Social Psychology

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Which of the following statements best reflects a dispositional view of human behavior?

"Bob is so self-centered that he has trouble getting along with other people."

Which of the following statements best represents a dispositional view of human behavior?

"Bob is so self-centered that he has trouble getting along with other people."

John's sales pitch would be improved if he said:

"think of all the money you're losing on that gas-guzzler..."

Which of the following is not a major theory on motives for prejudice and discrimination

Social Exchange Theory

According to Festinger, conformity is more likely to occur when _________ reality is high and __________ reality is low

Social; physical

In the aftermath of Sept. 11 attacks the US government issued several warnings of imminent terrorist attacks. Which statement is true regarding the warnings?

The warnings did not meet any criteria needed to be effective.

In the aftermath of the September 11 attack, the U.S. government issued several warnings of imminent terrorist attacks. Which statement is true of those warnings?

The warnings did not meet any criteria needed to be effective.

When is a two-sided message likely to be more effective than a one-sided message?

When the audience is well informed and in general opposition to the position of the source.

In his studies of obedience to authority, Milgram found that

When the experimenter was out of the room, fewer subjects were fully obedient.

You have been asked to prepare a speech opposing capital punishment. To be most effective in convincing those who strongly favor the death penalty, you should present

a two-sided communication.

Under certain conditions, a two-sided argument may be more persuasive than a one-sided argument because:

a well-informed audience is aware of both sides of the issue and, thus, would tend to perceive a one-sided argument as unfair or biased.

Ethan and Heather see a man stumbling around as he walks down the street. Ethan, who belongs to Alcoholics Anonymous, thinks the man is drunk, but Heather, who just watched a TV special on Michael J. Fox, thinks the man has Parkinson's disease. These differing interpretations of the same behavior seem to be caused by Ethan and Heather's differences in

accessibility.

The impact of television commercials on young children is reflected in the fact that

according to their mothers, a majority of preschoolers were able to sing commercial jingles learned from TV

Kuo conducted a study in which he raised a kitten in the same cage as a rat... this study indicates that:

aggressive behavior can be inhibited by early experiences.

According to Berkowitz, who stresses the role of learning in human aggression:

aggressive behavior is the result of interplay between innate propensities, learned responses, and specifics of social situations.

Brian Mullen studied lynchings perpetrated from 1899 to 1946 and found that the larger lynch mobs, the more violent the lynchings. This suggests:

being a "faceless" member of a crowd lowers inhibitions.

Haney has conducted research on murder trials that use the death qualification procedure, in which potential jury members are opposed to the death penalty are systematically excluded from jury duty. Compared to subjects who did not witness a film segment showing this procedure, the subjects who did observe the procedure were more likely to:

belief that the defendant was guilty and would end up receiving the death penalty.

Jones and Kohler demonstrated that people are generally more motivated to:

believe they are right, rather than to actually be right.

Elana's boss told her today that she is being let go due to company downsizing. Later when she goes home, she is critical of her girlfriend's choice of restaurant for dinner. What term best describes Elana's behavior?

displaced aggression

Aronson reports the results of an experiement in which people who were asked to insulate their homes...

emphasize how much is lost by not.

Under certain conditions, a two-sided argument may be more persuasive than a one-sided argument because:

a well-informed audience is aware of both sides of the issue and, thus, would tend to perceive one-sided arguments as unfair or biased.

subjects who were asked about cars "smashing' into each other erroneously reported, one week after seeing a video of the collison that they had seen:

broken glass at the accident scene.

According to the authors of your text, what are the three reasons why schemas become accessible?

chronic accessibility due to experience; a current goal; priming

In Kahn's experiment... compared to students who were not allowed to vent, students who vented:

disliked the technician more after expressing thie aggression.

Which of the following areas of research are NOT potential areas for your research project in this class?

Psychological Disorders

A narrative description, evaluation, and/or summary of a research article is called

An annotated bibliography

In his study of the effects of media coverage of teenage suicides, David Philips found that

there was an increase in teen suicides following the coverage.

According to theorist Daniel Gilbert, we ignore threats such as global warming because:

they are a future danger that does not directly target us.

Daniel Gilbert suggests we ignore threats such as global warming because:

they are a future danger that doesn't directly target us.

Research conducted by Darley, Latane, and their colleagues on bystander intervention has revealed that:

the more witnesses there are to an emergency, the less likely it is that an individual will decide to help.

The event that is thought to have motivated social psychologists to begin studying helping behavior and other forms of prosocial behavior was:

the murder of Kitty Genovese.

There are many advantages to using experiments; however, a major drawback is

the need to ensure psychological realism to maintain external validity.

In an experiment, two groups of college students were shown the same pictures of 25 different women from a different campus. However, for one group the photos were altered to make the faces in the photographs appear more symmetrical. Participants rated the attractiveness of the women on a one-to-ten scale with 10 being very attractive and one being very unattractive. Which is the dependent variable?

the one to ten attractiveness rating scales.

Energy auditors were more successful in persuading homeowners to make improvements that would increase the energy-efficiency of their homes when:

they used highly vivid language and examples when making their recommendations

Arnson and his collegues found that he was best able to convince students to use condoms regularly when:

they were reminded of their own failures to use condoms and they made a speech

In the "lady in distress" study, in which subjects waiting for an experiment were led to believe that a female experimenter in the next room had fallen and hurt herself, subjects were more likely to come to her assistance when:

they were waiting alone in the next room.

in-group (one's own) and the out-group. This tendency leads to:

thinking one's group is "better" and more deserving.

In the "Lottery Ticket" study- people who selected their numbers

were willing to sell them but at 4x the purchase price

Which of the following best illustrates an implicit attitude?

when Randi experiences a flash of discomfort around her lesbian friends

When are people least likely to throw litter on the ground?

when a model picked up a discarded fast-food bag and placed it in the trash can

When are people least likely to throw a flier on the ground?

when a model picked up a discarded fast-food bag and placed it in the trash can.

According to Aronson, under which of the following conditions of persuasive communication would people's attitudes typically change the least?

when a nonexpert argues an extreme position

Cognitive dissonance is defined as a state of tension that occurs:

when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent.

Imagine someone asked you to do something you found distasteful... when would you find it most enjoyable?

when a person you dislike offered you a small reward

Realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises

when groups compete for scarce resources.

When is a two-sided message likely to be more effective than a one-sided message?

when the audience is well-informed and in general opposition to the position of the source

In his study of obedience to authority, Milgram found that:

when the experimenter was out of the room, fewer subjects were fully obedient.

Under which of the following conditions are we least likely to use heuristics in making decisions about social events?

when we have plenty of time to make the decision

In which situation is there likely to be more conformity?

when women are in an experiment with a male researcher.

Bill and Mary.

would be more convinced that they are a bad influence.

Assume that you want to avoid the self-fulfilling prophecy the next time you meet someone who fits a schema that you hold. According to work on the On Automatic Pilot: Low-Effort Thinking described in the text, what should you do? You should make sure that

you're not preoccupied with other things.

If a major league baseball umpire calls a bad call in front of 50,000 fans and a national TV audience, he is unlikely to reverse his call when pressure by other umpires because:

he made a public commitment to his initial call.

Suppose you are planning to take a class from a professor you know nothing about- right before it starts your friend tells you the professor is inflexible, wordy, an easy grader, and kind to students. You'll be likely to remember-

he's inflexible.

You are in the market for a new car and think you would like to own a Saab. According to research reported by Richard Nisbett and his associates, which of the following would be most likely to influence your decision?

hearing about the huge repair bills a neighbor's sister had on her Saab

You pay $200 but think it is a bargain if...

the person before you pays 400

When a person is exposed to a watered-down attack upon his or her believes, this produces resistance to later persuasion because:

the person gains some practice in defending his or her beliefs.

According to research by Gerbner and his associates, heavy viewers of television are more likely than light viewers to:

hold exaggerated views about the prevalence of violence in society.

The death penalty has not been shown to effectively deter homicide. One reason is that most murders are the result of

hostile aggression.

Suppose you conduct an experiment to study the effect of violence in television shows on aggressiveness in children. The dependent variable would be:

how aggressive the children are.

According to Axsom and Cooper, what may be a critical factor in therapy?

how much effort the person expends in the process

According to Aronson, the "uncle Charlie" effect can lead to considerable influence over us because of our fondness or admiration for a specific person. The type of influence is called:

identification.

Suppose you saw a small child eating lima beans with obvious reluctance. When asked why she was eating them if she wasn't fond of them, she replied, "Because Big Bird eats his vegetables, and I want to be like him!" What type of conformity is she displaying?

identification.

The Bonobo are a species that share almost all DNA... The example of this species is used in the chapter to argue that:

if lower species can be peaceful, so can humans.

According to research cited in your textbook, facts and figures can be effective in combating a fear campaign:

if the facts and figures are tied to a solution to the problem.

In a study of the bystander intervention... Those participants who thought there were three other people as part of the group were:

less likely to help compared to those who thought they were the only person who heard

In a study of bystander intervention, Darely and Lantane had participants take part in a discussion via an intercom system. The participants were alone in a room and could only communicate with others through the intercom system. The experimenters manipulated the number of people the participants thought were a part of the discussion. During the discussion,,one of the participants (a recording) had an epileptic seizure. Those participants who thought they were three other people as part of the group were:

less likely to help compared to when they thought they were the only person who heard the seizure.

If a person makes a prior commitment to a view that differs from the group opinion, he/she will tend to be:

less susceptible to group pressure to conform.

If a person makes prior commitment to a view that differs from the group opinion, he or she will tend to be:

less susceptible to group pressure to conform.

Although a group of psychiatrists who were asked to predict the results of Milgram's experiment on obedience thought that _____ percent of the subjects would use the highest possible shock, in fact _____ percent delivered all the shocks available.

less than 1; 67

Subjects in the high-dissonance conditions said they were ____ hungry and actually ate ____ food than those in the low dissonance condition.

less, less

Dissonance reduction theory predicts that once a person has hurt another, he will be ____ likely to hurt the person in the future. This explanation is ____ the idea of catharsis.

more; contrary to

In comparison to people with low-self esteem, cognitive dissonance theory suggests that persons with high-self esteem are ___________ likely to experience dissonance if they hurt someone and they are ______ likely to derogate a victim whom they have hurt.

more; more

According to Janis, groupthink most often leads a group to make:

mostly poor quality decisions.

According to Janis, groupthink most often leads to a group make:

mostly poor quality decisions.

Alice's three children are driving her crazy. They are constantly squabbling, calling one another names, and generally tormenting one another. To preserve what's left of her sanity, Alice has decided to try to convince the youngsters to get along. She promises them that she will take them to a funny movie if they will work together to clean their playroom in under thirty minutes. Which of the preconditions for reducing group conflict does this illustrate?

mutual interdependence and a common goal

Harold Kelly's view of social cognition is that people attempt to function as:

naive scientist.

Tony has been doing research on age and aggression. He has discovered that the younger a person is, the more likely he or she is to aggress against another person. What kind of relationship best describes Tony's findings?

negative correlation

Arnold is taking a test which measures his reaction time to faces paired with words. When he responds more slowly to black faces paired with positive words it means he has a

negative implicit prejudice.

