Social Psych-EXAM #2

happiness

...

Repeated exposure is most effective at the

10-12th time, afterwards diminishing return

High or low consistency

A happy personal acts sad one day, we'd wonder what has happened to cause the sadness. If someone is always sad, we'd assume they're just a miserable person by nature

ABC model of attitudes

Affect, Behavioral, Congnitive. Related but indendent of each other.

Illusory Correlation Example

Believing that mentally ill individuals are violent and dangerous

False consensus effect example

Believing that most people have the same religious beliefs as you do

Gambler's Fallacy example

Believing that one is more likely to get a heads on a coin toss after the sequence TTTTTTTTT than after the sequence THHTTHTHT

Methods for reducing Cognitive Dissonance are

Changing behavior, justify behavior, or justify our behavior by adding new cognitions

Which theories prove our need for consistency

Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory, Heider's balance theory

cultural display rules for the expression of emotion

Hispanics open to express, Japanese high emotional regulation to save face

Availability Heuristic tells us

I can recall many times when onion was the free ingredient, thus I expect that I might receive onion today.

False uniqueness effect example

If a person exercises regularly, underestimating the number of other people who also exercise regularly

high or low distinctiveness

If someone is rude to just one person, we conclude that the person is a bad influence. If they're rude to everyone they meet, we deem them as an impolite person

Bobo doll experiment

Kids learned to be violent after just watching. Observe learning.

Confirmation Bias Example

Looking for evidence that your horoscope is true if you believe in astrology, and ignoring evidence that is inconsistent with your horoscope

When attitudes determine behavior

Only when attitudes are specific or passionate, when social influence is minimal, attitudes are potent

Festinger's classic study

People that were paid $1 had high dissonance therefore convinced themselves to believe the experiment was fun, whereas people $20 paid had enough justification to make that an external factor, causing low dissonance and said the experiment was not boring. Lying was easier.

Representative Heuristic tells us

Sam is one of the staff below, he has experience cleaning dishes and presenting items in an artistic manner, and has great social skills. Sam is a waiter.

External attribution example

Server flirts with customer. Many other servers also flirt with the customer (consensus high), This server also flirts with this customer at other times (high consistency), and this server does not flirt with other customers (high distinctiveness)

Internal attribution example

Server flirts with customer. No other servers flirt with the customer (consensus is low) This server also flirts with the customer at other times (high consistency), and this server also flirts with other customers (distinctiveness is low)

High or low consensus

Someone is laughing at an animal cruelty video. Not many others would also laugh, so we'd think they have a mean/evil personality.

Mere Exposure Effect Example

That new song that you thought was okay the first time you heard it, gets better and better the more you hear it

Effort justification

The tendency to come to love that for which we have invested in or suffered for. Costco line/Fraternity joining

Base rate fallacy example

Thinking that it is equally likely to have 60% of births be male in a small or a large hospital

Fundamental Attribution error is most common in which countries?

US, CANADA, or WESTERN EUROPE

Repeated Exposure example

We prefer our mirror image over our actual image

Heider's P-O-X Theory

We seek balance in attitude toward an object, other person, and ourselves. (+,-,-)

Actor-Observer Bias Example

When I cut off a car, it's because I almost missed the exit, but when that car cuts me off, it's because he is a BAD driver is an example of

Operant conditioning says that it works best when

You minimize punishment and Maximize reward

Mere or Repeated Exposure Effect

Zojonc-that which is familiar is that which is good, related to decision making,interpersonal attraction, self-concept/self-image

emotion

a conscious evaluative reaction to some event

mood

a feeling state that is not clearly linked to some event

Social cognition

a movement in social psychology that began in the 1970s that focused on thoughts about people and about social relationships

arousal

a physiological reaction, including faster heartbeat and faster or heavier breathing, linked to most conscious emotions

cognitive miser

a term used to describe people's reluctance to do much extra thinking

Observational learning

a type of learning in which people are more likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others rewarded for performing them, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others punished for performing them

Classical conditioning

a type of learning in which, through repeated pairings, a neutral stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response-learn by association

Operant Conditioning

a type of learning in which people are more likely to repeat behaviors that have been rewarded and less likely to repeat behaviors that have been punished

priming

activating an idea in someone's mind so that related ideas are more accessible

For short-term change

choose large reward/severe punishment

For a long term change

choose small reward/mild punishment

Results of the IAT is an example of

classical conditioning of history of racism

purpose or function of emotions

comprise powerful and important feedback system, promote belonging, rarely cause behavior directly, guide thinking and learning

explicit attitudes (the duplex mind)

consciously controlled effortful and time consuming relies on cognition

emotional expression

emotion I express outwardly

emotional experience

emotion I feel internally

Facial feedback hypothesis

facial movement can influence emotional experience. Forced smile find the event more enjoyable.

basic emotions

fear, anger, disgust, surprise, happiness, and sadness

Attitudes

global evaluations toward some object or issue

Reference groups

groups of people with whom we identify and whose opinions we value

affect-info hypothesis

if I feel good about something, it must be good

Beliefs

information about something; facts or opinions

the insufficient justification effect

internal (free choice) and external (I did it for money) justification

scripts

knowledge structures that define situations and guide behavior

schemas

knowledge structures that represent substantial information about a concept, its attributes, and its relationships to other concepts

Results of the IAT showed that

majority show preference for Whites over Blacks (even minority groups)

heuristics

mental shortcuts that provide quick estimates about the likelihood of uncertain events

Attitudes are learned via

mere or repeated exposure, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning

Elmo doll experiment

showed that kids that were severely punished rather than mildly punished, played with the doll more after being told not to.

correspondence bias or the fundamental attribution error

tendency to explain others' actions as stemming from dispositions or internal even in the presence of clear situational causes/discounting the power of social situation

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

the proposition that emotional stimuli activate the thalamus, which then activates both the cortex, producing an experienced emotion, and the hypothalamus and autonomic nervous system, producing physiological arousal

James-Lange theory of emotion

the proposition that the bodily processes of emotion come first and the mind's perception of these bodily reactions then creates the subjective feeling of emotion

representativeness heuristic

the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case-(Coin toss, quaker saturated fat)

cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that inconsistencies produce psychological discomfort, leading people to rationalize their behavior or change their attitudes

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, access and generate, understand, and reflectively regulate emotions

affect

the automatic response that something is good or bad

Schacter-Singer theory of emotion

the idea that emotion has two components: a bodily state of arousal and a cognitive label that specifies the emotion

the false consensus effect

the tendency to overestimate the number of other people who share one's opinions, attitudes, values, and beliefs

the false uniqueness effect

the tendency to underestimate the number of other people who share one's most prized characteristics and abilities

actor-observer bias

the tendency for actors to make external attributions and observers to make internal attributions.

overjustification effect

the tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with rewards

gambler's fallacy

the tendency to believe that a particular chance event is affected by previous events and that chance events will "even out" in the short run

availability heuristic

the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind (Sharks movie, airplane crash on news)

illusory correlation

the tendency to overestimate the link between variables that are related only slightly or not at all

base-rate fallacy

the tendency to ignore or underuse base rate information and instead to be influenced by the distinctive features of the case being judged

confirmation bias

the tendency to notice and search for information that confirms one's beliefs and to ignore information that disconfirms one's beliefs

self-serving bias

the tendency to take credit for success but deny blame for failure

implicit attitudes (the duplex mind)

unconscious automatic quick and easy heavily on emotion

framing

whether messages stress potential gains (positively framed) or potential losses (negatively framed)

Repeated exposure is limited in the way that it doesn't work when

you initially dislike something, only to that we initially have neutral or positive feelings for