Social Psych Test 4

lost money vs. lost ticket example

$20 ticket and $20 in wallet; if lost ticket, would you buy new ticket, most said no. two $20 in wallet and no ticket most would buy ticket if lost $20

Hawaiian vacation example

$2000 dollar vacation on sale for $1600, then on sale for$700 but then increased again to $1500 most people won't buy (even though it is cheaper than it originally was); good deal that used to be a great deal isn't good, but a bad deal that used to be horrible is good

maximizers vs. satisficers

consider everything, seek the best vs. seek what is good enough

mimicry

copying someone's behaviors to increase liking

R words example

easier to come up with words with R in first place than in 3rd, so think more words start with R, but really there are many more words with R in 3rd place

Bernoulli's equation

expected value=odds of gain x value of gain

less pain and the hands of others study

expose people to shocks/high temps and have hold hand of close other vs stranger vs none; measured how painful stimuli were; equal unpleasantness with no hand/stranger's hand but less unpleasant when holding close other's hand; bodily arousal highest with no hand and lower with holding hand

forbidden fruit effect

external restrictions increase liking for alternatives

sexual economics

females supply; men demand

socioeconomic conditions and promiscuity

fewer resources for women=keep price high; many resources for women=let price fall

gender equality and sex study

gender equality correlated with four indices of sexual activity (abstinence promotion, casual sex, number or partners, age of first sex)

role of relationship enhancing attributions

help maintain relationships; bad deeds due to external forces

consequences of not belonging

higher risk of death; increased disease; more mental health problems; lower immune functioning

female:male ratio effects on promiscuity

higher=less selective/more promiscuous; lower=more selective/less promiscuous

sexuality social constructionist theories

theories asserting that attitudes and behaviors, including sexual desire and sexual behavior, are strongly shaped by culture and socialization

sexuality evolutionary theory

theory of sexuality asserting that the sex drive has been shaped by natural selection and that its forms thus tend to be innate

FSU casual sex study

(would you like to go on a data vs would you like to come to my place vs would you like to have sex); go on date 50% yes males and females; more direct you get, more likely men will say yes (80 yes to sex); more direct you get for women, less likely say yes (0 said yes to sex)

primacy of unconscious in conscious learning: Iowa Gambling test

2 decks good, 2 bad, people learn to pick good by 80th card most figured out, 50th card some have a hunch, 10th most show a physiological response to bad decks; unconscious figures it out 40 cards earlier

positive to negative ratio

5 positives for every 1 negative leads to good relationship

random, brief proximity and friendships study

54 college freshman fall semester; one session random seating, stood gave brief introduction; DVs: how likeable? Would you like to know person? Friendship ratings one year later? If sat in neighboring seats or same row more likely to be friends if no physical relation

neuroticism and sex study

72 marriages over 4 years; low sexual frequency low neuroticism high marital satisfaction, high sexual frequency, effects of neuroticism do not affect marital satisfaction if high sexual frequency

exchange vs. communal relationships

based on reciprocity vs. helping/sharing without monitoring; exchange good for economic relationships, communal good for romantic

cuckolding

become impregnated by male with good genes; don't let significant other find out

seeking solitude study

IV1: solitude on commute vs. connection on commute; IV2: actual vs. predicted; Predicted: think that making connection is negative, more positive if seek solitude Actual: people enjoy connection; do not enjoy solitude

passion and intimacy study

IV: intimacy today compared to yesterday DV: various indices of passion (EX: sex); change in intimacy related to change in passion

maximizers vs. satisficers and jobs study

IV: maximizers vs. satisficers; DV: job search/offers/feelings/satisfaction; maximizers (more jobs, more money, more fixation on unrealized options, negative affect, less satisfaction), satisficers happier

social pain and fMRI study

IV: picture of ex vs. painfully hot stimulus DV: brain activation; nearly identical experience of physical and social pain

rejection and numbness study

IV: rejected vs. accepted vs. control; DV: response to physical/emotional pain empathy; control and accepted showed empathy, rejected don't, seem numb; squeezed finger it takes rejected people much longer to indicate they feel pain (physically and emotionally numb)

fertility and dressing study

IV: women's fertility monitored in lab; DV: women indicated outfits for later; dressed more provocatively when fertile

determining value by using arbitrary anchors: relative spending study

IV; how much $ in wallet vs. in bank account; if bank account then spend much more money