In Bandura's "Bobo Doll" study, children who watched an adult act aggressively toward a plastic, air-filled doll:

not only imitated the behaviors, but also engage in new forms of aggression towards the doll.

The crucial difference between experimental and nonexperimental methods of investigation is that experimental methods involve:

the use of random assignment.

Studying on conformity and jaywalking indicate that:

pedestrians are less likely to jaywalk when they observe a high-status well-dressed person who refrains from jaywalking.

Studies on conformity and jaywalking indicate that:

pedestrians are less likely to jaywalk when they observe a high-statusm well-dressed person who refrains from jaywalking.

Dissonance effects are greatest when:

people feel personally responsible and their actions have serious negative consequences

Studies involving the "cost and benefits" of helping indicate that:

people help less when the costs of helping are high.

People living nearest to the 3 mile island nuclear plant during the crisis should:

perceive statements as credible because they were committed to stay.

Attitude change that has followed the central route is more likely to

persist. Influence older audiences.

Aronson describes an experiment in which groups of subjects discuss the punishment appropriate for Johnny Rocco, a juvenile delinquent. In this experiment, subjects best liked a confederate when he played the role of a:

person who agreed with the group (conformist).

start of the school year that focused on _______ got significantly higher grades.

personal strength and values

Zimbardo's experiment on the effects of dissonance arousal on pain... found that:

subjects felt less pain when they volunteered to receive shocks.

The main reason social psychologists want their experiments to have impact on subjects is that, without impact:

subjects' reactions will not be spontaneous and, thus, the results of the experiment will have little meaning.

Freud believed that aggressive energy could be channeled...

sublimation

According to Zimbardo, Ebbesen, and Maslach, who analyzed the content of elementary-school arithmetic texts, examples of math problems from most textbooks:

subtly endorse and legitimize the capitalist economic system that is dominant in our society - presenting it as "natural and normal."

According to Zimbardo, Ebbesen, and Maslach, who analyzed the content of elementary-school...

subtly endorse and legitimize the capitalist economic system...

According to several studies of television crime dramas:

television tends to ignore situational pressures which lead to criminal activities.

Which of the following has not been discussed in class as contributor to sexual violence?

testosterone flooding

Broadly speaking, the hormone that is most often associated with aggressive behavior.... is

testosterone.

According to the text, ethical dilemmas faced by experimental social psychologists stem from two conflicting values to which most researchers subscribe. These values are reflected in the belief _____, versus the belied ______.

that free scientific inquiry is important; that the dignity of humans and their right to privacy should be represented.

Psychiatric interviews of subjects in Milgram's obedience study (in which subjects believed they were delivering intense electric shocks to another person) conducted one year following the study, revealed:

that many subjects believed their participation in the study had been both instructive and enriching.

Many subjects in a study done by Robyn Dawes, Jeanne McTavish, and Harriet Shaklee experienced considerable discomfort after their participation in a study of how people respond to "social dilemmas." This study was included in The Social Animal to illustrate:

that no code of ethics can anticipate all problems, even when an experiment is carefully planned and conducted.

Research indicates that when people observe a conformity experiment like Asch's (in which subjects conformed to the erroneous judgments of others regarding the length of lines) they typically predict that:

that they, personally, would exhibit less conformity than the subjects they are observing.

In an experiment by Schachter, subjects engaged in group discussions of a juvenile delinquent named Jonny Rocco and were asked to suggest treatment for him ranging from "very lenient" to "very hard". When later asked how much they like other members of their group- some of whom were confederates of the experimenter- subjects gave the highest ratings to:

the "Modal" confederate-- consistently conformed to opinions of real subjects.

According to Rusbult's study, if you want to predict whether or not someone will stay in an intimate relationship, you would need know all but which of the following about the couples members:

their attachment styles.

Aaron Key and his colleagues gave different articles...

the candidates most desirable if the article depicted him as most likely to be president.

Petty and Cacioppo say the two routes to persuation are:

the central and the peripheral.

Suppose you see an ad for a deodorant that focuses on how effective it is in comparison tests, how it compares in cost to other products, and that it is all-natural. The appeal is:

the central route.

Suppose you see and ad for a deodorant that focuses on how effective it is in comparison tests, how it compares in cost to other products, and that it is all natural. The persuasion appeal is

the central route.

We tend to experience dissonance after making an important decision because:

the chosen alternative is seldom entirely positive...

Suppose you constructed an experiment to better understand the effect of the content of a speech on how persuaded people were by it. In this experiment, the independent variable would be:

the content of the speech.

All things being equal....

the decision is irrevocable.

Kia believes that U.S. President Barack Obama was able to get his medical reform legislation passed in Congress because of his dynamic interpersonal skills. This is an example of:

the dispositional view.

People tend to explain the causes of other people's behavior as being a result of their personalities, Thus if Luke gets a bad grade on a test it must be because he is stupid. This tendency is called:

the dispositional view.

People tend to explain the causes of other people's behavior as being a result of their personalities. Thus, if Luke gets a bad grade on a test, it must be because he is stupid. This tendency is called:

the dispositional view.

Tomoko explains that her teacher is a kind, gentle person and that is why Tomoko does well in school. Tomoko's appraisal of her teacher is best thought of as an example of:

the dispositional view.

The dependent variable in an experiment is used to measure:

the effects of the independent variable.

In the experiment by Kulik and Brown, subjects attempted to earn money by telephoning potential donors for charity pledges. They displayed the most aggression when:

the expectations were high, but their success rate was low.

Sakai performed F & C's experiement about telling a lie for either 1 or 20, in Japan he found:

the experiment was a little different with an observer to the lie and..

The general human tendency to overestimate the importance of personality or dispositional factors when explaining the causes of social behavior is called:

the fundamental attribution error

Julie sees a stranger does poorly on a test...

the fundamental attribution error.

How did Aronson and and Mettee manipulate self-esteem...

the gave false feedback about their personalities...

In Asch's conformity experiments, the discomfort felt by subjects who expressed agreement with the incorrect judgements of the majority could result from the conflict between two important goals. It was suggested that the goals in conflict are:

the goal of being correct and the goal of staying in the good graces of others by living up to their expectations.

Jim buys the MGB, he will concentrate on:

the good gas mileage he gets

Hovland, Harvey, and Sherif conducted an experiment on latitude of acceptance of ideas about the state being"wet" or "dry" on the sale of alcohol beverages. They found that:

the greatest change happened when a moderate discrepancy took place between the actual message and the individuals original opinion

In a study discussed in the text... Which group showed greater attitude change in actually rating the task as interesting?

the group that told a lie for $1.

Suppose you see Mary do very poorly on a classroom test. From this you conclude that Mary is not only stupid, but also has few friends, a poor personality, a difficult family life, and a hard time with everything she does. You have committed an error called:

the halo effect.

Which of the following conclusions is supported by Aronson and Mills' experiment in which...

the harder you work for something the more you will like it.

Power is an essential component in:

compliance.

Which of the following is a comment you are least likely to hear being made within a group characterized by groupthink?

"Let's weigh all the alternatives carefully before we proceed."

Based According to reactance theory, which of the following persuasion attempts will meet with the least resistance when a parent tries to convince his child to keep her room clean?

"Please try to remember to put your toys away when you've finished playing with them."

Which of the following statements is an example of benevolent sexism?

"Women aren't good poker players, but that's just because they need a little extra help with sorting out what hands are best."

Research by Loftus on eye-witness testimony has revealed that:

"leading" questions can distort both a witness's memory and his/her judgments of the facts in a given case.

"I am an intelligent college student who enjoys exercise and keeping in shape. I have ambitious dreams of becoming a successful CEO one day. On the weekends, I love watching movies and jogging. I am looking for that special someone who is younger than me, attractive, cooks, and loves kids and animals." According to the Evolutionary perspective, we would expect that this personal ad was most likely written by...

...a man seeking a woman.

Four Types of Research:

1. Observation - Case study or field observation. 2. Correlational - Examining the relationship between the variables within the same group of people. 3. Quasi-Experiment - Similar to an experiment, but rely upon naturally formed groups, so no random assignment. 4. Experimental - Controls for specific variable and uses random assignment.

What is the Scientific Method?

1. Observation. 2. Prediction. 3. Frame the question into a hypothesis. 4. Design an experiment to confirm or disconfirm the hypothesis. 5. Give up the hypothesis if the data collected does not support the prediction.

Factors that increase or decrease conformity

1. Unanimity - Greatest pressure applied when the majority is unanimous. 2. Commitment - Public commitments reduce likelihood or later conformity. 3. The Person and the Culture - Self esteem, feelings of acceptance by the group, collectivist and individualistic societies, gender. 4. Accountability - Conformity increases when we have to justify our decisions. Qualification: Accuracy goal. Difficult to justify our dumb compliant decisions. 5. The Group Exerting Pressure - Characteristics of the group that influence us to conform. Individuals with the same characteristics influence us. Gladwell's "The Tipping Point".

According to the text, what percentage of 10th grade students believed that commercials were truthful most of the time?

At what voltage level did the majority of subjects stop "shocks" to the learner in Milgram's classic experiment?

450 volts

At what voltage level did majority of subjects stop "shocks" to the learner in Milgram's classic experiment?

450 volts, "DangerXXX"

In Johnson's "If it bleeds, it leads" study, over a 6 month period, approx. what percentage of news broadcasts depicted suffering or conflict?

53%

In Johnson's "If it bleeds, it leads" study, over a six-month period, approx. what percentage of news broadcasts depicted suffering or conflict?

53%

Aronson describes a study in which male students were observed showering to determine if they complied with a request to conserve water. Subjects showered along, with a conserving model, or with two conserving models. The percentages of subjects who conserved water in the alone, one model, two model conditions were:

6%, 49%, 67% respectively.

Alcohol is involved in ____% of violent crimes arrests

In Johnson's study if bleeds it leads what percentage of local news devoted time to violent crimes?

80%

LaPiere conducted a study in the 1930s in which he wrote to restaurants and hotels to ask if they would allow Chinese people to eat or sleep there. He later visited these same establishments with Chinese friends and observed whether or not the friends were served. His results showed that about ____ percent of the places said they would not serve Chinese and that in reality ____ percent of them actually refused.

90; less than 1

Conformity

A change in a persons behavior or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people.

Of the following, which is the best example of instrumental aggression?

A group of mercenaries, hired to kill the dictator of a small country, arrange to poison him.

A one-sided argument for why nuclear power should be discontinued would be more persuasive than a two-sided argument with which of the following groups?

A local Anti- nuke group.

According to the hindsight bias you would predict which of the following results?

A. People would be more likely to blame a prisoner than a guard for a prison uprising. B. if after a race were over, people were asked how confident they were that a particular horse would win, they would remember being more confident if he did win than if he did not. C. We tend to behave the way the people expect us to. D. we are more likely to make situational judgements when explaining our future behavior and make dispositional explanations when explaining our past behavior. Answer: B

Suppose you were running for office and were going to debate your opponent. if both of you were to present your arguments one right after the other and the election is still several days away, you should probably try to speak ____________, in order to make use of ________ effect.

