with psychotherapy and counseling. In particular, Asian American males have the lowest rates of seeking counseling.
752. Cultural context includes: a. Ethnographics b. Demographics c. Status d. All of the above
d - Other examples of cultural context include: individualism/collectivism (valuing personal independence versus interdependence and a sense of duty to the group) and high context/low
781. Racial and ethnic minorities tend to be diagnosed with mental health disorders at much higher rate than whites because diagnosis is not always done within a(n) __________. a. ethnocentric perspective b. consideration of "normal behavior" c. ethical setting d. cultural context
d - Racial and ethnic minorities tend to be diagnosed with mental health disorders at a much higher rate than whites because diagnosis is not always done within a cultural context. In early psychology, many descriptions of disorders were researched based on the mental health condition of Caucasians and did not take into consideration and nor were they written within the context of how race, ethnicity and culture may influence, or shapes mental health and behavior. Therefore, diagnosis is done from an ethnocentric perspective with the criteria for "normal behavior," being based on the physician's or counselor's ethnocentric world view. The challenge in diagnosing clients from multicultural backgrounds is the counselor must take into consideration that people belong to a variety of cultural groups, and each individual's culture is unique. When considering the presence of a disorder, counselors tend to measure it against what is considered "normal" or healthy behavior from an ethnocentric worldview. The concept of normal mental and behavioral health becomes relative. What every counselor must remember is, what is "normal" changes from person to person, situation to situation, condition to condition, time to time and from place to place. The counselor must remember to consider what may be viewed from their perspective as "abnormal" mental or behavioral health may be considered "normal" mental or behavior health from the cultural perspective or worldview of the client.
781. Racial and ethnic minorities tend to be diagnosed with mental health disorders at much higher rate than whites because diagnosis is not always done within a(n) __________. a. ethnocentric perspective b. consideration of "normal behavior" c. ethical setting d. cultural contex
d - Racial and ethnic minorities tend to be diagnosed with mental health disorders at a much higher rate than whites because diagnosis is not always done within a cultural context. In early psychology, many descriptions of disorders were researched based on the mental health condition of Caucasians and did not take into consideration and nor were they written within the context of how race, ethnicity and culture may influence, or shapes mental health and behavior. Therefore, diagnosis is done from an ethnocentric perspective with the criteria for "normal behavior," being based on the physician's or counselor's ethnocentric world view. The challenge in diagnosing clients from multicultural backgrounds is the counselor must take into consideration that people belong to a variety of cultural groups, and each individual's culture is unique. When considering the presence of a disorder, counselors tend to measure it against what is considered "normal" or healthy behavior from an ethnocentric worldview. The concept of normal mental and behavioral health becomes relative. What every counselor must remember is, what is "normal" changes from person to person, situation to situation, condition to condition, time to time and from place to place. The counselor must remember to consider what may be viewed from their perspective as "abnormal" mental or behavioral health may be considered "normal" mental or behavior health from the cultural perspective or worldview of the client.
634. A trans-gender youth tells a counselor about his recent experience of being bullied at school. The counselor replies, "I know what that feels like. I was bullied a lot when I was in school." This statement is an example of: a. Counter-transference b. Racial Micro-aggression c. Reflecting d. Self-disclosure
d - Self-disclosure is the intentional decision on behalf of the counselor to reveal information of a personal nature about him or herself to the client. Self-disclosure can be a way of communicating empathy to the client only if the content of what is being disclosed is brief and to the benefit of the client. Self-disclosure should be used to inspire hope, used to provide feedback, used to confront the client or used to provide an alternative view for the client.
The number of openly LGBTQ elected state and national officials is _________ per year.
increasing
780. An African-American counselor at a community clinic is conducting an intake and makes the comment to her Latino client, "You're Puerto Rican, right?" The counselor is demonstrating: a. Cultural competency b. Cultural psychic-sensitivity c. Cultural assumption d. Cultural insensitivity
d - The counselor is demonstrating cultural insensitivity in a cross-cultural counseling situation. The counselor made a generalization assuming that her client was from "Puerto Rico" without any evidence. Over 90% of Latino Americans living in the United States have their cultural roots in Mexico, Puerto Rico, The Dominican Republic, Cuba, South America or Spain.
756. You are supervising a counseling student and she asks about the most effective and current theory on cross-cultural counseling. The proper response is based on the: a. The melting pot theory b. The egocentric model c. The pyramid theory d. The salad bowl theory
d - The salad bowl theory highlights the importance of mixing different types of people together but having them maintain their own individual identities (in contrast to the "melting pot" theory.) Answers b and c are not cross-cultural theories.
759. Which of the following is the most crucial element of developing cultural competency? a. Awareness b. Knowledge c. Skill d. All are equally important.
d - Those focused too much on awareness to the detriment of the other elements leave one with a lack of knowledge of what to do to change the problem. The relevance of knowledge suffers without awareness. Learning skill objectives leave one clueless about knowing if its implementation is effective.
380. If born today in the United States, which of the following persons would have the highest life expectancy? a. Jerome, who is an African-American male b. Larry, who is an Caucasian male c. Tameka, who is an African-American female d. Solidad, who is a Hispanic female
d- Solidad would have the highest life expectancy as a Hispanic female. Women at all ages of life and across most ethnic groups have lower mortality rates. Hispanics have higher life expectancy, as a group, than their ethnic counterparts.
Generally speaking, Gen X have the following attitude about money: a. Buy now, pay later b. Pay cash, put it away c. Earn to spend d. Cautious and conservative.
d. Cautious and conservative
Remarriages have
declined
During the past decade, the percentage of adolescents who have a driver's license, who tried alcohol, who dated, and who work for pay has.
decreased significantly.
10% of older adults may have:
depression and other mental illness.
46. Cultural encapsulation assumes that reality is defined by one set of cultural assumptions that are insensitive to cultural variation among individuals. One of the areas in need of attention in this area is: a. Counseling props b. Counselor documentation styles c. Tests and measures used by counselors d. Use of the DSM-V e. Both c and d
e - Tests and measures, including the DSM - V remain culturally biased, often seeing dependency as pathological, failing to consider supports and focusing on individualism, regardless of culture.
Two views of the world are:
emic and etic
To be effective with many cross-cultural clients, the counselor may need to.
foster a relationship on a personal level through 'small talk' and more personal sharing than may be true with white clients.