Social Psychology Exam 1

Social neuroscience is the marriage between which fields

social psychologyand biology

Using which of the following designs will increase the external validity of an experiment?

Field Experiment

Which of the following represents a potential contribution by a social psychologist?

Reducing prejudice and violence

The experimental method always involves __________.

a direct intervention on the part of the researcher

When judging other people and ourselves, we use the __________ heuristic.

availability

Folk wisdom is considered to be

common sense

One of the greatest advantages of surveys is that researchers __________.

can examine variables that are difficult to observe directly

Dr. Nash wants to conduct research on spousal abuse. Why would Dr. Nash be unwise to use observational methods for this topic?

Abuse is usually something that occurs privately

The availability heuristic is associated with which of the following characteristics of schemas?

Accessibility

Which of the following does NOT belong?

Analytic thinking

Because their intellectual root lie more in Gestalt psychology than in __________, social psychologist tend to focus less on objective aspects of a social situation and more on______.

Behaviorism; people's perceptions

In which of the following examples does the need for accurate information most conflict with the need for self-esteem?

Carla has to decide whether to read the detailed red-ink comments on D paper she just spent weeks writing

Which of the following is a serious shortcoming of the correlational approach?

Causal inferences based on correlational data are often faulty

What is the best way to apply evolutionary theory to social psychology today?

Create novel hypotheses that can be tested experimentally

Which of the following is NOT one of the purposes of debriefing?

Giving the participants a chance to withdraw from the experiment

How reasonable is it for someone to rely on the representativeness heuristic to make a quick judgment?

Often perfectly reasonable, when there is no other information available

According to the authors of your textbook, why do people sometimes construe information to feel good about themselves

People have a strong need to maintain their self-esteem

When we commit the fundamental attribution error, we ________ the power of ________ on behavior.

Overestimate; personal influence

The authors of the text discuss in people's ability to reason accurately. Which of the following is NOT a challenge to reasoning accurately?

People are seldom motivated to be accurate

The word "construal" refers to _____

Personal interpretations

Many social problems of interest to social psychologists can be studied __________.

Scientifically

Mikaela justifies her past behaviors to protect her self-esteem. What is most likely to happen to Mikaela

She will not learn from past experiences

In describing the intricacies of cross-cultural research, the authors of your text assert that it is not as simple as translating one's materials into an appropriate language, traveling to another culture, and conducting the experiment there. Which of the following statements describes one of the challenges of cross-cultural research?

Some cover stories may be offensive or unrealistic in the other culture.

Why is it unwise to conclude that if two variables are correlated, one must have caused the other?

Some unmeasured third variable might make them appear related when in fact they are not

If a researcher were to observe women exercising and then men exercising and compare these groups, why would this not be considered an experiment?

The experimenter is not manipulating anything

If a researcher is interested in learning about people's attitudes about environmental issues, the research method he should employ is__________.

Survey research

When Mark goes to give Sven a congratulatory pat on the back after a job well done, he jumps and turns away. Mark has just read Chapter 1, and fancies himself something of a Gestalt psychologist. What is he likely to think about Sven's behavior?

Sven must have interpreted my gesture differently than I intended

Which of the following is important to replication across different situations and people?

Testing if the results are externally valid across people and situations

Which statement below best captures the major ethical dilemma faced by experimental social psychologists?

That which is good science may sometimes cause discomfort

Wegner (2002, 2004) compared the illusion of free will to which of the following?

The "correlation does not equal causation" problem

Rosenberg and his colleagues (1992) conducted a study that found that women who relied on the diaphragm or contraceptive sponge had fewer STDs than women who used condoms. The media jumped to the conclusion that condom use contributes to STDs. Of the limitations of this study, which one should have prevented the media from drawing a causal conclusion?

The choice to use condoms may have stemmed from STD contraction rather than the reverse

Jake had a hypothesis about the outcome of the Ross and colleagues (2004) study about the Wall Street Game and the Community Game. Jake hypothesized that the players would respond based on their personalities, not just the name of the game they played. His hypothesis is most likely based on which tendency?

The fundamental attribution error

Nanami and April were playing in the den when April's mother entered the room and scolded them for making a mess. Nanami decided then and there that April's mother was a grouch. Nanami's inference is an example of __________.

The fundamental attribution error

What is the take-home message from the research regarding the effects of generating different numbers of examples of behavior?

The more examples you have to think of, the less behavior describes you

In the long run, which will help you determine what steps you need to take to improve your study skills for your social psychology class?

The need for accuracy

Which of the following best defines the term "sample"?

The people actually measured in a study

The idea of "telling more than you can know" (Nisbett & Wilson, 1977) is the premise that people may report why they respond a certain way, but that their reports about causes of behavior reflect __________.