A. Second; recency B. first; primacy C.second; primacy D first; recency Answer: c.

in which of the conditions is there likely to be more conformity?

A. The subject is good at the task. B. There are no experts in the group. C. The other members of the group are not important to the naive subject. D. The naive subject is from a collectivist society like Japan. Answer: D.

According to the text, perhaps the best way to encourage young people to use condoms when having intercourse is to:

A. print a warning about AIDS on each condom label. B. encourage people to think of condoms as part of erotic foreplay. C. present the startling statistics about how high the risk of aids is for young American heterosexuals. D. show explicit film footage of people dying from AIDS. Answer: B

The type of conformity which is most likely to persist the longest is that which results from:

A. social reality B. compliance C. internalization D. identification Answer: C.

In a series of studies on bystander intervention, conducted on the New York subway system, an accomplice of the experimenters staggered and collapsed on the floor of the train. Overall, these studies found that:

A. the victim was offered help more often when the train had relatively few passengers. B. the victim was almost never offered help, regardless of how crowded the train was. C. the victim was almost always offered help when he was made to seem obviously ill. D. the victim was almost never offered help when he was carrying a liquor bottle and was made to reek of alcohol. Answer: C.

Researcher Matthew McGlone manipulated the message on pamphlets about the swine flu (N1H1 flu) so that the flu seemed liked an aggressive threat that kills people. On other pamphlets, the flu was described more passively as something thousands of people die from each year. People who read the more aggressive pamphlet ___________ the people who read the passive pamphlet.

A. were more likely to get a flu shot than B. were less likely to get a flu shot than C. were just as likely to get a flu shot as D. did not act because their fear was more overwhelming compared to Answer: A

The response of students from both campus to film a roughly packed football game between D and P shows that _____ may be one important means of reducing dissonance.

Actual perceptual distortion

Which of the following is a component of Damon's attitude toward classical music?

All of the above are part of Damon's attitude toward classical music.

Which of the following was one accurate finding in Solomon Asch's experiment on conformity?

Around one-third of the responses of naive subjects went along with the group.

Which of the following was one accurate finding in Solomon Asch's experiment on conformity?

Around one-third of the responses of the naive subjects went along with the group.

In 1969, Mary Ainsworth developed the "Strange Situation" experiment to measure children's attachment styles. The experiment consists of observing a child's separation anxiety to their caregiver, willingness to explore, stranger anxiety and reunion behavior. In a similar experiment, one-year old Toby interacts with the toys in the room, when his caregiver leaves Toby doesn't seem to notice and continues playing with the toys, when the caregiver returns Toby gives a glance and quickly returns to playing. What kind of attachment style is Toby more likely to be?

Avoidant Style

A prison guard has to transport (by bus) four prisoners convicted of violent crimes. Based on information from your text, who would be most likely to cause the guard problems and behave aggressively?

Boldly Bodacious Bobby, who is squeezed next to the luggage and is next to the smelly bathroom

According to research on the television film, The Day After, which statement graphically depicted the aftermath of a nuclear attack on the US?

Both viewers and nonviewers said they intended to work toward preventing nuclear war by supporting a nuclear-weapons freeze and other antinuclear activities.

Brad and Pam are friends, but have never dated. Brad wants to ask Pam out on a date, with the hope that she will think of him as more than just a friend. Based on research on external justification and dissonance theory, under which of the following conditions will Pam like Brad the most?

Brad asks her to a Valentine's Day dinner at a restaurant that Pam doesn't enjoy very much, and she accepts.

During the 1988 Presidential campaign, Willie Horton was candidate George Bush's (the elder) most valuable player because:

Bush used Horton's crime to criticize Dukakis's stance on crime.

Independent Variable

Causes systematic differences in participants behavior.

Which of the following is an example of the personal/group discrimination discrepancy?

Cheryl believes that women are unemployed because of discrimination but she is unemployed because of low motivation.

Pallak and Pittman argued that the fact people are more distracted... is support for:

Cognitive dissonance theory.

Six-year-old Lisa finds hitting her little brother is the quickest way to get him to stop bugging her. Her mother, however, finds Lisa's behavior unacceptable, and threatens to take away her favorite toy for a whole week if she hits her brother again. Lisa stops hitting her brother. Lisa's behavior illustrates what form of response to social influence?

Compliance

According to Irving Janis, the maladaptive phenomenon of "groupthink" is more likely to occur when

Concurrence-seeking processes override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.

According to Aronson, many people would view ______ as one of the most important characteristics of a laboratory experiment

Control

In his or her attempts to understand human social behavior, the professional social psychologist has the advantage of being able to

Control the influence of irrelevant factors when studying a problem.

According to cognitive dissonance theory, a disadvantage of the use of large rewards is:

The intrinsic value may be reduced.

Elizabeth, a high school student who smokes cigarettes, saw a film in her health class that depicted horrible scenes of people dying from lung cancer. After class a friend asks if the video convinced her to stop smoking. She said no. However, a few days later, she realized she did want to quit and decided to sign up for a program to help her. Based on research on persuasion, which might you conclude?

Elizabeth has a low self-esteem.

Carole has two boyfriends...

Craig will seem even more attractive than ever.

If deception is used, its negative effects can best be overcome by

Debriefing the subject.

Which of the following in not an ethical guideline proposed by Aronson in conducting an experiment?

Deception, in general, can be justified in all experiments, provided that they subjects are adequately debriefed at the end.

Which of the following is an instrumental act of aggression?

Dropping a bomb on a ball-bearing factory of the enemy during WWII.

According to the Duck (1982) model of the breakup process, which phase would include confronting one's partner about dissatisfaction in the relationship as well as potential attempts to repair the relationship and reconcile with one's partner. .

Dyadic Phase.

A recent correlational study found that the more time fathers spend with their children, the less likely they are to abuse their children. Which of the following is the most valid interpretation of this finding?

Either A, B, or C could be true, and one can't tell which, based on the results of the study.

"Feel great. Smell great." goes the warm, lilting theme song of a television ad for perfume, as the model dances through a field of flowers. Why would this ad be most likely to work?

Emotional appeals work well with social identity products.

If you were alone in a big city and hurt yourself, you would be more likely to get help if there were ten people standing nearby, rather than one or two.

False - Diffusion of responsibility

Stephanie and Chris believe they have just fallen in love with each other, and they are committed to spending the rest of their lives together. They just met last week and have not had much time to bond or talk with each other intimately. Nevertheless, they both report feeling very intense emotions and arousal when spending time together. According to Sternberg, what would this relationship be labeled?

Fatuous

Jim Jones was able to persuade people to comply with his demands by first making small demands then increasing them. This is most similar to research conducted by:

Freedman and Fraser on the foot in the door technique.

If you were trying to sell insulation you would be wise to

emphasize how much is lost by not insulating.

If you are trying to persuade a well educated audience to vote for you and you and you opponent are presenting the same day, two weeks for the election.

Go first and present a 2 sided presentation

Which of the following is NOT a reason being in a good mood usually increases prosocial behavior?

Good moods make us pay more attention to social norms, so we will be more aware of the altruism norm.

F&C performed an experiement in which students were asked to lie to a "fellow student" for either 1 or 20... which of the following statements best expresses how subjects probably reduce this dissonance?

I did not lie... what I said is quite true.

Sherif is to the study of __________ as Asch is to the study of __________.

norm formation; conformity

4th grader Hannah, revealed the effects of stereotype on social judgment were apparent when:

Hannah's performance on achievement test was ambiguous, she was depicted as coming from a poor background.

In a study by Darley and Gross, in which subjects were subjects were exposed to different stories about a fourth grader named Hannah, the effects of stereotype on social judgment were apparent when:

Hannah's performance on an achievement test was ambiguous, and she was also depicted as coming from a poor background.

You are a member of a crime-scene investigation team composed of detectives and police officers. Based on information in your text about information sharing in groups, what would be the best way for your team to discuss the crime and solve it accurately?

Have each member be responsible for certain types of information.

What is the general relationship between accountability and conformity?

Higher accountability leads to lower conformity, because people do not want to be seen as giving in to a group.

According to research by Gerbner and his associates, heavy viewers of television are more likely than light viewers to:

Hold exaggerated views about the prevalence of violence in society.

Suppose you conducted an experiment to study the effect of violence in television shows on aggressiveness in children. The dependent variable would be

How aggressive the children were.

Identification

According to the hindsight bias you would predict which of the following results?

If after a race were over, people were asked how confident they were that a particular horse would win, they would remember being more confident if he did win than if he did not.

What did Paul Herr discover in his research on accessibility of hostility?

If subjects worked a seek and search puzzle with hostile names, they later played very competitively in a game.

In informal surveys, people say lesbians are likely to contact AID- though they have the lowest HIV infection rate- this is an example of

Illusory correlation.

The actor-observer bias says people tend to attribute their own actions to ____ and actions of other's to their ______.

Situational factors; personal factors

Explaining unpleasant behavior by labeling people "crazy" or "sadistic"

Is dangerous if it causes us to forget about situational factors that could cause us to engage in unpleasant behaviors.

Which of the following is not characteristic of internalization?

It is based on the admiration or liking of another.

Jane is a subject in Milgram's study of obedience. As she delivers increasingly severe shocks to the "learner," she feels a great deal of anxiety, engages in nervous laughter, and breaks out into a sweat. Caught in the grip of conflicting emotions, she would like to stop but feels she must continue to obey the orders of the experimenter. She has never encountered a situation like this before. Based on the description, what can we conclude about the Milgram experiment?

It was high experimental realism.

Jane is a subject in Milgram's study of obedience. As she delivers increasingly severe shocks to the "learner", she feels a great deal of anxiety, engages in nervous laughter, and breaks out into a sweat. Caught in the grip of conflicting emotions, she would like to stop but feels like she must continue to obey the orders of the experimenter. She has never encountered a situation like this before. Cased on the description, what can we conclude about the Milgram experiment?

It was high in experimental realism.

Zanna and Cooper conducted an experiment.. Which group changed their attitude the most?

It was the relaxed group.

Who is more likely to use the central route to persuasion when attending to a communication about health insurance reform?

James, who is undergoing extensive treatment after his auto accident

Based on research examining minority influence, who would be best to deliver a public speech intended to change the majority group's opinion?

Jeramiah, a journalist arguing for stricter sexual assault legislation.

The amount of dissonance produced when a person engages in attitude-discrepant acts are greatest when the rewards are:

Just sufficient to induce the act.

Sapolsky describes a medical event in Switzerland... which explains their benefit?

Justification of effort.

Roger was in a car accident with his brother and his best friend and both of them are knocked unconscious. The car is on fire and he can only save one, so he saves his brother. What concept explains his decision?

Kin selection

Luke and Laura have been living together for years and have finally decided to break it off for good. Which of the following best illustrates an integrative solution to their dilemma of dividing up their possessions?

Laura, the music lover of the two, gets the stereo, while Luke, the gourmet chef, gets all of the fancy pots and pans.

There is an exception to the general rule that logical, informative messages will be highly persuasive when the issue is relevant to the audience. What is that exception?

