SOCIAL PSYC: CHAPTER 2

41. Which of the following correlation numbers is a perfect correlation? A. 1.0 B. 0 C. 0.5 D. 0.8

A. 1.0

62. Which is the best reason to use a quasi-experimental design? A. A variable of interest may be impossible to randomly assign. B. They are less expensive than other designs. C. Fewer participants are required. D. Large populations can easily be reached.

A. A variable of interest may be impossible to randomly assign.

80. Which statistic is used to compare three or more groups? A. ANOVA B. t test C. correlational analysis D. descriptive survey

A. ANOVA

46. Which best illustrates a negative correlation? A. As ocean levels increase, the number of safe beaches decreases. B. As restaurant portion sizes increase, the average BMI also increases. C. As the number of oysters decreases, the number of pearls decreases. D. Temperature changes may increase or decrease the amount of outside exercise.

A. As ocean levels increase, the number of safe beaches decreases.

56. There is a positive correlation between the amount of school supplies sold in an area and student academic performance. What does this mean? A. As school supplies sales increase, student academic performance increases. B. As school supply sales decrease, student academic performance increases. C. Schools supplies cause students to earn lower grades. D. School supplies cause students to earn better grades.

A. As school supplies sales increase, student academic performance increases.

38. Which best illustrates a correlation? A. As the temperature rises, so does iced tea consumption. B. Dogs usually eat more than cats. C. Many people own televisions and computers. D. Horses have long tails.

A. As the temperature rises, so does iced tea consumption.

57. What is true about correlational analysis? A. Correlations may be due to a third variable. B. Correlational data is easy to collect. C. Correlations are always represented as -2.00 to +2.00. D. Correlational data are either positive or negative.

A. Correlations may be due to a third variable.

88. Which of these indicate whether a published study used open science practices? A. One or more badges are displayed when an article is published. B. An editor's note declaring that the study followed open science practices. C. A statement in the title of the article declaring that the study used open science practices. D. Whether or not the study reports statistically significant results.

A. One or more badges are displayed when an article is published.

30. Which best defines the problem of social desirability? A. People shape their responses so that others will have positive impressions of them. B. People change their behavior because they are being observed. C. Researchers are likely to elicit positive behaviors from participants. D. Researchers are most likely to focus on participants they view positively.

A. People shape their responses so that others will have positive impressions of them.

9. If you notice people behaving in a certain way and wonder "I wonder if other people act this way in the same circumstances?" what phase of research are you engaged in? A. Phase 1: observe a pattern B. Phase 2: generate a hypothesis C. Phase 3: test the hypothesis D. Phase 4: interpret the results

A. Phase 1: observe a pattern

54. A theater owner notices that people buy more popcorn on sunny days than rainy days. What has she discovered? A. There is a relationship between the weather and popcorn sales. B. Sunny days drive an increase in popcorn sales. C. The weather makes people more or less hungry. D. The weather causes increases and decreases in popcorn sales.

A. There is a relationship between the weather and popcorn sales.

15. Which of the following is a benefit of archival research? A. There is little data collection work because the information has already been collected. B. The statistical analyses are simpler. C. You get to design exactly the questions you want answered. D. The information is more current than other types of research.

A. There is little data collection work because the information has already been collected.

37. Which best defines correlation? A. Two variables are related to each other. B. One variable causes a change in another. C. One variable confounds the effect of another variable. D. Two variables are related due to a third variable.

A. Two variables are related to each other.

18. A researcher is analyzing divorce records for a particular county. This is most likely an example of which type of research? A. archival study B. naturalistic observation C. survey D. experiment

A. archival study

3. Dr. Arriaga works at a university and tries to improve theories that predict helping behavior. Which type of researcher is she? A. basic B. applied C. observational D. archival

A. basic

74. How does random assignment isolate causal variables? A. by equalizing the makeup of each group B. by attempting to prove the hypothesis is incorrect C. by observing interactions between experimenters and researchers D. by removing potential research bias

A. by equalizing the makeup of each group

36. Juan's research finds that children with depressed parents are more likely to also be depressed. What type of research is this? A. correlational B. causal C. logical D. archival

A. correlational

94. Which of these is a barrier to the practice of open science? A. editorial practices that are biased toward publishing statistically significant results B. restrictive IRB review procedures C. peer-review practices that are carried out before a study is conducted D. hiding the true nature of an experiment from particpants so they act more naturally

A. editorial practices that are biased toward publishing statistically significant results

87. Which of these describe the results-blind peer review process? A. evaluating the merit of a study before the results have been collected and analyzed B. publishing studies that do not show statistically significant results C. reviewing a study without knowing the identity of the author(s) D. using reviewers who do not know which hypothesis the researcher is evaluating

