Social psychology

the planning fallacy is

a tendency for individuals to believe that projects will take less time than they actually do ,or, alternatively, that we can accomplish more in a given period of time than is really true.

Correlation is

a tendency for one event to be associated with changes in the other.

Social psychologists adopt the scientific method because "common sense" provides an unreliable guide to social behavior. true or false?

true

The existence of even strong correlations between variables does not indicate that they are causally related to each other

true

cognitive processes play a crucial role in social behavior and social thought. true or false

true

common sense often provides inconsistent and contradictory ideas about various aspects of social life. true or false

true

social cognition is one of the most important areas of research in social psychology. true or false

true

the researcher would make no attempt to change the behavior of the people being observed in naturalistic observation.

true

true or false some researches, will not yield valid information about social behavior or social thought, unless deception is employed.

true

true or false If a researcher sets out to "prove" her or his pet theory, this is a serious violation of the principles of scientific skepticism, objectivity, and open-mindedness

true

true or false One basic technique for studying social behavior involves systemic observation.

true

true or false Theories are frameworks for explaining various events or processes. They play a key role in social psychological research

true

true or false Theories both organize existing knowledge and make predictions about how various events or processes will occur

true

true or false When a correlation exists, it is possible to predict one variable from information about one or more other variable.

true

true or false if the theory is accurate and accepted will stay open for future modifications if found .

true

true or false in modern social psychology behavior and cognition are seen as intimately, and continuously, linked

true

true or false mediating variables adds to understanding of how specific variables influence certain aspects of social behavior or social thought

true

The factor systematically varied by the researcher is termed the

independent variable

what can substantially reduce the potential dangers of deception?

informed consent and thorough debriefing

what is correlational method?

is carefully measuring each variable, and then performing appropriate statistical tests to determine whether and to what degree the variables are correlated.

Our thinking is subject to several types of biases. true or false

true

Surveys are used for many purposes :

1-to measure attitudes toward specific issues 2- to find out how voters feel about various political candidates 3- to determine how people feel about members of different social groups 4- to assess student reactions to professors

the guiding principles for all researchers planning to use this deception procedure is

1-Use deception only when it is absolutely essential to do so—when no other means for conducting the research exists. 2- always proceed with caution. 3- make certain that every possible precaution is taken to protect the rights, safety, and well-being of research participants.

what techniques social psychologists use in order to answer the question related to the research?

1-describe basic methods of research in social psychology. 2-consider the role of theory in such research 3-point on some of the complex ethical issues relating to research.

at the past social psychologists are divided into:

1-group who were primarily interested in social behavior 2- group who were primarily interested in social cognition

Successful use of the experimental method requires :

1-random assignment of participants 2- holding all other factors that might also influence behavior constant so as to avoid confounding of variables

To say something scientific it must refer to

1-set of values 2-several methods that can be used to study a wide range of topics .

the experimental method involves two key steps:

1-the presence or strength of some variable believed to affect an aspect of social behavior or thought is systematically changed 2- the effects of such changes (if any) are carefully measured

Objectivity is

A commitment to obtaining and evaluating such information in a manner that is as free from bias as humanly possible.

at the past, social psychologists are divided into how many group?

2

Skepticism is

A commitment to accepting findings as accurate only to the extent they have been verified over and over again.

Accuracy is

A commitment to gathering and evaluating information about the world-including social behavior and thought- in as careful ,precise ,and error free a manner as possible.

mediating variable is

A variable that is affected by an independent variable and then influences a dependent variable.

Give me the core values that all fields must adopt to be scientific in nature?

Accuracy,objectivity,skepticism,open mindness.

why don't we just rely on our own experience and intuition as a basis for understanding the social side of life?

Because such sources provide an inconsistent and unreliable guide to understanding social behavior and social thought.

Social psychology is

Branch of psychology that studies all aspects of our social existence.

What is the thing that all fields must adopt to be considered scientific in nature?

Core values

Fields that do not accept these values or use methods are scientific in nature (true or false)

False

True or false the term science does refer to a special group of highly advanced fields?

False

surveys offer advantages such as

Information can be gathered about thousands or even hundreds of thousands of people with relative ease.

Social contact

Is central aspect of our lives defines who we are and the quality of our existence.

experimentation involves the following strategy:

One variable is changed systematically, and the effects of these changes on one or more other variables are carefully measured.

The most important aspect of your life is:

Other people you care about

Social psychology is

Scientific field that seeks to understand the nature,cause of individual behavior,feelings,and thought in social situations.