Logical, informative messages will not work well when values and feelings are the basis of the attitude in question.

One implication discussed from Milgram's classic experiment is:

Many innocent people had been killed by Nazi soldiers because the soldiers said that they were only following orders.

One implication discussed from Milgram's classic experiment is:

Many innocent people had been killed by Nazi soldiers because the soldiers said they were only following orders.

Cover stories are used to

Mislead subjects about the true purpose of the experiment.

In general, the work of George Hartmann indicates that people who received a primarily emotional message were:

More Likely to vote in favor of the candidate than those who received a primarily logical message.

According to Janis, groupthink most often leads to a group to make

Mostly poor quality decisions.

Which group of people is the easiest to influence?

People with moderate self-esteem

Elizabth, believes James Joyce was the most brilliant writer since Shakespeare. He friend asks if Joyce had positive attitudes towards women. Elizabth has no knowledge about his private life- based on attitude heuristics which response might Elizabeth give?

N0-He couldn't have been sexist. I'm sure of it.

According to Aronson's analysis of the Challenger disaster, which of the following mostly likely did not contribute to the disaster?

NASA engineers assured management that all safety measurements had been taken.

According to Aronson's analysis of the Challenger disaster, which if the following most likely did not contribute to the disaster?

NASA engineers assured management that all safety measures had been taken.

According to the text, the first step in the scientific method is

Observation

Which of the following statements about Asch's conformity experiment is true?

Only one group member was a naive subject.

Which of the following statements is true about Asch's conformity experiment?

Only one group member was a naive subject.

In a study by Hovland and Weiss, subjects heard arguments regarding the feasibility of atomic submarines. Subjects were more persuaded by physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, rather than the Soviet newspaper Pravda, because:

Oppenheimer was perceived as an expert and trustworthy source of information, unlike Pravda

Suppose that both Oscar and Sam went through hazing rituals for the same fraternity. Oscar went through a very long and involved hazing process while Sam went through relatively mild rituals. After they both got into the fraternity, they realized that there were a lot of negative things associated with membership that they hadn't expected. According to cognitive dissonance, which of the following would you expect to happen?

Oscar would love the fraternity more than Sam because he went through more to get into it.

Costs and Benefits...

People help less when costs of helping are high

Aronson's first law

People who do crazy things are not necessarily crazy - Fundamental attribution error (Situational vs. Dispositional attributions)

Which of the following is not a research result presented in The Social Animal as support for the idea that people are prone to make self-serving explanations of their own behavior?

People working in two-person teams on a skill task accept responsibility for success...

George bought his 6 year old grandson, Pete, a set of paints....

Pete will see painting as a way of making money, not as someone enjoyable.

Failing to properly acknowledge authorities quoted, cited, or consulted, in the preparation of written work is a form of academic dishonesty called

Plagiarism

Which of the following is NOT an advantage that professional social psychologists have over amateur social psychologists?

Professionals use observations of social phenomena in their thinking about social phenomena, where as amateurs cannot.

Three responses to social influence are compliance, identification, and internalization. The major component for each of them, respectively, is

Power, attractiveness, and credibility.

Which of the following was NOT discussed in class as a situational factor that influences helping behavior?

Presence of "helping cues".

Which of the following is NOT an advantage that professional social psychologists have over amateur social psychologists?

Professionals use observation of social phenomena in their thinking about social phenomena, whereas amateurs cannot.

Which is an example of the Spotlight Effect?

Rachel thinks everyone notices when she falls in the hallway, but no one does.

The essential component of internalization is:

creditability.

In Zimbardo's prison study, how were subjects assigned the role of prisoner or guard?

Roles were assigned by flipping a coin.

Bobby's mother promises that if he will take swimming lessons for two weeks, she will buy him a toy he wants. Even though he doesn't want to swim, he complies and, in the process, learns to like swimming. This is best thought of as an example of

Secondary gain

Lucas believes that, because women take longer to learn mechanical skills at his factory... his belief system is best thought of as:

Self-fulfilling prophecy

According to Hamblin and colleagues when punishment is applied to children to stop aggression, what happens?

Severe or restrictive punishment increases aggression as a result of growing frustration.

Ginny is asked to give a speech in favor... Under which circumstance would her attitude undergo the most change in favor of the requirement?

She agrees and is paid $10

Although Alex had no idea who would win a game, after the game was over her claimed to have been 99% sure the winning team would been victorious- his behavior is best thought of as an example of:

The hindsight bias.

You are a college professor grading the exams of students in your class. Student A and B both got 25 out or 40 multiple choice questions. However A got the first 15 correct and missed 10 of the last 25. On the other had B got the first 15 wrong and the last 25 right. According to Jones and his colleagues, what kind of impression would you likely have?

Student A is smarter than Student B

If you recall the experiement by Stanley Milgram, it is clear that cognitive dissonance theory played a large role in subjects' willingness to shock the helpless "learner". Which might best predict a higher level of dissonance in the subjects?

Subjects feel personally responsible for their actions.

According to Zimbardo, Ebbesen, and Maslach, who analyzed the content of elementary-school arithmetic texts, examples of math problems from most textbooks:

Subtly endorse and legitimize the capitalist economic system that is dominant in our society-presenting it as "natural and normal."

If you just declined an invitation to go out with friends so that you can study and then another friend offers you a beer, according to research on self-regulation, what can you do to exert some self-control and stick with your study plan?

Take a break and collect yourself. You can resist the temptation.

Simply knowing that achievement is positively correlated with happiness tells us

That as achievement increases, happiness also increases.

That many subjects believed their participation in the study had been both instructive and enriching.

That they, personally, would exhibit less conformity that the subjects they are observing.

In the "Johnny Rocco" study, conducted by Schacter, which confederate was more likely to be ignored by the participants by the end of the study session:

The "deviate" confederate.

Dependent Variable

The behavior of the participants that is affected by the presentation of the independent variable.

Petty and Cacioppo say the two routes to persuasion are:

The central and the peripheral.

Suppose you constructed an experiment to better understand the effect of the content of a speech on how persuaded people were by it. In this experiment, the independent variable would be

The content of the speech

Kia believes that U.S. President Barack Obama was able to get his medical reform legislation passed in Congress because of his dynamic interpersonal skills. This is an example of:

The dispositional view

People tend to explain the causes of other people's behavior as being the result of their personalities. Thus, if Luke gets a bad grade on a test, it must be because he is stupid. This tendency is called

The dispositional view.

Aronson defines social psychology as

The influences that people have upon the beliefs, feelings, and behaviors of others.

In Asch's conformity experiments, the discomfort felt by subjects who expressed agreement with the incorrect judgements of the majority could result from the conflict between two major goals. It was suggested that the goals in conflict are

The goal of being correct and the goal of staying in the good graces of others by living up to their expectations.

Our tendency to overestimate our powers of prediction once we know the outcome of a given event is known as

The hindsight bias

In the event that is thought to have motivated social psychologists to begin studying helping behavior and other forms of prosocial behavior was:

The murder of Kitty Genovese.

Suppose you watch a TV ad for a deodorant that tells you almost nothing about the product, but presents it being used by beautiful, popular, successful people. The persuasion appeal is:

The peripheral route.

Rifka takes two tests.....

The self-serving bias

The sex of the person in the pictures

To change a person's attitude the most, a communicator should present a position that is highly distant or discrepant from the person's initial position.

The statement is true only for high-credibility communicators.

Why did Zimbardo discontinue his prison experiment?

The subjects lost sight of the difference between their own "self" and the "role" that they were playing

Why did Zimbardo discontinue his prison experiment?

The subjects lost sight of the difference between their own "self" and the "role" that they were playing.

Freud's catharsis theory suggests that a violent or aggressive act will release pent up aggression and decrease further acts of violence.

The theory is incorrect

The crucial difference between experimental and non experimental methods of investigation is experimental methods involve

The use of random assignment.

In the experiment by Schachter and Singer, some subjects were given a drug causing physiological arousal and were warned about the side effects of the drug (i.e., hand tremors and heart palpitations). How did subjects who were given the same drug, but who were not warned of the drug's effects, interpret their feelings of arousal?

They thought that they were happy or angry, depending on the behavior of the confederate in the experiment.

In the experiment by Schachter and Singer, some subjects were given a drug causing physiological arousal and were warned about the side effects of the drug (i.e. hand tremors and heart palpitations). How did subjects who were given the same drug, but not warned of the drug's side effects, interpret their feelings of arousal?

They thought they were happy or angry, depending on the behavior of the confederate in the experiment.

They were waiting alone in the next room.

To change a person's attitudes the most, a communicator should present a position that is high distant or discrepant from the person's initial position.

This statement is true only for high- credibility communicators.

Which of the following is a good example of self-fulfilling prophecy?

This student comes from a poor neighborhood. The teacher assumes he is not smart and consequently the child does poorly.

Carlsmith and Aronson, as well as Freedman, ... about mild punishment?

Threats of mild punishment curbed aggressive behavior in the short and long term.

Which of the following people have fallen prey to the fundamental attribution error?

Tim, who points to a person who fell down and says, "What a clumsy oaf!"

Ed & Todd

Todd will not change; Ed will become stronger that they aren't needed.

Doing a favor for someone will increase the possibility that they will like you.

True - but not always.

When it comes to liking other people, we are attracted to people who are similar to us

True - but not always.

The subjects in Zimbardo's prison study were:

normal, mature, stable young men.

According to the results of the article you read outside of class by Turchik and colleages (2009), college women who reported sexual victimization over the course a semester were more likely to have constructed hypothetical acquaintance rape narratives that involved all of the following except:

Victim's use of substances

According to Aronson's text, the statement that we are all "amateur" social psychologists means that

We all develop hypothesis about social behavior because we spend a lot of time interacting with other people.

The fact that many advertising campaigns that use well-known sports figures are very effective suggest that:

We are more influenced through the peripheral route than we believe.

In which of the following situational circumstances would we be LEAST likely to use heuristics in decision making?

We have plenty of knowledge regarding the issue.

"eye for an eye" fail to stop a cycle of violence?

We must denigrate our victim to justify our action of retribution.

You are very sociable and outgoing; at a holiday party, you approach a quiet young woman standing alone in the corner. To break the ice, you discuss a number of "safe" topics: what the winter will be like, what new television shows are worth watching, and what books you've been reading lately. You both see eye-to-eye on a lot. After the conversation, you like the young woman. Based on a large number of social-psychological experiments, why is that so?

We tend to be attracted to people who hold similar attitudes.

When are people least likely to throw a flier on the ground?

When a model picked up a discarded fast-food bag and placed it in the trash can.

What is the general relationship between accountability and conformity?

When a person knows he will be accountable to a group for his actions, he will be more likely to conform.

All of the following are examples of informational social influence except :

You decide to lose weight, because the people you see on the covers of popular magazines are thinner than you are and you want people to like you more.

Warren believes that Tom is an outgoing, gregarious person. "Whom did you hang out with this weekend?" Warren asks Tom. "Tell me about all of the fun things that you have planned for the summer," Warren continues. Although Tom is usually rather quiet and reserved, he responds to Warren in an outgoing, friendly manner. This is an example of

a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of internalization:

[A] a) It is based on the admiration or liking of another. b) It is the most deeply rooted and permanent response to social influences. c) It is based on the desire to be right. d) The behavior is internally or intrinsically motivated.