Their theories and beliefs about what should have influenced them

Recently, a state department of education decided to lower the grade needed to pass the writing portion of a standardized test. Assuming that Rosenthal and Jacobson's research remains true in today's classrooms, what is most likely to happen to students' writing ability as a result?

Their writing will get worse because they are not being held to a higher standard

How did Latané and Darley (1968) vary the number of bystanders in their experimental study of the effects of the number of witnesses exposed to an emergency?

They randomly assigned participants to one of three conditions: several witnesses, few witnesses, or one witness

In the introduction to Chapter 1, you read about a number of social phenomena: a young man broadcast his suicide live online; a sister and brother disagreed on the attractiveness of the same fraternity; and more than 800 people committed mass suicide in Jonestown, Guyana. What do these examples have in common?

They reveal the power of social influence.

In the study by Shariff and Norenzayan (2007) presented in your text, what made people behave more altruistically, actually leaving more money for a stranger?

They were primes with words related to God

Which of the following people have fallen prey to the fundamental attribution error?

Tim, who points to a person who fell down and says, "What a clumsy oaf!"

Which example best describes the representativeness heuristic?

To decide if someone is a lawyer, I compare that person's characteristics to the characteristics of the typical lawyer

What is the function of an institutional review board (IRB)?

To review proposals for research and decide whether they meet ethical guidelines

What is the major advantage of processing information automatically?

We can use our cognitive resources for other, more important matters

Which of the following questions is a behaviorist most likely to ask?

What are the external rewards in this situation

Which of the following would most likely be an added benefit of studying social psychology

You can identify and change your own self-defeating behaviors

If your professor asks you to list ten ways to improve the course and you cannot do it, how will that affect your course ratings overall?

You will feel positively about the course

Imagine it is the end of a long day and you are hot and ready to head home. If the research on the connection between physical sensations and the judgments they affect is correct, which of the following about social influence is most likely to occur?

You will not be influenced because you feel to negatively

Researchers asked some participants to think of six times they had behaved assertively and asked other participants to think of twelve times they had behaved assertively, and then asked all participants to rate how assertive they thought they really were. Participants who tried to generate six examples of assertive behaviors rated themselves as more assertive than did participants who tried to generate twelve examples. Why? Schwarz suggests that participants __________.

asked to generate six examples could do so more easily than participants who were asked to generate twelve

Physicians often say, "When you hear hoof beats behind you, think horses, not zebras." In terms of this chapter, this idea most closely resembles __________.

base rate information

When asked to guess whether Mark is from Montana or California, you guess California because more people live in California. You have used __________ in making your decision.

base rate information

Which of the following pairs of variables are most likely to be negatively correlated?

calories consumed and weight loss

One main reason why social psychologists may elect to use deception in their studies is that it __________.

creates a situation in which participants experience contrived events as though they were real

In explaining why so many people watching on the internet failed to come to the aid of Abraham Biggs, who committed suicide, a behaviorist would most likely address the ______

danger or inconvenience that faced anyone who intervened

Maisie was very upset after she participated in an experiment. During the __________, the researcher made sure that she understood that the situation was not real, and made sure that Maisie was calm and happy before leaving.

debriefing

A researcher investigates the relationship between socioeconomic status and the likelihood of going on to college after high school. This research represents a(n) __________.

Correlation

In order to examine the importance of loving relationships in several different generations of Americans, a researcher decides to collect the lyrics from the fifty most popular songs of each decade from 1940 through 2010, and to code those lyrics for how often love-related themes are present. Statistical analyses were conducted. Which of the following methods is this researcher using?

Correlational

External validity is enhanced when results generalize across different people. __________ research is especially useful for this purpose.

Cross-cultural

Why do schemas differ from culture to culture?

Cultures differ in terms of what is important and relevant to the people who live there.

Which of the following statements most reflects a social psychological point of view?

Fred offered to help because there was certain someone watching whom he wanted to impress

Which of the following techniques is most likely to be used by social neuroscientists?