A. evaluating the merit of a study before the results have been collected and analyzed

101. Danette tells the study participants that the study they are participating in may cause undesirable side effects. She is likely trying to ensure which aspect of research? A. informed consent B. random sampling C. right to withdraw D. debriefing

A. informed consent

96. What refers to how well a study is conducted, including the avoidance of confounding variables? A. internal validity B. external validity C. reliability D. generalizability

A. internal validity

92. The results-blind peer review process ______. A. involves two stages B. occurs before IRB review C. is necessary for true experiements but not for correlational analyses D. makes it more difficult for researchers to interpret study results

A. involves two stages

10. Which of the following is the correct order of the scientific method? A. observe, form a hypothesis, test a hypothesis, interpret the results B. form a hypothesis, test a hypothesis, observe, interpret the results C. test a hypothesis, observe, interpret the results, form a hypothesis D. observe, interpret the results, form a hypothesis, test a hypothesis

A. observe, form a hypothesis, test a hypothesis, interpret the results

58. Which of the following tests a single group of people to see whether some kind of experience or treatment had an effect? A. preexperiment B. correlational analysis C. quasi-experiment D. a true experiment

A. preexperiment

27. What is it called when people change their behavior because they are being observed? A. reactivity B. social desirability bias C. operationalization D. participant observation

A. reactivity

5. Which is a systematic way of creating knowledge through observation, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and interpreting results? A. scientific method B. preregistration C. badge system D. naturalistic observation

A. scientific method

29. Nathan lies on a survey because he wants to impress the researcher. He likely does this because of what? A. social desirability B. reactivity C. participant observation D. cognitive bias

A. social desirability

81. Select the data for which an ANOVA would be the most appropriate analysis tool. A. testing the effects of four different nutrition programs on rat weight B. testing the connection between grades and studying C. testing whether a running program results in faster or slower running times D. testing to see whether accidents decrease as social media usage decreases

A. testing the effects of four different nutrition programs on rat weight

65. Which type of research is best at establishing causality? A. true experiment B. quasi-experiment C. correlational research D. preexperiment

A. true experiment

32. In which situation would a descriptive survey be most useful? A. when a researcher seeks information from a large number of people quickly and inexpensively B. when a study wishes to establish a cause-effect relationship between two variables C. when there is little concern for controlling confounding variables D. when a researcher only has access to a small number of potential participants

A. when a researcher seeks information from a large number of people quickly and inexpensively

40. A correlational analysis would be the most appropriate analysis tool for investigating ______. A. whether there is a relationship between attractiveness and number of dates B. the effects of a new medication on blood pressure C. the three most successful types of study techniques D. investigating changes in weight after implementing a new exercise program

A. whether there is a relationship between attractiveness and number of dates

50. Which of the following numbers represent data points in a correlational analysis that are the closest to a straight line? A. −.89 B. −.10 C. .50 D. .73

A. −.89

42. Which of the following is a perfect negative correlation? A. −1.0 B. −0.5 C. −0.25 D. 0

A. −1.0

45. Which of the following numbers shows the strongest correlation? A. 0.45 B. -0.85 C. 1.75 D. -0.10

B. -0.85

53. A study finds that there is no connection between safety training and the number of injuries suffered in a factory. Which of the following correlation numbers would best represent this finding? A. −.72 B. .02 C. -.93 D. .54

B. .02

63. Which provides the best illustration of a quasi-experiment? A. A researcher tests the effects of a new blood pressure medication. B. A researcher tests to see whether men or women complete more word puzzles. C. A researcher tests to see what color of reflective paint is brightest. D. A researcher tests to see whether children run faster or slower after sugar intake.

B. A researcher tests to see whether men or women complete more word puzzles.

82. What is one difference between a t test and an ANOVA? A. t tests can only measure correlations while ANOVAs can be used with any data type. B. ANOVAs can compare many groups, while t-tests only compares two. C. ANOVAs are more effective at eliminating the effects of confounding variables. D. t tests are more useful in determining the reliability of measures.

B. ANOVAs can compare many groups, while t-tests only compares two.

48. Which is an example of a negative correlation? A. Squirrels often race back-and-forth in the road when cars approach. B. As use of social media increases, face-to-face conversations decrease. C. The older children get, the more words they say. D. As retails sales increase, credit card usage is higher.

B. As use of social media increases, face-to-face conversations decrease.

2. In what way does basic science differ from applied science? A. Basic science focuses on translating theories into solutons to problems. B. Basic science focuses on developing theories to increase understanding. C. Applied science rarely tests hypotheses. D. Applied science relies on experimentation to test hypotheses.