Which of these is not a characteristic of groupthink?

[C] a) the perception of invulernability b) blinding optimism c) the illusion of too many good alternatives d) a lack of expressed dissenting opinions

Self-perception theory (Bem) proposes that we can explain the same changes that dissonance theory predicts without an internal state of discomfort. Therefore, what guides our explanations of our behaviors is:

a behavior itself.

You and a friend are watching the news and hear a report about a murder in New York City, witnessed by dozens of bystanders - none of whom attempted to help the victim or even telephone the police. Your friend expresses utter disgust at this incident, remarking "People who live in big cities have no compassion for others. They lack fundamental decency - all they are about are themselves." Your friend's remark best reflects:

a dispositional view of the world.

You and a friend are watching the news and hear about a murder in New York City, witnessed by dozens of bystanders- none of whom attempted to help the victim or even telephone the police. You friend expresses utter disgust at the incident, remarking "People who live in big cities have no compassion for others. They lack fundamental decency- all they care about is themselves." Your friend's remark best reflects:

a dispositional view of the world.

According to Aronson, which type of research study would be much simpler to conduct on the topic of frats and conformity?

a field study that used members of actual frats.

Salmivalli et al. suggests that narcissistic self-esteem is not really self esteem at all but is:

a form of self-aggrandizing based on feelings of insecurity.

In Asch's conformity experiments, the discomfort felt by subjects who expressed agreement with the incorrect judgments of the majority could result from the conflict between two important goals. It was suggested that the goals in conflict are:

a goal of being correct and a goal of staying in the good graces of others by living up to their expectations.

"We will not talk about other members behind their backs, and we will never divulge one another's secrets to anyone, inside or outside this group." The preceding statement reflects

a group norm.

The greatest amount of influence will come from

a group of 3-8

Conway and Ross had students participate in a useless study skill workshop for 3 weeks... These students would likely experience:

a high level of dissonance given all the work they put into the workshop.

A one-sided argument for why nuclear power should be discontinued would be more persuasive than a two-sided argument with which of the following groups?

a local anti-nuke group

Which would be considered an act of aggression by Aronson's definition?

a middle school child angrily, but harmlessly, hits his father.

When Myra looks at the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel for the first time and sees the gorgeous art, she is awestruck, and even moved to tears by the beauty of it. Her affective-based attitude is a result of

a sensory reaction.

Suppose you are going to organize a program for high school students advocating stricter enforcement of the drug laws. All other things being equal, your most persuasive speaker would be:

a person serving a jail-sentence for drug possession.

McAlister's field experiment was successful in helping seventh-graders resist peer pressure to smoke cigarettes. His strategy involved teaching students:

a series of counterarguments they could use against peer pressure, such as "I'd be a real chicken if I smoked just to impress you."

Mr. Watson's belief that fraternity boys are destructive party animals is an example of ____. His refusal to rent an apartment to members of a fraternity is an example of ____.

a stereotype; discrimination

In a correlational study on the relationship between caffeine consumption and heart disease in police officers, the fact that police officers could not be randomly assigned to high and low caffeine groups suggest the results may be due to:

a third factor like donuts

If subjects know the true purpose of an experiment while participating in it, the most serious risk is if they:

act in ways they believe will make them look good or "normal".

Lord, Ross, and Lepper showed articles favoring... study showed that reading articles on both sides of controversial issues:

actually increased the difference in attitudes between the two groups.

According to Mills's study of cheating amoung 6th graders, students ____________ after having resisted the temptation.

adopted harsher attitudes towards cheating

The Bonobo are a species that share almost all DNA... they are one of the least aggressive species on the planet. The example of this species is used in the chapter to argue that:

aggression has an innate source that can be modified.

The fact that monkeys who are lower in the dominance... even when their brain in stimulated, suggests that:

aggression is heavily modified by social learning.

According to research by Carol Dweck...

all above

According to most cognitive psychologists:

all of these are correct.

Aronson suggests that cognitive dissonance plays a large role in political elections because...

alter their perception of a candidate to be consistent with their pre-conceived beliefs.

The false-consensus effect implies that we:

overestimate the number of people who agree with us.

Aronson believes that the study of social psychology is:

an art and a science.

A politician running for re-election is suspected of having misused campaign funds. Based on the "dilution effect" they can reduce the impact on negative public images by:

appearing in ads that include irrelevant info- stories about childhood

In a revision of frustration-aggression theory, Berkowitz emphasized the importance of

anger, an emotional readiness to aggress.

Zimbardo's research suggests that "de-individuation" contributes to aggression. By this, he means we are more likely to behave aggressively when we are:

anonymous.

Zimbardo's research suggests that "deindividuation" contributes to aggression. By this, he means that we are more likely to behave aggressively when we are:

anonymous.

In a group-influence task such as the line judging experiment described in the text, a single dissenter can make it more likely that others resist the urge to conform if they:

answer against the majority of the group, whether they are correct or not.

Because Joe's parents can't stand his wild friend Larry, Joe spends even more time hanging out with Larry. Joe's behavior is best thought of as an example of:

anti-conformists.

If researchers find a positive correlation between cowardice and nosebleeds, it is most likely that:

any, all, or none of these answer choices.

John Jost argues that his research covering 44 years worth of studies indicates that the reason conservatives and liberals are not persuaded by each other's arguments rest in individual differences between them. More specifically, conservatives _____ while liberals _____.

are more persuaded by fear messages; are more persuaded by fact-based arguments

John Jost argues that his research covering 44 years worth of studies indicates that the reason conservatives and liberals are not persuaded by each other's arguments rests in the individual differences between them. More specifically, conservatives _____ while liberals _____.

are more persuaded by messages of fear; are more persuaded by fact-based arguments.

The idea of a bias blind spot, advocated by Pronin, suggests we

are not as aware of our cognitive biases because they were unconscious and unintended

According to "Aronson's first law," people who do crazy things:

are not necessarily crazy, but may be normal people trying to adjust to extraordinary social influences.

Participants in experiments may gain some unique insight about themselves that they never knew before as a result of their being in a social psychology study. Aronson argues that it would be _________ for social psychologists to justify their research because of such insight.

arrogant and unethical

Generally, the relationship between control and impact is such that:

as impact increases, control decreases.

After choosing between 2 equally attractive appliances...

as more attractive than the one they rejected.

Langer and Rodin found that nursing home residents improved in alertness, activity, and happiness if they were

asked to make personal choices and given opportunities to influence nursing home policies.

According to research on bystander intervention, an individual is more likely to be helped when potential helpers:

assume personal responsibility for intervening.

Psychologist Robert Sternberg views love as a triangle whose three sides include all but which of the following?

attachment

When the amygdala is stimulated in a monkey's brain it will:

attack

The strength of the association between an object and its evaluation is called

attitude accessibility

Exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available is called:

attitude innoculation

Studied attitudes about bathing and teeth brushing was that:

attitudes we hold can influence how we remember our own behavior.

According to Aronson's chapter on persuasion, emotional appeals tend to influence _____ and specific instructions tend to influence ______.

attitudes; actual behavior

Stella is very serious about dancing and starts college as a dance major. The more serious she gets about dancing, the more she worries about the pressure to succeed and the rewards associated with succeeding. She finds that dancing feels like a chore and something she has to do rather than wants to do. Her change in her views about dance is due to what social psychologists call

attribution of arousal.

According to Aronson, most people believe that they are motivated by the desire to ____ whereas others are motivated by the desire to ______

be correct: be in the good graces of others.

According to Aronson, most people believe that they are motivated by a desire to ______ whereas others are motivated by a desire to ______.

be correct; stay in the good graces of others

According to Aronson, most people believe that they are motivated by a desire to ___________ whereas others are motivated by a desire to ____________

be correct; stay in the good graces of others.

The Norwegian school system was able to curtail the bullying by 50% by training teachers and admin to>

be vigilant to the problem and take swift but moderate punitive action.

Generalizing from Berkowitz's research, you would predict a subject who has just watched a "slasher" movie (in which a beautiful young women....) would be more likely to act aggressively against:

beautiful young women

Fourteen-year-old Kevin frequently watches violent television programs. This will most likely lead him to

become more fearful of being personally assaulted.

If a religion teaches that the prophet was tempted but didn't succumb... predicts that that religion would also teach that the prophet would:

become more self-righteous and punitive toward sinners.

In a study by Mettee and Aronson, subjects whose self-esteem had be temporarily lowered were more likely to cheat at a card game...

behaving in an immoral fashion is more dissonance-arousing for people with high self-esteem

Lawyers and politicians use:

both central and peripheral persuasion.

When lawyers and politicians want to persuade, they often use:

both central and peripheral.

Jones and Harris asked participants to read essays written by two political science students. 1/2 were told to freely chose to write in favor of Castro, which 1/2 were told they were instructed to write in his favor. When asked if the essays reflected the true attitude of students, the participants said that what the students wrote reflected the true attitudes of:

both students.

In a study by Davis and Jones, subjects volunteered to insult a "fellow student" by telling him he was a shallow, untrustworthy, and dull person. How did these subjects justify their hurtful behavior toward the other student, who had done nothing to deserve criticism?

by finding the other student less attractive than before they had insulted him

In a study by Davis and Jones, subjects volunteered to insult a "fellow student"...

by finding the other student less attractive than before they had insulted them.

"Watching violence on television gives people a harmless opportunity to vent their aggression." This statement is most clearly consistent with the _____ hypothesis.

catharsis

John is frustrated by doing poorly on a college chem test because he felt really knew the material. After the test he thought we would "blow off steam" by going to his favorite bar and playing video games. This highlights the principle underlying:

catharsis.

The tension reducing properties of various types of aggressive acts have been called:

catharsis.

Your text describes several situations in which a person may decide to behave immorally, a behavior which is likely to arouse a fair amount of cognitive dissonance. How are people most likely to reduce this dissonance stemming from an immoral act such as lying or cheating?

change their attitude about the immoral behavior

The Iroquois Indians lived in peace for hundreds of years as a hunting nation, but in the 17th century, trade introduced.... this series of events suggests that:

changing social conditions can lead to changes in aggressive behavior.

"Bobo doll" studies found that:

children imitated adults who had been aggressive

Barker, Dembo, and Lewin's classic study of children who are either delayed or not delayed from entering a room full of toys showed that, with regard to aggression:

children who were delayed from played experienced more frustration and thus were more aggressive.

Joe is given the choice between two records one he ranked as 4 and one as 5 on a scale of 1-10... two weeks later he reranks #4 as #2. This is predicted by:

cognitive dissonance theory

Changing someone's actions by means of insisting that he or she behave in a particular way is called:

compliance.

Fear of punishment would be the major motivation in which of the following?

compliance.

Fear of punishment would be the major motivation in which of the following?

compliance

The new fashion craze is to have a poncho. Rachel personally thinks they are ugly and no matter how you dress it up it will still just be a poncho but never the less she went out and bought one. Rachel is demonstrating what idea?

compliance

According to Aronson, power is the essential component in:

compliance.