Social psychology investigate

The entire span of social existence,human social experience,but with individual.

Social psychology investigate

The ways in which our thoughts,feelings,and actions are influenced by the social environments in which we live.

True or false social psychology is scientific in nature?

True

open-mindedness is

a commitment to changing one's views-even views that are strongly held-if existing evidence suggests that these views are inaccurate.

what researchers do in survey method?

ask large numbers of people to respond to questions about their attitudes or behavior.

in what correlational method is very useful?

because it help making accurate predictions.

why don't we just rely on our own experience and intuition as a basis for understanding the social side of life?

because our own experiences are unique and may not provide a solid foundation for answering general questions.

one of the techniques social psychologists use in order to answer the question related to the research:

consider the role of theory in such research.

what is the one technique, ,that is unique to research in social psychology?

deception

the aspect of behavior studied is termed

dependent variable

one of the techniques social psychologists use in order to answer the question related to the research:

describe basic methods of research in social psychology.

The view that biological factors play an important role in social behavior comes from which field?

evolutionary psychology.

In order to attain the goal of explanation, social psychologists employ a method of research known as

experimentation or the experimental method

If results of experiment are consistent with the theory, confidence in theory accuracy is decreased

false

The stronger the correlation between the variables in question, the less accurate the predictions

false

physical environment does not influence our feelings, thoughts, and behavior. true or false

false

systemic observation is the kind of informal observation we all practice from childhood on, such as people watching in an airport.

false

true or false now days , social psychologists are divided into two groups: gp interested in social behavior gp interested in social cognition

false

true or false social neuroscience can provide the answer to every question we have about social thought or behavior

false

what is informed consent?

giving participants as much information as possible about the procedures to be followed before they make their decision to participate.

group that interested in social behavior means:

how people act in social situations.

group that interested in social cognition means:

how people attempt to make sense out of social world and to understand themselves and others.

predictions, that are then tested by actual research are known as

hypothesis

in what correlational method is less useful?

in explanation the relationships between variables.

in which observation requires that the researcher take great pains to avoid influencing the people observed in any way?

naturalistic observation

systemic observation it is

observation accompanied by careful, accurate measurement of a particular behavior across people.

naturalistic observation is

observation of people's behavior in natural settings.

one of the techniques social psychologists use in order to answer the question related to the research:

point on some of the complex ethical issues relating to research.

what is careful debriefing?

providing participants with a full description of the purposes of a study after they have participated in it.

Social psychology currently adopts a multicultural perspective what does it mean?

recognizes the importance of cultural factors in social behavior and social thought, and notes that research findings obtained in one culture do not necessarily generalize to other cultures

What is deception?

technique involves efforts by researchers to withhold or conceal information about the purposes of a study from participants.

how to know in experimental method that there is a causal relationship between these variables?

that changes in one variable do indeed cause changes in the other.

evolutionary psychology what does suggest?

that our species, like all others on the planet, has been subject to the process of biological evolution throughout its history and its process of evolution applies some aspects of social behavior.

social neuroscience related to

the activity in the brain to key aspects of social thought and behavior.

If results of experiment are not consistent with the theory what will happen?

the theory is modified and further tests are conducted.

why social psychologist use correlational method?

to determine whether, and to what extent, different variables are related to each other.

Social psychology seeks to what?

to establish basic principles of social life that are accurate across huge cultural differences and despite rapid and major changes in social life.

why research is preformed?

to gather evidence relevant to the theory

what is the result of process of biological evolution?

to have a large number of evolved psychological mechanisms that help (or once helped) us to deal with important problems relating to survival.

Important causes of social behavior and thought include the behavior and characteristics of other people, cognitive processes, emotions, cultures, and genetic factors.

true

true or false most social psychologists view deception as acceptable only when important safeguards are employed: informed consent and thorough debriefing.

true

true or false research is not undertaken to prove or verify a theory

true

true or false simple experiment, then, different groups of participants are randomly assigned to be exposed to contrasting levels of the independent variable

true

true or false social psychologists use basic tools to study events in the brain (through the use of fMRI and other kinds of brain scans).

true

what social psychologists are primarily interested in ?

understanding the many factors and conditions that shape the social behavior and thought of individuals.

Social psychologists refer to such changeable aspects of the natural world as

variables

negative correlation is when

when one variable increases, the other decreases

positive correlation is when

when one variable increases, the other increases too