$50 vs. $60 study

Most people pick $50 now instead of $60 in a month; pick $60 in 13 months not $50 in 12 months

perception evaluation link: Chen and Bargh pulling good vs. pushing bad study

People were faster to respond to positive words when pulling the lever towards them instead of pushing it away from them, and faster to respond to negative words when pushing away rather than pulling towards; even when not evaluating words, participants were faster to push negative words away and pull good words close

studies activating achievement goals with achievement words

Primed achievement goals with anagrams; led to succeed or fail at anagram (easy or difficult); participants who had been primed to succeed but failed reported a much more negative mood than control (not primed to achieve); another experimented had to take GRE verbal portion instead of mood; if succeeded did better, if failed did worse (even though they didn't consciously know they were pursing the achievement goal)

potato chips study

Some participants have chocolates and potato chips, some have chips and spam; those with spam think chips will be much more tasty than those with chocolate; both groups enjoy chips equally

car vs. car stereo study savings example

Stereo near house $200 across town on sale for $100, most people drive to get cheaper. But car $31,000 vs 30,900 most people won't buy cheaper because say not worth drive even though save money

loneliness studies

Study 1: people pre-tested for loneliness, later saw and rated a bunch of gadgets (somewhat humanlike) EX: Clocky (alarm clock runs away) or Pillow Mate (pillow hugs back); ask if strong/durable/attractive, no correlation; lonelier people are say that has free will/consciousness (correlated .5) Study 2: experimenters manipulated loneliness; participants took personality test then heard "you're going to have many positive long-lasting relationships" or "you're going to end up alone;" asked to recall pet and circle adjectives that describe; if lonely circle considerate/thoughtful/sympathetic instead of agile/fearful/etc. (anthropomorphize)

Tylenol and social pain study

Tylenol vs. placebo twice daily; DV: daily questionnaire; if took Tylenol report less hurt feelings (if physically numb, numb to social pain too)

responses to rejection

anti-social: poor self-regulation; aggression pro-social: seek reconnection

what is attractive, link to good health

attractive features such as no skin blemishes and symmetrical faces are related to being healthy

preferences for honesty vs. enhancement and resolution of the two

honesty allows real self to be loved, but enhancement increases satisfaction; best strategy is enhancement and honesty combination, try to extend enhancement

effects of rejection

hurt; emotional numbness; poorer self-regulation; seeking reconnection

10 tickets to play example: $1 to win $20

if one man has 9 tickets and you have one it's easy to imagine him winning so most people won't play even though you have the same odds of winning as if 9 different people each had one ticket

loss of virginity study

if still together feel okay; if broken up women feel much more guilt than men

fertility and smelling study

if women were ovulating, men perceived women as more sexually aroused, had more sex-related thoughts, showed increase in testosterone (smelled women's shirts)

Reward Theory of Attraction

if you associate people with positive feelings you are more attracted to them, if you associate them with negative feelings then you want to avoid them

Sternberg's triangle

intimacy, passion, and commitment all needed for love to last

sunk costs

invested resources that you can't get back; don't want those investments to be for naught

evolutionary perspective on sexual jealousy

jealousy as a defense to paternal uncertainty and as a defense against her mate giving his resources to another woman/child

cultural perspective on sex differences in sex behavior/preferences

learned social norms; in men promiscuity is respected, but in women it is stigmatized (double standard)

anthropomorphism

loneliness causes people to seek relationships with non-human animals and objects EX: Wilson in Castaway

research on non-human and parasocial relationships

loneliness is buffered by favorite TV show, one's pet, a favorite sports team

male behaviors consistent with avoiding cuckolding

low attractiveness males show more attention to mates during ovulation; more sexual jealously; paternal uncertainty

trait self-control and relationships study

measure self-control in both partners; sums predicted best: higher=better

biological/evolutionary perspective on sex differences in sex behavior/preference

men and women faced different reproductive challenges; women higher obligatory investment so must find committed mate; men don't have this problem

sex differences in standards based on level of commitment

men and women have similar standards for long-term partners, but for casual sexual encounter men have very low standards; women have increasingly higher standards as commitment increases

gender differences in sex drive

men have a consistently higher sex drive than women

jealousy difference between sexes

men more jealous of sexual infidelity; women more jealous of emotional infidelity

infant resemblances study

men prefer self-resemblance in babies more than women; jealous men prefer it even more

cultural perspective on sexual jealousy

men view women as their property, so they are jealous and sexually possessive of women

good/bad/net feelings as function of # of choices

more choices you ave the more regret you have for unchosen options

Coolidge effect

new partners are especially arousing

lottery winners example

odds of winning lottery are extremely low, but lottery winners come to mind easily because they are in the media so people play the lottery

beer sample study

offered free 4 oz. samples; IV: choose privately vs. publicly DV: variety and satisfaction when private much less variety; when public, much more variety; much less liking in public condition

sequential vs. simultaneous choice study

one snack every few days IV: choose sequentially vs simultaneously DV: variety and liking; when choose simultaneously seek out variety when choose sequentially choose same choice; in sequential condition people eat most snacks that like most

parasocial relationships

one-way relationships EX: with celebrities

importance of positive perceptions

overly positive perceptions of partner leads to a better relationship

spring break study

pacts with friends (to have casual sex M=30% W=5%); not have casual sex M=5% W=21%; intend to engage in casual sex M=55% W= 11%; actual activity M=15% W=13%; women dictate sex

exchange vs. communal giving study

paired single males w/ attractive female confederate; task create 10 four-letter words, earn extra credit; participant given 55 tiles, partner given 45; could share tiles, all did; IV1: female was married or single; IV2: "thank you!" vs. "Thank you!" plus gave 1 pt. married like more when gave points; not married like more when just said thanks

more pain at the hands of others study

participants exposed to electric shocks; intentional or unintentional shocks by another person; if unintentional hurts at first but become less painful; if intentional then it continues to be painful