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A researcher wants to investigate the subculture of snowboarders. He begins hanging out with the snowboarders but does not impose his own ideas on the group. He merely records his observations of the group. This is an example of a(n) __________.

ethnography

A social psychologist asks, "Are there social behaviors that have genetic determinants that evolve through the process of natural selection?" This question is using the __________ perspective.

evolutionary

Recall the description of the political poll taken by Literary Digest about the Landon vs. Roosevelt election. This is an example of a potential error that can be made when doing survey research involving political polls. What is the lesson that survey researchers learned from this error?

it is important to use random selection to obtain a representative sample

What is the role of folk wisdom in social psychology

it provides many ideas or hypotheses for scientific investigation

Recall Medvec and her colleagues' (1995) study of the emotions experienced by Olympic athletes who won bronze and silver medals. If silver medalists outperformed bronze medalists, why were they less happy?

it was easier for silver medalists to imagine winning the gold medal

One potential problem of justifying past behavior in order to protect our self esteem is that

it hinder people from learning from their past mistakes

In trying to decide which of two classmates is smarter, you use the rule that "the faster people talk, the smarter they are," so you choose the classmate who talks faster. You have applied a ____________ to decide who is smarter

judgemental heuristic

Instead of considering every single brand and variety of pasta sauce at the grocery store, most people make quick decisions about which one to purchase. This is an example of how people use __________.

judgemental heuristics

The mental shortcuts that people use to make judgements quickly and efficiently are called__________.

judgemental heuristics

Rashim is viewed by most people he knows as rude, brusque, and completely unconcerned with other people's feelings. He, in contrast, describes himself as efficient and task-oriented. Rahim's self-description best reflects the motive to __________.

justify our past behavior

It is __________ to miss a bus by five minutes than to miss it by an hour because __________.

more distressing; its easier to imagine what you might have done to catch the bus

In the study by Shariff and Norenzayan (2007) presented in your text, when participants were primed with words related to God or fairness to others, they behaved __________.

more selflessly

Social psychological research has convincingly demonstrated that the ______ the initiation to join a group, the _______ the initiates like the group

more severe; more

According to the perspective presented in the chapter, a person who grew up in a home with an alcoholic parent who sees a man acting in a somewhat strange manner may be __________ likely to interpret this behavior as due to alcohol because of __________.

more; chronic accessibility of an alcoholic schema

Thomas is scrupulously honest when it comes to not cheating on his tests and papers, but when a cashier accidentally gives him back too much change, he is likely to keep the extra money. A social psychologist would most likely say that Thomas's behavior __________.

must be responding to factors in the situation that affect his honestly

Given the choice between distorting the world in order to enhance their self-esteem or viewing the world accurately, people often

put a slightly different spin on things in order to feel good about themselves

How do social psychologists differ from those who rely on common sense or folk wisdom in answering questions about human nature? Social psychologists __________.

use science to test hypotheses about the social world

When asked why she is always losing things, Veronique replies, "I'm not careless. It's just that I have more important things to think about." This response would be predicted by a social psychologist who understands Veronique's __________ motive.

self-esteem

According to the authors of your text, archival research can tell researchers about __________.

the values and beliefs of a culture

The authors of your text discuss the idea that social psychology progresses through the process of theory refinement. Which of the following is the best summary of theory refinement?

theories are developed, hypotheses are proposed and tested, ad then theories are revised

Social cognition is the study of how people __________.

think about themselves and the social world

The whole is different from the sum of its parts. This statement reflects a tenet of ______ psychology

Gestalt

Social psychologists and personality psychologists share what common goal?

Understanding causes of human behavior

Which of the following is a consequence of underestimating the power of social influence?

We tend to oversimplify complex situations

Research demonstrated that physical sensation can activate metaphors that influence our judgments about unrelated topics. If you wanted students to take your petition seriously, you should present the information about it __________.

a heavy tablet

Katarina meets a young man who has long hair, saggy pants, multiple facial piercings, and many tattoos. Katarina applies a schema from her past experience and immediately categorizes this young man as __________.

a party boy

A teenager wants to borrow the family car to go to an out-of-town concert. Her parents resist the idea. Based on the results of the research study on the effects of generating different numbers of examples of behavior described in your text, the teenager in question is most likely to view her parents as stubborn and unreasonable when they say to her, __________.

"Give us one reason why we shouldn't worry ourselves to death"

Leslie cannot say no to anyone. Consequently, she takes on too much and doesn't fulfill her commitments as promptly as she might. Assume that when asked to explain these behaviors, Leslie is motivated to be accurate in her self-perceptions. What would she be most likely to say?

"I guess I'm a bit of a pushover, and take on more than I can responsibly handle."

Why didn't Latané and Darley (1968), in their study of bystander intervention in emergencies, use a manipulation more like events in the Kitty Genovese murder?

. It would be unethical to expose unwitting participants to such a distressing manipulation.

__________ is defined by the authors of your text as an experiment conducted in natural settings rather than in the laboratory.

A field experiment

Suppose someone says to you, "I don't understand what you can learn from laboratory psychology experiments in social psychology. They are so artificial, and most of them are done with limited populations, namely college students." What would your best response be, according to a social psychologist?

A great advantage to laboratory studies is the ability to know for sure what is causing what. To see how much you can generalize from them, you can replicate the studies with different populations and in different situations.

