Social Capstone exam 2 study guide

--What is meant by human capital, cultural capital, and social capital? (Lecture)

Human capital: the skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by an individual or population, viewed in terms of their value or cost to an organization or country Cultural capital: the accumulation of knowledge, behaviors and skills that one can tap into to demonstrate one's cultural competence, and thus one's social status or standing in society. Social capital: the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.

--What were the college pathways Armstrong and Hamilton found?

fit with the party pathway misfit with party pathway fit and misfit with the professional pathway the absent mobility pathway blocked mobility pathway

What do Armstrong and Hamilton mean by the following: socialite, wannabe, striver, achiever, underachiever, (social) isolate, stayers, leavers, and creamed?

socialite: comfort and ease in the social scene wannabe: not measuring up striver: Working to achieve the goal achiever: someone that receives success underachiever: someone that doesn't receive success (social) isolate: Very antisocial stayers: a person who lives somewhere temporarily as a visitor or guest leavers: A person that leaves creamed: sticking to what you know.

--Why has the transition to "full-fledged" adulthood become longer in the U.S.? (See also readings 1.1. and 1.2 from Herzog edited volume)

From adolescence to adulthood has in recent years become more complicated, uncertain, and extended than ever before.

--You should know key terms associated with the life course perspective: social pathways, trajectories, transitions, duration, turning point, and cohort. (See also the Elder et al. reading.)

Social pathway: ability to develop and maintain a healthy relationship and negotiate challenging relationships. Trajectories: sequences of roles and experiences Transitions: changes in state or role Duration: time between transitions Turning point: a substantial change in the direction of one's life, whether subjective or objective Cohort: a group of people banded together or treated as a group

--Do not forget what the Sociological Imagination is. You should be able to recognize examples of its use.

Sociological Imagination: the awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society

--What is the life course perspective?

A multidisciplinary approach to understanding the mental, physical and social health of individuals, which incorporates both life span and life stage concepts that determine the health trajectory.

What are five features that are prominent in emerging adulthood? (See also reading 1.1 from Herzog edited volume)

Age of identity exploration. Young people are deciding who they are and what they want out of work, school and love. Age of instability. The post-high school years are marked by repeated residence changes, as young people either go to college or live with friends or a romantic partner. For most, frequent moves end as families and careers are established in the 30s. Age of self-focus. Freed of the parent- and society-directed routine of school, young people try to decide what they want to do, where they want to go and who they want to be with--before those choices get limited by the constraints of marriage, children and a career. Age of feeling in between. Many emerging adults say they are taking responsibility for themselves, but still do not completely feel like an adult. Age of possibilities. Optimism reigns. Most emerging adults believe they have good chances of living "better than their parents did," and even if their parents divorced, they believe they'll find a lifelong soul mate.

--What are the parts of a research paper/article? You should be able to name them and be able to give a brief description of what should be included in each part. (See also the Edwards reading)

Cover page: Paper title, your name, and the OU pledge. Abstract: A short summary of the research reported in the paper. Introduction: Introduces the reader to the research you conducted. Literature review: Reviewing research articles and coming up with questions for your theory. Hypothesis: A proposed explanation. Data and methods: Describing and using methods to find results in your research. Results: Finding the results you found in your research. Discussion and conclusion: Summarize your findings.

--Why is there an emerging adulthood stage in the life course?

Most young people went directly from adolescence to a settled young adulthood by their early twenties

What principles are important to the life course perspective (e.g., principle of agency, principle of time and place, principle of linked lives)? (See also Elder et al. reading)

The Principle of Life-Span Development: Human development and aging are lifelong processes The Principle of Agency: Individuals construct their own life course through the choices and actions they take within the opportunities and constraints of history and social circumstance The Principle of Time and Place: The life course of individuals is embedded and shaped by the historical times and places they experience over their lifetime The Principle of Timing: The developmental antecedents and consequences of life transitions, events, and behavioral patterns vary according to their timing in a person's life The Principle of Linked Lives: Lives are lived interdependently and socio-historical influences are expressed through this network of shared relationships

--What is meant by "emerging adulthood?"

a phase of the life span between adolescence and full-fledged adulthood which encompasses late adolescence and early adulthood

--What is meant by cumulative (dis)advantage and social reproduction? (Lecture)

cumulative advantage: a general mechanism for inequality across any temporal process in which a favorable relative position becomes a resource that produces further relative gains. cumulative disadvantage: inequality is not a static outcome but rather is a cumulative process that unfolds over the life course. social reproduction: the emphasis on the structures and activities that transmit social inequality from one generation to the next