B. Basic science focuses on developing theories to increase understanding.

100. What is the job of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)? A. IRBs do cost analysis of research. B. IRBs consider the ethical implications of any study. C. IRBs check the credentials of researchers. D. IRBs grant research certification and accreditation.

B. IRBs consider the ethical implications of any study.

13. Which of the following is the best hypothesis? A. Are men more aggressive than women? B. Men engage in more aggressive behaviors than women. C. Aggressive men are perceived to lack intelligence. D. Men are aggressive because they seek physical dominance.

B. Men engage in more aggressive behaviors than women.

26. Which example best illustrates participant observation? A. study participants taking notes during an experiment B. a researcher pretending to be a participant C. careful monitoring of participants during the course of an experiment D. a summation of participant reactions to an experiment

B. a researcher pretending to be a participant

4. Dr. Belton is an industrial/organizational psychologist. He designs programs intended to improve employee satisfaction. Which type of researcher is he? A. basic B. applied C. theoretical D. observational

B. applied

12. Horoscope predictions typically lack the features of scientific hypotheses because they ______. A. do not specify a relationship between two variables B. cannot be tested using the scientific method C. can only predict personailty traits D. are not endorsed by the scientific community

B. cannot be tested using the scientific method

69. True experiments isolate ______ better than any other research method. A. interactions B. causal variables C. behaviors D. false dichotomies

B. causal variables

91. What is the initial stage of review for a study that follows the results-blind peer review process? A. determining whether the study was carried out as originally planned B. evaluating the merit of a study before the data are collected C. using experts to determine whether the conclusions are supported by the data D. IRB review

B. evaluating the merit of a study before the data are collected

97. Which is the extent to which results of any single study could apply to other people or settings? A. internal validity B. external validity C. reliability D. generalizability

B. external validity

7. Which is a specific statement of what you will believe will happen in an experiment? A. informed consent B. hypothesis C. observation D. variable

B. hypothesis

67. Dr. Sisko rolls dice in order to determine which group each participant will be assigned to in an experiment. This was done in order to _______. A. treat each participant fairly B. increase the chance that the groups are similar to one another C. reduce reactivity among the participants being observed D. prevent participants from responding in socially desirable ways

B. increase the chance that the groups are similar to one another

21. Watching how coaches interact with players during sporting events would be considered which type of research?

B. naturalistic observation

19. Which of the following research designs would most likely be used to determine how many teens have a driver's license? A. correlational B. survey C. quasi-experiment D. true experiment

B. survey

77. Select the data for which a t test would be the most appropriate analysis tool. A. testing the relationship between weight and height of toddlers B. testing reaction times of participants who have had either 4 or 8 hr of sleep C. testing the effects of acidity and heat on three different brands of orange juice D. testing to see whether cancer deaths decrease as exercise increases

B. testing reaction times of participants who have had either 4 or 8 hr of sleep

78. If two groups were equivalent to each other in every way except the independent variable, any differences in the dependent variable must be due to which of the following? A. the effect of a confounding variable B. the independent variable C. random factors unrelated to the independent variable D. the lack of a control group

B. the independent variable

73. Dr. Kelly is studying the effects of time constraint on performance. She is studying men and women of various ages. What is the independent variable in this study? A. performance B. time constraint C. gender D. age

B. time constraint

22. Which is the best example of naturalistic observation? A. analyzing trends in student database usage B. watching students check out library books C. watching a movie to count the number of times a specific word is spoken D. listening to recordings of Spanish classes

B. watching students check out library books

59. In which situation would a preexperimental design be most useful? A. when your study requires a control group B. when you want to see is some kind of experience or treatment had an effect on a group C. when it is very important to control for confounding variables D. when you want to determine of there is a relationship between two variables

B. when you want to see is some kind of experience or treatment had an effect on a group

51. Which of the following numbers represent data points in a correlational analysis that are the farthest from a straight line? A. −0.32 B. −0.03 C. 0.24 D. 0.82

B. −0.03

44. An example in the text shows that grade point average (GPA) is positively correlated with study hours per week. What does this association show? A. Studying affects GPA. B. Having a higher GPA causes people to study more. C. As study time increases, GPA also increases. D. People with a low GPA study longer than those with a high GPA.

C. As study time increases, GPA also increases.

6. Why should someone be skeptical about psychological claims that are based on "common sense" explanations? A. Common sense explanations are usually correct until they have been sufficiently falsified. B. Psychological claims that reflect common sense explanations are usually wrong. C. Explanations that reflect common sense should be interpreted cautiously until there is sufficient data to support one explanation over another. D. Most explanations turn out to be wrong initially, so common sense helps researchers decide which explanations are worth further study.