Researchers Baron and Straus (1984) found a positive correlation between the number of sexually explicit magazines sold in different states and the number of reported rapes in each of those states. They refrained from concluding that exposure to pornography caused men to rape because of the potential influence of a third variable. Which of the following might constitute that third variable?

A hypermasculine in those states

Based on the study by Nisbett and his colleagues on statistical reasoning across four disciplines, which person would you count on to solve a statistical reasoning problem accurately?

A psychologist

One of Kurt Lewin's boldest intellectual contributions to social psychology was________.

Applying Gestalt principles to social perception

__________ research involves systematic examination of the documents or records of a culture.

Archival

Professor Takahami is a personality psychologist interested in divorce. Which question is she most likely to investigate?

Are some types of people more likely to divorce than others

Based on the study by Harold Kelley (1950) presented in your text, if you were to describe yourself to a blind date as being witty, how would she be most likely to view a slightly sarcastic comment you made?

As funny and witty

Consider information from the authors of your text about the availability heuristic. If you wanted to improve customer satisfaction survey ratings for your company, which of the following would you ask customers in terms of their suggestions for improvement?

Ask them to list ten criticisms/suggestions

Of the following, which question is LEAST likely to be asked by a social psychologist?

At what age do we gain the ability to walk?

Reasoning based on the ease with which we can bring something to mind involves the use of the __________ heuristic.

Availability

Recall the words of Dr. Robert Marion, who was the first physician to correctly diagnose a nine-year-old girl with a rare disease: "Doctors are just like everyone else. We go to the movies, watch TV, read newspapers and novels. If we happen to see a patient who has symptoms of a rare disease that was featured on the previous night's 'Movie of the Week,' we're more likely to consider that condition when making a diagnosis." In essence, Dr. Marion is describing the __________ heuristic.

Availability

Jacob's friend Tom asks him, "Do you think I'm short-tempered?" Jacob had never really thought about how short-tempered or calm Tom was until he asked. Nonetheless, Jacob was able to provide him a quick answer. What social cognitive process was most likely involved in this judgment?

Availability heuristic

Which of the following relatively "famous" psychologists is a behaviorist?

B.F. Skinner

Consider the results from a study by Miyamoto and colleagues in which participants viewed either photos of U.S. city scenes or Japanese city scenes, then were asked to detect differences between two similar pictures. Based on their findings, if an American was touring in Tokyo, Japan, which of the following aspects of a picture would she be most likely to pick up on?

Background

Miyamoto and colleagues conducted a study in which participants viewed either photos of U.S. city scenes or Japanese city scenes, then were asked to detect differences between two similar pictures. They found that participants who viewed Japanese city scenes were more likely to detect changes in _________.

Background

In a 1932 study, a Bantu herdsman readily recalled the details of a cattle transaction, but the Scotsman had to look up his written record of the event. According to your text, what can best explain this difference in memory ability?

Bantu culture emphasizes cattle herding so strongly that herdsmen have well-developed schemas

Isabella goes to a fortune teller, who tells her, "You are the type of person who is very outgoing and sociable, yet at times you enjoy being alone." Isabella thinks this captures her personality amazingly well, because she finds many instances in her memories of such behaviors. Isabella has just fallen prey to the __________.

Barnum effect

When people use information about the relative frequency of members of different categories in the population to make judgments (e.g., the percentage of students who are psychology majors), they are using __________.

Base rate information

The social cognition approach is based on the notion that humans are often motivated to_____>

Be accurate in their perceptions and inferences

You are listening to a radio broadcast that describes a person who donated a kidney to a complete stranger in need of a transplant, when the phone rings and the firemen's association asks you to make a donation. The idea of priming suggests that you will __________.

Be more likely to make a donation because the schema of being charitable has been made more accessible

Assume that, contrary to research findings, people who undergo a severe initiation to join a group actually like the group less than do people who undergo a mild initiation. If these findings were true, they would provide support for a __________ approach to social influence.

Behaviorist

When Suzie whines in a supermarket, her father gives her candy to keep her quiet. After a while, Suzie whines more often in the market because her father has rewarded her whining with candy. This explanation is more compatible with a ______ approach.

Behaviorist

Which of the following is a likely criticism of the behaviorist apprach?

Behaviorists explanations are too simplistic to explain all human social behavior

Of the following examples, which one demonstrates a common barrier to improving human thinking?

Ben is a person who is often too optimistic about the accuracy of judgements

Which is more important: basic or applied research?

Both are important, because basic research allows for an understanding of psychological processes that can be used in applied research to solve social problems.

One application of Ross's idea of naïve realism is to assist in negotiations between longtime adversaries such as Palestinians and Israelis. How would understanding naïve realism potentially help these parties negotiate more successfully?