According to Irving Janis, the maladaptive phenomenon of groupthink is more likely to occur when:

concurrence-seeking processes override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.

Aronson describes an experiment in which groups of subjects discuss the punishment.... subjects best liked a confederate when he played the role of a:

conformist (person who agreed with the group)

According to Kelley, people look for which of the following kinds of info in explaining behavior?

consistency, consensus and distinctiveness

In his or her attempts to understand human social behavior, the professional social psychologist has the advantage of being able to:

create and study exact duplicates of actual situations and events.

Consider the following (edited) excerpt from a James Thurber New Yorker piece: "Suddenly someone began to run. It may be that he had simply remembered... an engagement to meet his wife, for which he was now frightfully late. Whatever it was, he ran east on Broad Street. Somebody else began to run, perhaps a newsboy in high spirits.... Another man broke into a trot.... A loud mumble gradually crystallized into the dread word 'dam.' 'The dam has broke!' The fear was put into words by a little old lady in an electric car, or by a traffic cop, or by a small boy: Nobody knows who.... Two thousand people were abruptly in full flight...." This literary excerpt illustrates the phenomenon known as

contagion.

In his or her attempts to understand human social behavior, the professional social psychologist has the advantage of being able to:

control the influences of irrelevant factors when studying a problem.

Another term for the fundamental attribution error that many social psychologists prefer is

correspondence bias.

Tom explains his wife's success as being a result of her intelligence and determination- thus explain her behavior in terms of her traits that are like the behavior- this is an example of:

correspondent inference

Tom explains his wife's success in her job as being the result of her intelligence and determination, thus explaining her behavior in her terms of her traits that are like the behavior. The text would consider Tom's explanation to be an example of:

correspondent inference.

According to our discussion in class, affectively-based attitudes may be based on all of the following, except:

correspondent inferences

In social psychology experiments, the experimenter tries to:

create a functional equivalent to conditions in the real world.

5 methods for reducing aggressive are discussed in the text. These are: (a) pure reason, (b) punishment, (c) punishment of aggressive models, (d) rewarding alternative behaviors and (e) building empathy towards others. Which two methods seem to be most effective:

d & e

If deception is used, its negative effects may be reduced by:

debriefing the subject.

According to Festinger, when physical reality _____, people's reliance on social reality ______.

decreases; increases

According to Festinger, when physical reality _____, people's reliance on the social reality ______.

decreases; increases

In Yankee stadium during a Yankees vs. Rangers game, Alex Rodriguez is called out at first base. After the call, a crowd of disgruntled fans throws garbage and baseballs onto the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of

deindividuation.

The more frightened a person is by the communication, the more likely he/she is to take immediate preventative action. This statement:

describes the way a person with high self-esteem might react to the message.

In conducting an experiment, the researcher's goal is to:

determine whether manipulations of the independent variable cause systematic differences in the subjects' behavior

In a study by Leventhal, some students were exposed to a high-fear message regarding the importance of taking tetanus shots. Later, half of them were given specific instructions about where and when the shots were available, while the other half was not. compared to the group that received instructions, students who did not receive them:

displayed equally favorable attitudes toward the shots, but were less likely to actually take the shots.

Suppose that you notice that Fred becomes very embarrassed when the subject of knives comes up. In fact, he is the only person you have ever seen react in this way when you talk about knives, and he has never before expressed any concern about knives. According to Kelley, Fred's behavior is very high in

distinctiveness.

People generally ________ think they will like to be able to easily change a decision they've made; however, the research on cognitive dissonance suggests that people actually are ________ with their choice when a decision is more permanent.

do; happier

following a natural disaster- people who lived in the town were more likely to ______ the possibility of impending disaster, while those in undamaged, neighboring towns tended to ______.

downplay; exaggerate

In the context of an experiment, "random assignment" means that:

each subject has an equal chance to be in any condition in the study.

Although Susan was only peripherally involved in getting her friend elected as president of the senior class, she felt her friend would never have won without her support. She feeling is best thought of as an:

egocentric thought.

On a visit to Australia, then-president George H.W. Bush offended the Australians when he flashed the two-fingered "peace sign" to a crowd. This is an example of how the use of ________, which vary from culture to culture, may lead to confusion or conflict if used outside of the user's culture.

emblems

The news media's sensationalizing of events such as suicides and the Tylenol poisonings sometimes incites copycat suicides and copycat poisonings. This phenomenon is known as:

emotional contagion.

Events covered on news broadcasts are selected based on:

entertainment value

Schachter and Singer (1962) conducted a experiment in which subjects were injected with either epinephrine or a placebo, and were either informed or misinformed as to the real symptoms produced by an epinephrine injection. Later they were exposed to the behavior of either an angry or a euphoric cohort. Subjects in which of the following conditions were most likely to imitate the behavior of the cohort?

epinephrine - misinformed

Bob would see the younger women as less attractive and the older women as _____ attractive.

equally

Darrin Lehman and Shelley Taylor studied college students who lived in LA...

even well-educated people respond to the threat of catastrophe by doing nothing to prepare for it.

Aronson explains the high school shootings like Columbine by:

examining the relative deprivation in high schools for youth on the bottom being rejected by the "preppies'

Research in attitude change suggests that in order to be a credible source, a communicator should be both:

expert and trustworthy.

The results of the Josephson's student... indicated that:

exposure to violent stimuli strengthens the tendency for aggression.

Mark is a Democrat. He just joined a Welfare Reform Committee made up of nine Republicans. Mark holds a minority opinion on this issue. If Mark wants his opinion to influence the group's final recommendations, he should:

express a consistent, unwavering viewpoint.

In Tajfel's research (... Group X and W)

expressed a greater liking for, and allocated more rewards to....

Linz and his colleagues found that, compared to mean who watched X-rate but non-violent porn, men who watched X-rated, violent "slasher" films"

expressed less empathy for victims of rape.

Jim watches a heavy dose of violent TV cop shows. According to research presented in the text, what is one likely outcome of this behavior? Jim will

feel indifferent when he hears a violent argument between his neighbors.

Key to understanding if dissonance will be aroused is...

feels his behavior violates his self-concept.

Jane is trying to decide whether she should marry Jim. She sits down with a paper and makes a list of positive aspects then negative. After looking, she can see good things outweigh the bad. She calls Jim up and says "OK, let's set a date!" Jane's way of making up her mind is an example of

felicific calculus

Judy decides to withdraw from psh... this is an example of

felicific calculus

Fear appeals seem to function best when:

followed by specific instructions for appropriate actions.

Fear appeals seem to work best when:

followed by specific instructions for appropriate actions.

The effects of category priming on social judgment are illustrated by the tendency:

for the public to see as most important those social and political issues that receive the most media coverage.

According to research presented in your book, we typically use two steps in making attributions. The first step involves ________, and the second step involves ________.

forming an internal attribution; adjusting for the situation

Aronson argues that typically when dissonance arises it is because the subject:

has done something stupid or immoral.

Suppose you had volunteered to be in an experiment...

have a lower opinion of the victims after than before.

Members of the school board were tentatively considering a proposal to institute the wearing of uniforms in the elementary and middle school grades. After their last meeting, they are now strongly in favor of the proposal. This illustrates the phenomenon known as

group polarization.

Disastrous decisions make by memebers of Hilter's inner circle, Nixon's "palace guard" and NASA officials involved in the launch of the ill-fated Challenger shuttle were a consequence of a maladaptive decision-making strategy Irving Janis calls:

groupthink

According to Freud, society performs an essential and beneficial function in regulating the instinct of aggression by:

helping people to sublimate destructive energy into acceptable/useful behavior.

According to research presented in the text, people with high self-esteem are most likely to be persuaded by campaigns using:

high fear.

An experiment that gets the subject involved and interested but that does not represent events that occur in the real world is:

high in experimental realism and low in mundane realism

Baumeister, Bushman, and Campbell found that students who were _____________ were more likely to aggress.

high in narcissism and self-esteem

A study on increased attraction following arousing events compared the degree of liking people between people in a sky diving club after a jump versus members of a chess club in New York's Central Park after a match. This study would have _____ and _____.

high mundane realism: high experimental realism.

Axsom and Cooper's study of weight reduciton, they found that women in the ____ effort condition reported significant weight loss at ____.

high; 12 weeks but not at 4 months

Anna usually doesn't like movies with violent scenes. Still, she saw Django Unchained—a violent movie—five times, and loved it. Everyone else—including critics—really liked Django Unchained, too. In this example, distinctiveness is ________ and consensus is ________.

high; high

According to a survey gauging people's reactions...

smokers were far less likely to believe the report.

Even though you believe college tuition should be increased to meet rising expenses, you go along with a group of friends as they organize a protest for lower tuition. This is an example of:

identification

Suppose you saw a small child named Fergie eating lima beans with obvious reluctance. When asked why she was eating them if she wasn't fond of them, she replied, "Because Muno from Yo Gabba Gabba eats his vegetables, and I want to be like him!" What type of conformity is she displaying?

identification

According to Aronson, the "Uncle Charlie" effect can lead to considerable influence over us because of our fondness or admiration for a specific person. The type of influence is called:

identification.

Rudy thinks that if he ever got kicked off the football team he would be depressed for months, and that his life would lose all meaning. In actuality, his response would probably not be this severe or prolonged. What is Rudy demonstrating?

impact bias

Social loafing would be least likely to occur

in a relay race in which each team member's performance is timed.

Jim is concerned about his future...

in an example of a "Barnum statement".

Lee scored in the 99th percentile on the verbal portion of the SAT. She loves to put her verbal skills to use in solving anagrams. Lee would most likely perform at her best

in the mere presence of others also solving anagrams.

The main way in which an attitude differs from an opinion is that an attitude:

includes an emotional component.

According to dissonance theory, as external justification decreases, the need to find internal justification for performing the act tends to:

increase

Which of these is NOT a suggestion that Aronson makes with regard to learning from our mistakes?

increase cognitive dissonance in the face of major events.

Research on the effect of environmental conditions suggest that higher air temps:

increase hostility and aggression.

Which of the following words pairs corresponds most likely t0 "cause-effect"?

independent variable and dependent variable.

Asch's study on the primary effect on impression formation indicates that:

info received first is more influential than later in determining overall impressions of another person.

You see a person lying in the street in apparent discomfort. He may be drunk or he may be having a heart attack; you don't really know. Unsure of whether he needs help, you observe that while other people notice him, no one else stops to offer help. Because no one else stops, you conclude that he must not need help and is probably only drunk. Your decision shows the effects of

informational social influence.

Rosemary was invited to a dinner party by her new work supervisor. Although she was told to arrive around 7:00, Rosemary makes sure to show up at 6:55p with her often-requested spinach and artichoke dip. Upon her arrival, she immediately begins complimenting her supervisor's decorating choices. In which of the following strategies is most likely Rosemary engaging?

ingratiation

In the case of people with low self-esteem, communications that arose a great deal of fear tend to:

inhibit immediate action, but are effective after a delay.

In the case of people with low self-esteem...

inhibit immediate action...