C. Explanations that reflect common sense should be interpreted cautiously until there is sufficient data to support one explanation over another.

79. The first known use of the t test was in testing beer. Why was it beneficial in an industrial setting? A. It was a simple statistic that could be calculated quickly. B. The results were easily translated to quality changes. C. It allowed quality comparisons between two different batches of beer. D. It was a robust statistic.

C. It allowed quality comparisons between two different batches of beer.

25. What is the main difference between naturalistic observation and participant observation? A. Naturalistic observation involves nonhuman animals; participant observation involves human animals. B. Naturalistic observation does not require permission from and IRB; participant observation does. C. Naturalistic observation only watches a group; participant observation involves researchers joining the observed group. D. Naturalistic observation is solely researcher observation; participant observation is solely participant led.

C. Naturalistic observation only watches a group; participant observation involves researchers joining the observed group.

16. Which is a similarity between archival studies and naturalistic observation? A. They are both types of true experiments. B. They both rely on surveys as their primary method of data collection. C. Neither require direct interaction with participants. D. Neither are frequently used research techniques.

C. Neither require direct interaction with participants.

1. Which phase of research involves using a method to gather data to see whether your theory is correct? A. Phase 1: observe a pattern B. Phase 2: generate a hypothesis C. Phase 3: test the hypothesis D. Phase 4: interpret the results

C. Phase 3: test the hypothesis

60. Which of these is a problem with using preexperimental designs? A. People may change their behavior when they know they are being observed. B. People can lie on questions that ask them to report on their thoughts and feelings. C. There is no comparison group. D. There are not enough participants to select from.

C. There is no comparison group.

72. Dr. Enzo is studying the effects of meditation versus medication on the anxiety levels of men and women. What is the dependent variable in her study? A. meditation B. medication C. anxiety levels D. gender

C. anxiety levels

20. A researcher is analyzing the diaries of people who have lived through natural disasters. What are these an example of? A. confounding variables B. applied science topics C. archival data D. constructs

C. archival data

47. Which of the following is used to show how two variables are related using a graph with dots representing the intersection of values from two different variables? A. ANOVA B. descriptive survey C. correlational analysis D. t test

C. correlational analysis

75. Caitlin is in an experiment in which her reaction to violent videos is being measured. This measurement of the study outcome would be called what? A. independent variable B. causation C. dependent variable D. correlation

C. dependent variable

84. The open science movement is a reaction to which of the following? A. biases about the topics that are chosen for study B. ethical treatment of participants in social psychological research C. failures to replicate the results from previously published studies D. the lack of diversity among social psychologists

C. failures to replicate the results from previously published studies

8. A self-help book states that aggression in males is due to elevated testosterone levels. When you question this interpretation and seek evidence to justify this claim, you are engaging in which of the following? A. hypothesis testing B. theory construction C. healthy skepticism D. a bias toward applied research

C. healthy skepticism

23. A researcher pretends to drop a package in a shopping mall and notes who is most likely to help her pick it up. What type of research is this? A. quasi-experiment B. true experiment C. naturalistic observation D. archival

C. naturalistic observation

11. Which is the best way to begin scientific research? A. form a hypothesis B. analyze results C. observe a behavior pattern D. test a hypothesis

C. observe a behavior pattern

93. Making the raw data from a study available for others to examine is a feature of ______. A. preregistration B. assessing external validity C. open science D. results-blind peer review

C. open science

61. In what type of research are groups not formed by random assignment? A. true experiments B. preexperiments C. quasi-experiments D. participant observation

C. quasi-experiments

95. What is consistency of measurement, over time or multiple testing occasions? A. internal validity B. external validity C. reliability D. generalizability

C. reliability

86. Which of the following prevents journals from only publishing studies that report statistically significant results? A. IRB review B. independent review of the reliability of measurements C. results-blind peer review D. requiring researchers to use statistical consultants

C. results-blind peer review

31. Your response to the statement, "I am always courteous, even to people who are disagreeable" is intended to measure which of the following? A. reactivity B. observer bias C. social desirability D. participant honesty

C. social desirability

89. Which of these is intended to increase the reproducibility, accessibility, transparency, and honesty of research practices? A. the peer review process B. IRB review C. the open science movement D. standardized editorial policies

C. the open science movement

90. Specifying hypotheses, describing data collection procedures, and indicating how the data will be statistically analyzed are components of which of the following? A. correlational analyses B. assessing the reliability of a measurement C. the preregistration process D. IRB review

C. the preregistration process

49. Which of the following is a reason why a graph is created in a correlational analysis? A. to compare two groups B. to examine the effects of confounding variables C. to find patterns in data D. to see whether one variable causes changes in another variable

C. to find patterns in data

52. Which of the following correlation numbers is not possible? A. .05 B. -.75 C. -1.00 D. 1.23

D. 1.23

39. Which is an example of a positive correlation? A. As the temperature drops, the amount of hot soup consumption increases. B. People often get a glass of water before taking a nap. C. During the summer, furnaces are less likely to be used. D. As the number of cigarettes smoked increases, so does the likelihood of developing lung cancer.