Both sides would understand that their perceptions are biased and try to be more objective.

Dimitri went through a lot of hard work during Basic Training in the Army. At times, drill sergeants yelled at him; he was physically exhausted and emotionally distressed. But, at the end of Basic Training, he felt that joining the Army had been a very good decision. The self-esteem explanation for Dimitri's feelings about Basic Training is that __________.

Dimitri has to somehow justify his suffering while maintaining his self-esteem

Dr. Diehl and Dr. Jzreck both study aggression. However, Dr. Diehl studies the topic from the standpoint of society at large; Dr. Jzreck studies it from the standpoint of the individual. Who is most likely to be the social psychologist?

Dr. Jzreck, because he focuses on individuals

Iain is from Australia, where people drive on the left-hand side of the road. When he moved to the United States, his accident rate was higher than that of any of his friends. Why might this be?

Driving schemas differ between the United States and Australia.

Dr. Lim conducts a study in which he places either an expensive or a cheap purse on a park bench. He then counts how many people try to return the purse to its owner. What kind of study is this?

Field experiment

Consider the following survey item: "If you found yourself on an airplane with engine problems, would you __________?" Most social psychologists would not include such an item on their survey because most respondents would __________.

Find it difficult to accurately imagine what they would actually do

Why is a scientific approach preferable to reliance on folk wisdom and common sense?

Folk Wisdom and common sense are filled with contradictions

Marta left a party feeling very upset. Rather than trying to recall each conversation she had during the party, Marta tried to explain her feelings by reflecting on the party as a whole. The process Marta used resembles the approach used by ________ psychologists.

Gestalt

Social psychologists' emphasis on construals of social situations has its roots in ________ psychology

Gestalt

The study by Shariff and Norenzayan (2007) presented in your text showed that under some conditions, participants would be more likely to leave more money for a stranger. What is the larger contribution to understanding social cognition that this study makes?

Goals can be activated and influence people's behavior without their knowledge.

In a study of group dynamics, participants were placed in groups consisting of either three or ten people. During the study, group members worked together trying to solve a puzzle. After completing the task, participants reported how satisfied they were with the other members of their group. __________ is the independent variable in this study.

Group Size

In the Wall Street Game and Community Game research, the personality traits of the student participants_________.

Had no measurable effect on the participants' behavior

An experimenter finds out that the p-value in his study is 3 in 100. What does this mean?

He has a 3 percent chance of finding these results by chance alone

Research has demonstrated that metaphors about the body and social judgments influence how we think and the decisions we make. If that is true, the next time you are feeling lonely and as if the world is a cold, heartless place, what should you do and why?

Hold a warm beverage in your hands, because warmth is associated with friendliness

Nao was raised in Japan and is walking through Times Square in New York City. Based on results from Nisbett's studies on cultural differences in thinking styles, which of the following would Nao be most likely to notice relative to people raised in the U.S.?

How the buildings are arranged relative to one another

Ms. Honeywell is an elementary school teacher who maintains that in her thirty-five years of experience, boys just tend to do better at math than girls. Recently, she has read a number of studies that show that girls and boys actually have about the same level of math ability. Based on information about how teachers create and sustain self-fulfilling prophecies, what is Ms. Honeywell most likely to think about the study results?

I don't buy it-three times as many boys as girls in my classes have excelled at math."

You might have heard the old Groucho Marx quip, "I wouldn't belong to any club that would have me for a member." From a self-esteem perspective in social psychology, what would be a more accurate-if less humorous-statement?

I would most want to belong to a club that made me suffer to get into it

You might have heard the old Groucho Marx quip, "I wouldnt belong to any club that would have me for a member." From a self-esteem perspective in social psychology, what would be more accurate-if less humorous-statement?

I would mostly want to belong to a club that made me suffer to get into it

What is a primary benefit of conducting cross-cultural research for social psychologists?

It allows us to see if a given phenomenon is generalizable to other cultures

Although the fields of personality psychology and social psychology are related, what distinguishes social psychology from the other?

It examines how social situations impact indivdual's lives, whereas the other examines only the individual

Although the fields of sociology and social psychology are related, what distinguishes social psychology from the other?

It examines the individual in the situation, whereas the other examines broader societal issues

Dr. Wegner conducts a study to investigate the careers young adults are interested in pursuing using a sample of 100 Harvard honors students. What is the major problem with her sample?

It is difficult to say with certainty taht she can generalize across people

Why do researchers go to great lengths to create cover stories and devise elaborate situations in their studies to cover up the true purpose of the study?

It reduces the likelihood that participants will change their behavior because they know too much about the study.