One important aspect of the social learning theory of aggression is that humans will consider the ____ of a person who caused pain or frustration:

intention

Which type of conformity which is the most likely to persist the longest is a result of:

internalization

Instrumental aggression differs from hostile aggression in that:

involves harming someone in order to achieve a goal, rather than cause pain

Debriefing a subject at the end of an experiment:

is a valuable way of undoing some of the discomfort and deception that may have occurred during the experiment.

Explaining unpleasant behavior as labeling people "crazy" or "sadistic":

is dangerous if is causes us to forget about situational factors that could cause us to engage in unpleasant behaviors.

Explaining unpleasant behavior by labeling people "crazy" or "sadistic":

is dangerous if it causes us to forget about situational factors that could cause us to engage in unpleasant behaviors.

Sihmund Freud would most likely be associated with the idea that aggression:

is instinctive.

According to Greenwald, a positive feature of cognitive conservatism is that:

it allows us to perceive the social world as a stable, coherent place.

From the results of Milgram's studies that manipulated the distance between teacher and learner, one could conclude that

it would be more disturbing to kill another with one's bare hands than with a gun.

According to Aronson, when people find themselves in an ambiguous situation, people will use the behavior of others as a template for their own behavior. When people find themselves in a similar situation in the future, they will:

know how to act and not need the cue of the behavior of others.

The extent to which people perceive their lives as internally controllable by their own efforts and actions or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces constitutes their

locus of control.

According to Aronson, if you were to give one of two persuasive speeches, you would choose to speak second if the time between the first and second speech were _____ and the interval of time between the second speech and the audience's action was _____.

long; short

Suppose you volunteered to be a subject in a psychology experiment in which you were locking into a sound-proof booth and were told that your brain waves were being measured. Furthermore, you truly believed that your brain wave pattern was being used to predict your basic personality traits. According to Aronson, this experiment would have _____ mundane realism and _____ experimental realism.

low; high

A local store advertises are great sale on a certain computer... "even better" for "only" $500 more... this is known as:

lowballing

In a study (Keisler et al.) in which an envelope was left hanging out of a mailbox with money exposed to passersby, the money was most often stolen when the:

mailbox had graffiti on it.

In the study (Keisler et al.) in which an envelope was left hanging out of a mailbox with money exposed to passerby, the money was most stolen when the:

mailbox had graffiti on it.

In an experiment, extraneous (non-manipulated) variables are controlled by:

making all aspects of the procedure identical for all conditions, except for the independent variable manipulation.

Generally speaking, nonconformity:

may be either adaptive or maladaprive, depending on the situation.

In experiments on the effects of violent porn, Malamust found that:

men were more accepting of violence against women after watching violent porn.

In a study done in which males watched erotic videos of homo and heterosexual activty, which showed the greatest amount of arousal to homosexual videos?

men who stated negative attitudes towards homosexuality.

An important aspect of groupthink is the presence of _____ - people who censor troublesome incoming information.

mindguards

An important aspect of groupthink is the presence of __________— people who censor troublesome incoming information

mindguards

Emile just ditched a friend at a party to spend time with a pretty woman. Emile feels uncomfortable but he tells himself it's because the woman is so hot and not because he treated his friend badly. The way he's feeling is dissonance, but he tells himself it's sexual attraction. This scenario describes which of the following?

misattribution of arousal

Cover stories are used to:

mislead subjects about the true purpose of the experiment.

... Assuming K thought of himself as a good person with high self-esteem, dissonance theory would suggest he would:

misremember Beria as cruel

Conway and Ross had students participate... they found participants reduced their dissonance by:

misremembering their original starting skill level.

Assume a speaker has low credibility with the audience. For maximum attitude change, how discrepant from the audience's initial position should the communication be?

moderately discrepant.

If it bleeds, it leads"... local news...

more likely

Fazio and Williams found that voters who were asked to evaluate two presidential candidates within a very short amount of time were:

more likely to vote five months later for the candidate they favored

In a "natural experiment" in the real work, so technicians who were laid off by their company were given a chance to verbalize their hostility against their ex-bosses.... their hostility were _____ than words who have not voiced their hostility.

more negative in their descriptions of their ex-bosses

"any amount will be appriciated, even a penny will help" beign a student of social psychology you should respond that he can expect:

more people will give and the average size of the gifts will not decrease

Matthew McGlone presented college students with unfamiliar aphorisms that rhyme (woes unite foes) and the same ideas presented in a non-rhyming fashion (woes unite enemies). He found that the students were:

more persuaded by the aphorisms that rhymed.

Fazio and Williams manipulated...

more predictive of later behavior.

If you are new in the dorms and want to make new friends, your best bet is to get a room

next to the only exit on the first floor.

Least persuasive:

non expert in extreme position.

Recall that Latané and Darley observed the number of participants in each experimental condition who left their cubicles to help the alleged victim of a seizure. The ________ was the independent variable in their experiment.

number of other participants present

Luke is scolded by his mother and told to stand in the corner quietly for three minutes. While standing in the corner he mutters, "I may be standing, but inwardly I'm sitting." Luke has been _______, but displays no sign of _______.

obedient; internalization

According to the text, the first step in the scientific method is:

observation.

Aronson and O'leary conducted a study designed to encourage water conservation among male students showering at the university field house. They found that students were more likely to conserve water (by turning off the shower while soaping up) after:

observing the behavior of one or more "models" who turned off the shower while soaping up.

Juliet is Jewish, and is going on a date with a Catholic. "Just don't bring up abortion—you know all Catholics are pro-life," cautions her sister. Juliet's sister is exhibiting the bias known as

out-group homogeneity.

Research on the effects of testosterone on aggression suggests that:

physical forms of aggression in males are associated with higher levels of testosterone.

William James' theory of emotion suggests a two-part process that indicates:

physiological arousal and a cognitive label.

Schachter and Singer (1962) (in their study in which subjects were injected with ephinephrine, but thought they were getting the vitamin "suproxin") demonstrated that:

physiological arousal for when we have no ready explanation will often be interpreted as terms of various external cues.

Patterson measured the hostility of high-school football players... he found that

players exhibited an increase in hostility over the course of the season.

A study on dating relationships found that the number of text messages sent between dating partners increased with the number of miles they lived apart. This finding is a:

positive correlation.

Three responses to social influences are compliance, identification, and internalization. The major component for each of them respectively is:

power, attractiveness, and credibility.

Three responses to social influence are compliance, identification, and internalization. The major component for each of them, respectively, is:

power, attractiveness, and creditability.

Aronson argues that recently activated or frequently activated concepts are more like to readily come to mind.... this is called

priming

The text describes a situation in which some convicted criminals were released from prison.... in comparing these two groups, the primary finding was:

prisoners who served their full term were twice as likely to return to prison.

which of the following would encourage you to let children watch violent TV?

psychoanalytic

Pink's mother tells her that she is absolutely never to dye her hair a "funny color." Pink proceeds to dye her hair purple. Pink's behavior is best thought of as an example of:

psychological reactance.

According to Aronson, the most important condition which must be met before any experiment can lead to definite cause-and-effect conclusions is:

random assignment of subjects to groups.

Experimental research is to _____________ as survey research is to ____________.

random assignment; random sampling.

"Persuasive communicators, if blatant or coercive, can be perceived as intruding upon one's freedom of choice, thereby activating a person's defenses to resist the messages." This statement reflects the central idea of which of the following theories or concepts?

reactance theory

The Informed Consent is a document that participants read and sign before starting an experiment. It addition to a basic description of the experiment, the information in this form should also explain any physical or psychological risk so that participants can assess whether or not to participate in the experiment. According to Aronson's five guidelines for ethical experimentation, participants should them be:

reassured they may quit the experiment at any time with no penalty.

After my friend, Lisa, helped me move into my new house, I felt obligated to help her re-arrange her living room furniture. My sense of obligation most likely resulted from the

reciprocity norm.

In Freedman's study, children who were given mild threats of punishment for playing with a robot toy:

refused to play with the toy even after Freedman left.

The president of the Noodle Dome Charitable Trust has just resigned in disgrace, leaving the workings of the organization pretty much on track, but also leaving a large number of employees angry and upset. Bolstered by his previous successes in turning things around, Fred has stepped in to fill the president's role. Fred should adopt a ________ of leadership in this case.

relationship-oriented style

According to Aronson's analysis, the riots that occurred in Watts and in Detroit most clearly exemplified the effects of:

relative deprivation.

If we think our actions will reduce the pain of someone in need, we are likely to:

respond quickly to reduce our own discomfort brought on by our feelings of empathy.

Jason cannot stop thinking about the fact that because he turned in his term paper late, he missed getting an "A" in the class. He repetitively focuses on this negative part of the class; in other words, his counterfactual thinking has turned into

rumination

Iyengar conducted a study in which subjects watches special edited news programs for a week. Generalizing from their results, if you wanted college students to focus on the issue that tuition is too expensive, you would:

run articles in each issue of the paper, keeping the issue in front of the students.

Gary's parents promised him an interest-free loan for a new car, if only he would quit smoking for 3 months... this is an example of:

secondary gain

Bobby's mother promises that if he will take swimming lessons for two weeks...

secondary gain.

All of the following statements about self-awareness are true except that

self-focus leads people to attend to discrepancies between their behavior and their standards.

On the night of an important basketball game, Albert decided to leave his glasses at home. When his coach asked him if he wanted to return home to get them, Albert told the coach that he would rather not risk missing part of the game and that he'd try his best without them. Which of the following self-presentational strategies is Albert using?

self-handicapping

The tendency to perceive ourselves favorably is known as

self-serving bias.

It's Halloween, but you don't want to be running back and forth to answer the door. To avoid any "tricks," you decide to leave a large container of dark chocolate on the porch. You've just read about self-awareness theory, and you have a hunch about how to keep those greedy trick-or-treaters from taking more than their fair share of the candy. You decide to

set up a tape-recorder that plays songs about cooperation and giving.

In the Aronson and Mills experiment, the ____ was (were) the independent variable(s) and the _____ was (were) the dependent variable(s):

severity of initation; women's liking for the discussion group.

The effect of violent porn is:

similar to other violent media- it tends to increase the level of aggression.

One way that we make sense out of the vast and dizzy...

simple, only approximate, rules

Actors make ____ attributions while the observe made ____ attributions, when they watched the same interaction but reserves the perspectives the____

situational; dispositional; original attributes switched

Aronson's first law reminds us that:

situations can cause most normal people to behave in abnormal ways.

In his first chapter, Aronson defines social psychology as the study of:

social influence

In his first chapter, Aronson defines social psychology as the study of:

social influences.

Martha argues that children should not be exposed to sex and violence on TV because it leads them to behave more aggressively. Martha's view is most consistent with:

social learning theory.

Martha argues that children should not be exposed to sex and violence on TV because it leads them to behave more aggressively. This is most consistent with:

social learning theory.

"The influences that people have upon the beliefs, feelings, and behaviors of others" is the text's definition of:

social psychology

A good rule of thumb to use in predicting conformity in an ambiguous...

social reality.

Before agreeing to help out at the local homeless shelter, Sharon weighs the costs (e.g., getting up at dawn) and benefits (e.g., feeling good about herself) of doing so. This strategy would be predicted by

social-exchange theory.