Bargh and Chartrand automatic mimicry studies

participants working with confederates who touched their faces, touched their own faces more, and those working with confederates who shook their feet shook their own feet more; other study had confederate mimic mannerisms of participant or not; participant liked confederate much more if mimicked

3 components of love

passion; intimacy; commitment

theory of passion and intimacy

passion=rate of change of intimacy; passion exists when there is an increase in intimacy; sharper increases=more passion

alternative mates study

people in relationships talked about partner, then talked about possible alternatives; more positively talked about alternatives, more likely to be broken up 2 months later; had look at advertisements with attractive people, those looking longer at attractive opposite sex more likely to break up 2 months later

attractiveness and the blind study

people judge waist-to-hip ratios (.7 for women, .84 for men); sighted rated .7 as most attractive; blindfolded also rated .7 more attractive; blind also preferred .7

Deaths per year example

people overestimate number of deaths by tornadoes and earthquakes because they are easier to bring to mind and underestimate deaths by drowning and asthma because harder to call to mind

strippers and ovulation study

strippers made much more money when fertile and not on pill

influence of the environment on action

perceiving is for doing

passionate vs. companionate love; progression over time

physical/longing for union vs. affection/closeness/tenderness; passionate decreases over time and companionate increases

2 ingredients to belongingness

regular social contacts; stable, ongoing relationship

need to belong: requirements

regular, positive social contact; within a framework of ongoing relationship

3 factors in investment model

satisfaction; quality of available alternatives; investment

strengthening relationships: identity support

seek people who reinforce/support important aspects of our identities

strengthening relationships: self-disclosure and best conditions

sharing personal information to build relationship; best if accompanied by initial liking, intimate, reciprocal

factors that determine attraction

similarity; proximity; physical attractiveness

attraction to others ingredients

similarity; social rewards; reciprocity; mere exposure; attractiveness

males and attractiveness during ovulation study

single men rated woman as more attractive when ovulating; men in a relationship rated woman as less attractive when ovulating

relationship enhancing vs. distress maintaining attributions

tendency of happy couples to attribute their partner's good acts to internal factors and bad to external vs. tendency of unhappy couples to attribute their partner's good acts to external factors and bad to internal

what is beautiful is good effect

the assumption that physically attractive people will be superior to others on many other traits (intelligence, happiness, etc.)

determining value by comparing to alternatives: attraction effect

the introduction of an inferior option influences the relative attractiveness of other alternatives in a choice set (trip to Barcelona with no free sightseeing increases attractiveness of trip to Barcelona with sightseeing tour over Paris)

reinforcement theory

the proposition that people and animals will perform behaviors that have been rewarded more than they will perform others

matching hypothesis

the proposition that people tend to pair up with others who are equally attractive

sexuality social exchange theory

theory that seeks to understand social behavior by analyzing the costs and benefits of interacting with each other; it assumes that sex is a resources that women have and men want

Bargh, Chen, & Burrows rude and elderly priming studies

those primed with rude words interrupted more in a later conversation than those primed with polite words; participants primed with words related to the elderly they walked more slowly after the experiment and were more forgetful

hill slant and friends study

thought of another person IV: supportive, neutral, or non-supportive DV: hill steepness; supportive friend decreases perceived steepness

dating and the attraction effect study

took pictures of 60 MIT students, paired for attractiveness; asked participants whom they would rather date (included third option with picture of 1 person messed up); more likely to pick person whose face was shown twice (messed up and normal face)

availability heuristic

what comes to mind quickly is perceived as more probable

compromise effect

when there are multiple options, there's a trade-off, so take what is in the middle

parental investment theory

women have higher obligatory investment, vulnerable while pregnant and afterwards, best reproductive strategy: find man who will commit, invest resources; men have lower obligatory investment, best reproductive strategy: mate with high number of healthy, fertile mates (thus the Coolidge effect)

female behaviors consistent with cuckolding

women prefer/notice masculine qualities in men when ovulating, more likely to cheat; paired with males low in attractiveness showed more interest in other men

sex differences in upholding double standards

women uphold double standard more than men (condemn "slut" rate busters)