Tom and Julius are both in line for a movie, but it sells out before either of them can get tickets. Tom is the last person in line, but Julius is directly behind the person who got the last ticket. Based on the idea of counterfactual reasoning, why will Julius be more upset than Tom?

It was easier for Julius to imagine how he could have gotten a ticket

Your roommate questions how charitable you really are. She says to you, "Give me just one example of the last time you gave money to a homeless person." Odds are that her challenge will convince you that you really are a generous person. Based on research by Schwarz and his colleagues (1991), why is that?

Its easy to bring to mind one example that supports your self-schema

Which of the following situations is LEAST likely to result in diffusion of responsibility?

Jim and Bob observe a young woman being abused in a parking lot

Which of the following is the best example of a construal?

John, who believes people born under the sign of Taurus are stubborn

Based on your reading of Chapter 3 (Social Cognition), who would you predict would be more frustrated: Katie, who missed an A by one point, or James, who missed an A by five points?

Katie, because it's easier for her to imagine getting one more test item right

According to the text, at the founding of social psychology, ________, having escaped Nazi Germany, brought a passionate interest in understanding social behavior

Kurt Lewin

The authors of your text suggest that in the 1930s and 1940s, the most influential person in social psychology was __________.

Kurt Lewin

Which of the following psychologists is considered the founding father of modern experimental social psychology

Kurt Lewin

Given that field experiments are high in external validity, why is it that social psychologists still rely on laboratory studies?

Laboratory studies help to control for extraneous variables

Josh and his friends have just started up a new fraternity on campus, and want to recruit men who will be loyal and love it. Based on the self-esteem approach, which initiation strategy would you recommend to Josh?

Make them suffer a little: ride backwards in elevators all week.

How is a field experiment similar to a lab experiment? Both involve_______.

Manipulation of an independent variable

The major difference between experiments and other research methods is that experiments involve ___________.

Manipulation of the independent variable

Which of the following represents a limitation of observational methods?

Many behaviors of interest occur only in private

Ross and colleagues (2004) found that people playing the Wall Street Game were __________ competitive than people playing the Community Game, __________ of individual differences in competitiveness and cooperativeness.

More; regardless

Institutional review boards (IRBs) must be composed of certain types of people. If the IRB at Claudius University already consists of a scientist and a nonscientist, which of the following people would also need to be on the IRB at Claudius University?

Mr. Allen, a physician in the town near Claudius University

Research by Lee Ross suggests that even when people recognize that others perceive information differently, they persist in thinking that others are biased, while they themselves are objective. This illustrates the idea of __________.

Naive realism

Tony has been doing research on age and aggression. He has discovered that the older a person gets, the less likely he or she is to aggress against another person. What kind of relationship best describes Tony's findings?

Negative Correlation

Imagine that researchers have found a positive correlation between the frequency of disagreements that couples have and how long they stay together. Based on this correlation, would you start arguments with your significant other in order to sustain your relationship?

No, because although the two may be correlated, causation has not been established

Your text discusses the fact that there are three causal interpretations of correlations. If there is a correlation such as that the more milk a child drinks, the more weight he or she gains, which of the following is not a possible causal interpretation of the finding?

Obesity is caused by calcium intake

How would a personality psychologist most likely explain the mass suicide in Jonestown?

People who have traits of being unstable are more likely to join cults

According to the authors of your text, when faced with a puzzling social question, it may be tempting to ask people why they behaved as they did. Why is this not always the best way to understand social behavior?

People would not necessarily know why they behave as they did

Shanika is an executive, and asked her assistant repeatedly to make some copies for her. The assistant repeatedly failed to successfully complete the assignment. If Shanika is thinking like a social psychologist about this situation, what is she most likely to think about her assistant?

Perhaps my assistant is under stress from something else

By degree of their level of analysis, which of the following reflects the narrowest to broadest focus?

Personality psychology, social psychology, sociology

You've rented the movie Sophie's Choice. There is a scene in which Sophie, a recent immigrant from Poland, is both surprised and amused that Americans have so many words for the concept "fast." She reports that in Polish, there is only one word. You've just read Chapter 3 (Social Cognition), and a friend asks you why the cultures differ in that regard. What would you say?

Poles dont have well-developed schemas for the concept "fast"

In trying to make sense of the mass suicide in Jonestown, a Gestaltist would probably __________.

Ponder the subjective meaning of the act to Jim Jones followers

Aoi is from Japan. If you want her to think analytically, what will you have to do?

Prime analytical thinking with pictures or a story

Jordan's lover of four years just left him. He is hurt, angry, and confused, and says to himself, "He never did understand my need for independence." This explanation for the break-up best reflects which human motive?