Assume that Kyle grew up in the South, where a "culture of honor" predominates. Based on research presented in the text, Kyle would be more likely than a northerner to behave aggressively when

someone insults him.

Generally, high-fear appeals are more effective than low-fear appeals in producing behavior change when:

specific instructions are provided on how to avoid painful consequences.

closest word to category is

stereotype

Mr. Smith, a high school speech teacher, communicates to his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and thus make better speeches than girls. As a result, some of the girls in his class become apprehensive in preparing and giving speeches in Mr. Smith's class. The girls are experiencing

stereotype threat.

Which of the following is not a research result presented in The Social Animal...

students attribute success on their exams to personal effort or ability...

In an experiment by Schachter, subjects engaged in a group discussion of a juvenile delinquent named Johnny Rocco and were asked to suggest treatment for him ranging from "very lenient" to "very hard." When later asked how much they liked other members of their group - some of whom were confederates of the experimenter - subjects gave the highest rates to:

the "modal" confederate - who consistently conformed to the opinions of real subjects on how Johnny should be treated.

the "victim" was almost always offered help when he was made to seem obviously ill.

In a series of studies on bystanders intervention, conducted on the New York subway system, an accomplice...

the "victim" was almost always offered help when he was made to seem obviously ill.

In Milgram's study of obedience, which of the following participants was (were) a confederate of the Experimenter?

the Learner

Dissonance reduction is likely when:

the attitude is important to the self. the attitude-behavior discrepancy is large.

One condition under which attitudes are fairly good predictors of behavior is when:

the attitude relevant to a given behavior is highly accessible.

After watching the news report of a plane crash...

the availability heuristic.

Our tendency to overestimate our powers of prediction once we know the outcome of a given event is known as:

the hindsight bias

After Chimera's husband was injured in a car accident, she said, "I woke up with a bad feeling in my stomach—I knew something was off about that day." Chimera is exhibiting

the hindsight bias.

Our tendency to overestimate our powers of prediction once we know the outcome of a given event is known as:

the hindsight bias.

After the 2008 U.S. presidential election, Joe tells Mary that he knew all along Barack Obama would be elected. This is an example of:

the hindsight effect.

After the 2008 elections, Joe tells Mary that he knew all along Barack Obama would be elected. This is an example of:

the hindsight effect.

Kia believes that U.S. President Barack Obama was able to get his medical reform legislation passed in Congress because Democrats had an overwhelming majority of seats, and that it would happened whether or not Obama as president. This is an example of:

the hindsight effect.

The factor systematically varied by the experimenter is usually termed:

the independent variable

Aronson defines social psychology as:

the influence that people have upon the beliefs, feelings, and behaviors of others.

Aronson defines social psychology as:

the influences that people have upon the beliefs, feelings, and behaviors of others.

The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after repeated exposure to them is referred to as

the mere exposure effect.

All other things being equal, the overwhelming weight of experimental evidence on fear and persuasion suggest that, in general, the more frightened a person is by a communication.

the more likely he or she is to take positive, preventive action.

In his study of the effects of televised prize-fights, sociologist David Phillips found that:

the more publicity surrounding the fights, the greater the increase in homicides in the following days.

In a study by Berkowitz, subjects were made angry in a room containing either a gun or a badminton racket. Later, when given a chance to administer shocks to a "fellow student," subjects who had been in the room with the gun shocked the other person more than those who had been in the room containing the badminton racket. This study demonstrates:

the power of "aggressive cues" in facilitating aggressive behavior.

In a study by Berkowitz, subjects were made angry in a room containing wither a gun or a badminton racket... this study demonstrates:

the power of "aggressive cues" in facilitating aggressive behaviors.

The attention decrement explanation tries to explain the basis for:

the primary effect

John is described as being introverted, shy, logical, hard working not much fun, very intelligent and having a weird sense of humor. These match stereotype of accountants. If you asked if John was a salesman or accountant- you are very sure he must be an accountant. This is predicted from:

the representative heuristic.

You and a friend are visiting a new city and would like to splurge and go out for a fine meal. You look at the restaurant listings in the newspaper and find one that is very expensive. Your friend says, "Let's go for it. With prices like that, we're bound to have an incredible dining experience." In making her decision, your friend most likely was guided by:

the representative heuristic.

Nutz and Boltz, Inc. employs 100 people; 80 are lawyers and 20 are engineers. Albert, a lawyer at the company, is quiet, likes puzzles, spends most Friday nights reading alone, and carries a calculator. Most people, when asked whether Albert is a lawyer or an engineer, will guess that he is an engineer. These people are using ________ to make this faulty guess. A correct guess would have been made if they had used ________.

the representativeness heuristic; base rate information

According to research conducted by Akert (1998), what is the single best predictor of how well ex-partners cope in the aftermath of the dissolution of their relationship?

the role they played in the decision to break up

In Zimbardo's prison study, young, psychologically normal men were randomly assigned to the role of playing a guard or prisoner. After six days, the "prisoners" became servile, dehumanized robots, while "guards" became despicable and cruel. In general, the results of this study probably indicate that:

the situation is often primarily responsible for behavior, not the personalities of subjects.

In Zimbardo's prison study, psychologically normal men we randomly assigned to the role of playing a guard or a prisoner. After six days, the "prisoners" because servile, dehumanized robots, while "guards" became despicable and cruel. In general, the results of the study probably indicate that:

the situation is primarily responsible for behavior, not the personalities of subjects.

Kia believes that U.S. President Barack Obama was able to get his medical reform legislation passed in Congress because Democrats had an overwhelming majority of seats, and that it would have happened whether or not Obama was president. This is an example of :

the situation view.

Next week, you're going to give a lecture to the psychology club about the Yale Attitude Change approach to persuasion. What will be your three main topics?

the source; the nature of the communication; the nature of the audience

Walster and Festinger conducted an experiment in which subjects "overheard" a conversation between two graduate students, one of who expressed an opinion on a certain issue. Subjects' opinions were influenced by the graduate student's opinion when:

the subject believed the graduate students were unaware of his/her presence.

Meeus and Raaijmakers found that subjects were more likely to make negative remarks about a job applicant's performance if:

the subjects believed the applicant would not be receiving the remarks until some later time.

Meeus and Raaijmakers found that subjects were more likely to make negative remarks about a job applicant's performance if:

the subjects believed they would not receive the remarks until some time later.

Self-schema refers to:

the tendency to organize our personal history into an integrated whole.

Despite official government warning of a severe water shortage, most citizens fail to conserve in the belief that their personal water consumption will have little effect on the community's total water supply. The eventual depletion of the community's water resources provides an example of

the tragedy of the commons.

Kropotkin's study of chimps documents that when one hungry chimp begs for food from another, the other reluctantly shares. This research is sited to make which of the following points:

the urge to share may have deep instinctive roots, even among aggressive animals.

In thinking about the relative importance of the primacy and recency effects, the most crucial variable is:

time.

During a psychology experiment, Chad and Wilma are asked to compete in the "prisoner's dilemma" game. As revealed in the pattern of responses above, Wilma is probably using a ________ strategy.

tit-for-tat

One way of decreasing the persuasibility of members of an audience is:

to forewarn them that someone is going to try to persuade them.

Attractive or likable communicators tend to be more persuasive when they are obviously trying to persuade us. This statement is:

true, but only in the case of trivial issues.

The reason experimenters randomly assign participants to different conditions in an experiment is to:

try to distribute unique characteristics of the participants equally between conditions. or minimize the effect of confounding due to uncontrolled subject variables

A group is most likely to influence us when they are ______ in their opinion.

unanimous

Using what you know about the charlie's angels experiment by Kenrick and Gutierres, if you were a young woman and were about to go out with a male blind date, you should hope that he has just been watching a movie that starred:

unattractive women.

Bushman and Bonacci.... under which conditions did men and women recall the advertised products?

under the neutral conditions.

In the "quiz show" The observers committed the error of:

underestimating the impact of social roles in explaining behavior

The main idea behind cognitive dissonance is that incompatiable attitudes:

unpleasant and motivate effects reduce it.

In the circumstances surrounding the Abu Ghriab prison in which American soldiers abused Iraqi detainees resembles the situation in Zimbardo's prison study. Generalizing from this study, the guards' behaviors could be explained as a result of:

untrained guards being placed in an unusual situation.

The circumstances surrounding the Abu Ghraib prison in which American soldiers abused Iraqi detainees resembles the situation in Zimbardo's prison study. Generalizing from this study, the guard's behaviors could be explained as a result of:

untrained guards being places in an unusual situation.

Dissonance reduction processes can make:

us dislike people we hurt in order to justify hurting them.

Abby wants her roommate Rachel to pick up her clothes...

use a mild punishment that was enough to get Rachel to pick up her clothes.

Confirmation bias

verifies our initial knowledge, hypotheses, and beliefs

Based on research on attributions within married couples presented in your text, consider the following couple: Dean claims that every time Erica does something kind it is just because she wants to impress his mother, and every time she does something rude he says it is because she is a mean person. What kind of relationship are they most likely to have?

very dissatisfied: a troubled couple

Philip's research on impact of media coverage on car-crash suicides revealed that following the publicized suicide:

victims of "suicide" accidents tend to be of similar age to the victims of the publicized suicide.

Phillips's research on the impact of media coverage of car-crash suicides revealed that following publicized suicide:

victims of "suicide" accidents tended to be of similar age as the victim of the publicized suicide.

There are two dimensions that are now used to define the four types of adult attachment. Which of the following are these two dimensions?

view of self view of others

Catharsis refers to the idea that:

violence reduces pent-up aggressive energy.

In Asch's study of conformity, which involved a comparison of the lengths of different lines, subjects were told that the experiment was about perceptual judgement. Telling subjects this:

was part of the experimenter's cover story.

In the "Barry Manilow" study- Gilovich asked students to go to a party ____% thought people would notice, but in reality only ____%. The results of this study support the idea that:

we think people are watching us more than they are.

According to Aronson's text, the statement that we are all "amateur" social psychologists means that:

we all develop hypotheses about social behavior because we spend a lot of time interacting with other people

According to Aronson's text, the statement that we are all "amateur" social psychologists means that:

we all develop hypotheses about social behavior because we spend a lot of time interacting with other people.

Neurological research indicates that when we try to use the same amount of force in retaliation that was used in the original attack on us:

we apply greater force but don't realize it.

Which best summarizes Aronson's view on human begins and rationality?

we are capable of both rational and irrational behaviors, depending on the circumstances.

According to a student by Mallick and McCandless, in which children were kept from achieving a goal by another child's clumsiness, the amount of aggression we express after a frustrating experience if often reduced when:

we learn that the person who has frustrated us actually intended no harm.

Cognitive Miser means

we take shortcuts in processing complex info to simply it.

whether or not the photographs were symmetrical

Steele and Aronson administered the verbal portion of the GRE to black and white students, telling them either that the test was measuring their intellectual ability or that it had nothing to do with their intellectual ability. The results of this study revealed that:

white students performed equally well in both situations, but black students were highly affected by the way the test was described.

Social Psychology

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