D. As the number of cigarettes smoked increases, so does the likelihood of developing lung cancer.

55. There is a positive correlation between the amount of ice cream sold and the number of drowning deaths. What does this likely reflect? A. Ice cream causes cramping that results in drowning deaths. B. The statistical analyses were likely flawed. C. As drowning deaths increase, the amount of ice cream sold decreases. D. Correlation does not imply causation.

D. Correlation does not imply causation.

14. If the evidence collected in a study partially supports a hypothesis, researchers should then do which of the following? A. interpret only the results that are supported by the evidence B. reanalyze the data to see whether initial mistakes were made C. abandon the hypothesis and start over D. Refine the hypothesis and test it again

D. Refine the hypothesis and test it again

43. Which of the following is the best example of a positive correlation? A. Physical stamina decreases when age increases. B. College GPA increases when the number of hours spent partying decreases. C. Depression is more common among women compared to men. D. Stress decreases when the number of daily hassles decreases.

D. Stress decreases when the number of daily hassles decreases.

70. Professor Babbitt believes that students' scores on the final exam were very low because most of the class had the flu. He attributes the low score to what? A. reactivity B. participant observation C. desirability bias D. confounding variable

D. confounding variable

33. If you were looking for an association between two variables, such as age and selfesteem, which research strategy would be most helpful? A. a true experiment B. naturalistic observation C. archival data D. correlational analysis

D. correlational analysis

34. Dr. Carlson conducted a study examining the relationship between facial symmetry and physical attraction. Research participants rated pictures of faces that varied in symmetry. She found that as facial symmetry increased, so did ratings of attractiveness. This is an example of what type of research? A. analyzing archival data B. naturalistic observation C. descriptive survey D. correlational analysis

D. correlational analysis

35. Which of the following research methods would be most likely to make use of archival data? A. naturalistic observation B. true experiment C. quasi-experiment D. correlational analysis

D. correlational analysis

17. Which category of research designs is used to define, explain, and clarify patterns that happen without experimenter intervention? A. quasi-experimental designs B. preexperimental designs C. applied research designs D. descriptive designs

D. descriptive designs

98. A common complaint about psychology research is that participants are too homogenous. What is most likely to be limited as a result? A. internal validity B. construct validity C. reliability D. generalizability

D. generalizability

24. Which type of research is most likely to have problems with violating one's privacy? A. experiment B. survey C. archival study D. naturalistic observation

D. naturalistic observation

64. Before choosing which experiment condition a participant belongs in, the researcher flips a coin. What is the researcher likely doing? A. eliminating all confounding variables B. assigning the participant to the control group C. assigning the participant to the experimental group D. randomly assigning the participant to a condition

D. randomly assigning the participant to a condition

99. Which of these represents the degree to which a chosen test, survey, or measurement tool really measures what it is intended to measure? A. internal validity B. external validity C. construct validity D. reliability

D. reliability

85. Preregistration is designed to ______. A. ensure that a study follows ethical guidelines before being carried out B. increase the chances that a study gets published C. increase the number of participants that are used in a study D. specify the hypothesis, procedure, and statistical analysis before a study is carried out

D. specify the hypothesis, procedure, and statistical analysis before a study is carried out

76. Which of these uses the mean and standard deviation to test for differences between two groups? A. ANOVA B. correlational analysis C. descriptive survey D. t test

D. t test

28. Timothy lied about his feelings of anxiety when he completed a self-report scale because he wanted to seem "normal." This example illustrates which of the following? A. poor reliability of self-report scales B. an ethical violation of privacy C. a sampling technique that deviates from random sampling D. the tendency to respond in socially desirable ways

D. the tendency to respond in socially desirable ways

66. Which research approach is designed to control for the effects of confounding variables? A. correlational analysis B. preexperiment C. quasi-experiment D. true experiment

D. true experiment

68. Which of the following is best at determining why two variables are related? A. correlational analysis B. preexperiment C. quasi-experiment D. true experiment

D. true experiment

71. Which research design requires random assignment of participants to groups? A. correlational B. quasi-experiment C. naturalistic observation D. true experiment

D. true experiment