Protecting one's self-esteem

Why is conducting research in social psychology so challenging

Psychologist are attempting to predict the behavior of highly sophisticated organisms in complex situations

__________ allows researchers to rule out differences among participants as the cause of differences in the dependent variable.

Random Assignment

__________ would increase the external validity of experiments, but social psychologists must weigh the practicality of doing it.

Random sampling

Which of the following represents a primary threat to internal validity?

Randomly changing several aspects of the study in addition to the independent variables

A researcher is interested in the changing nature of sex roles in contemporary society. If she were to employ an archival analysis, what would she be most likely to do?

Record how boys and girls are portrayed in children's books

After reading Chapter 1, if you were to advise producers of a safe-sex television campaign, what would you tell them?

Remember that sometimes people would rather feel goof than be accurate

What have archival analyses of sexually explicit materials revealed about pornography usage?

Residents of "blue" and "red" states are equally likely to subscribe to pornography sites.

Melissa, Sally, Kathleen, and Lynne went mountain climbing. According to the self-justification approach, which one of the women would most appreciate the view from the top of the mountain?

Sally who pulled a muscle and got scratched by thorns

Based on information from your text, basic research is to __________ as applied research is to __________.

Satisfying intellectual curiosity; solving social problems

Professor Chadwick is young and looks even younger than his years. He dresses in jeans, grubby tennis shoes, and Hawaiian print shirts. One day in the hallway, he strikes up a conversation with a student. During the conversation, the student begins to complain about the poor teaching of the faculty in the department and about the bad things he's heard about the course that Professor Chadwick teaches. Needless to say, when the student finds out he was actually talking to a professor, he feels embarrassed and avoids Professor Chadwick. What is the moral of this story?

Schemas may make us efficient but sometimes at a cost in accuracy

Ross and colleagues (2004) randomly assigned participants previously identified as either competitive or cooperative to one of two games: the "Wall Street Game" or the "Community Game." They found that two-thirds of the players in the "Wall Street Game" behaved competitively compared to one-third of people who played the "Community Game" who behaved competitively. What do these findings suggest?

Seemingly minor aspects of social situation can override personality differences

Based on information from the authors of your text, what is one possible explanation as to why girls and boys perform about the same in math in elementary school while a gender gap appears around puberty?

Self-fulfilling prophecies seem to occur

Which of the following is most likely to be studied by a social psychologist?

Sex differences in self-concepts

Julia eats granola bars and avoids chocolate bars, even though the granola bars contain 50 percent more fat and 15 percent more sodium than the chocolate bars. According to a social cognition approach, why might Julia do that?

She failed to seek out all the relevant facts about the nutritional value of those snacks

Lisa and Melissa were comparing grades on their chemistry exam. Lisa was disappointed when she first saw that she had received a grade of 76 percent, but when she saw that Melissa (the class valedictorian in high school) had earned a grade of 78 percent, she felt much better about her grade. What is most likely to be a reason that Lisa changed her perspective?

She had a different construal of her grade.

Researchers conduct an experiment in which participants watch either a violent film or a nonviolent film. After watching the film, the researchers take saliva samples from participants to test for levels of a hormone called testosterone. According to the authors of your text, which field of psychology are these researchers from?

Social Neuroscience

Juan thinks the idea that "birds of a feather flock together" has more merit than "opposites attract." So he designs an experiment to test his hypothesis. Juan is most likely a __________.

Social Psychologist

The scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people is the definition of_____

Social Psychology

Aya is eight months old, and her mother pretends her baby food is a train in order to convince her to eat it. Aya's mother is using a rather creative form of __________.

Social influence

Which of the following is true about social psychologists' interest in social problems?

Social problems have been a concern since the beginning of social psychology

Jerrika researched and developed a program to reduce high school dropout rates among minorities. Jerrika is most likely a __________.

Social psychologist

With regard to cross-cultural research in social psychology, which of the following is NOT true?

Social psychologists find cross-cultural studies of social behavior valuable because these allow the use of research methods deemed unethical in the United States

Garry is a physician and is convinced that his patient Mr. Mraz has cancer. However, after several diagnostic tests and a biopsy that came back negative, Garry rethinks his original diagnosis. He admits that he was wrong and does more research to find the correct diagnosis. In this case, which basic motive did Garry give in to?

The need for accuracy

George just finished a poem, and is very proud of his work. He knows he should ask his instructor for some constructive feedback to improve it, but chooses not to because he is afraid of losing his sense of accomplishment. In this case, which basic motive did George give in to?

The need to feel good about oneself

In many respects, reality television shows are similar to observational research in social psychology. In what crucial respect are reality TV shows most different from observational research?

The observations were not conducted in a systematic, scientific manner

Rahid's server in the restaurant just can't seem to get his order right. If Rahid has just read Chapter 1 on social influence and is thinking more like a social psychologist than before, what would he be most likely to think?

The person must have had a bad morning

Tyson has looked at all of his syllabi and has written in his calendar to begin his term paper five days before it is due in class. In the past, Tyson has never finished a term paper in less than ten days. But this time, he thinks it will be different because he is now smarter and more experienced. Tyson is making what kind of error in thinking?

The planning fallacy

Which of the following social phenomena would be of interest to both social psychologists and sociologists?

The role of competition between groups in increasing aggression

Social psychologists, as compared with personality psychologists, believe that by only paying attention to the influence of personality traits on behavior, one is ignoring what?

The role of social influence

The authors of your text report that a college professor asked students to list either two or ten ways to improve the course. Because students used the availability heuristic, which group of students gave the professor the highest course ratings overall?

The students who were asked to list ten improvements

Which of the following is the best definition of the fundamental attribution error?

The tendency to underestimate the power of situational factors in people's behavior

What is a limitation of applying evolutionary theory to social psychology?

There are debates about whether or not it is actually testable in the experimental method.

Which of the following factors was NOT necessary to ensure the internal validity of the Latané and Darley "seizure" study described in the text?

They asked participants about their knowledge of epilepsy before beginning the experiments

What do observational and correlational research have in common?

They cannot answer causal questions

According to the authors of your text, why did behaviorists not incorporate cognition, thinking, and feeling into their theory?

They considered the concepts too vauge and difficult to observe

The studies by Rosenthal and Jacobson on self-fulfilling prophecies have concluded that the teachers treated the "bloomers" in class differently than the other children. In which of the following ways did the teachers treat these students differently?

They gave bloomers more personal attention

What is one of the main problems faced by researchers who want to test their theories cross-culturally?

Variables may have to be changed so that their meaning is understood in the same way across cultures

Which of the following characteristics is NOT a part of automatic thinking?

Voluntary

According to the authors of your text, how is it best to characterize humans as social thinkers?

We have amazing cognitive abilities, but there is room for improvement.

According to the authors of your text, what is the primary reason that people often rely on a variety of mental shortcuts?

We're confronted with an overwhelming amount of social information

Based on the study by Shariff and Norenzayan (2007) presented in your text, if you are religious and pass by several churches, then a block or so later a homeless person asks you for change, how are you likely to behave?

You would be more likely to give the person money.

A cover story is __________.

a "false" description of the purposes of a study

"To understand humans, one needs only to know about environmental rewards and punishments." This statement would most likely be endorsed by a strict __________.

a behaviorist

Carol has a subtle "Mona Lisa" smile that is much harder to detect than an obvious toothy grin. Assume that before you met Carol, a mutual friend described her as warm and friendly. The first time Carol smiled at you, if you were to rely on your schemas, you would probably conclude that she is __________.

a friendly person

When Professor McDonald starts class, a student rushes in late, making a lot of noise and disrupting the entire classroom. Professor McDonald immediately labels the student as irresponsible. This is an example of __________.

a fundamental attribution error

Faustino is a musician who plays the trumpet in the band at his school. When he sees Isabel carrying a case into the school, he assumes she is a musician as well. Faustino's schema is __________.

accessible because of his experience with the band

In 200 years, after watching our TV commercials and Internet advertising, it is possible that researchers will conclude that we had all sorts of medical problems and only ate food in our cars. These conclusions would be based on __________ research.

archival

Professor Yarnofsky wonders whether recent acts of airline terrorism have made the public more fearful of airline flight. He secures records of the amount of flight insurance that people have purchased via machines at the airport, and compares the records of insurance purchases before the last hijacking to purchases after the last hijacking. Professor Yarnofsky has employed a(n) __________ research method.

archival

Dr. Williams wants to understand the motivations behind school shootings. To begin answering her questions, she examines the social media posts and blogs by identified school shooters. She also reads all the media reports she can find about the school shooters. Doing research in this manner is __________.

archival analysis

Social psychologists differ from sociologists in that social psychologists __________.

are concerned with people's perspectives on their social environments

Parents seldom spend a lot of time explaining to their children how to ride a bicycle. Instead, they often get a bike with training wheels and let the children learn for themselves how to ride a bike. This is because our understanding about how to ride a bicycle is based on __________.

automatic thinking, which is difficult to describe to someone else

Your roommate is interested in dating Chris, whom you know from a history class. Your roommate asks if you think Chris is generally a considerate person. You remember how Chris gave you notes when you missed class last week and tell your roommate you think Chris is very considerate. In making your judgment, you have relied upon the __________ heuristic.

availability

When baby Lexi smiles, her mother claps her hands, sings her praises, and smiles back. According to the ______ perspective, Lexi will smile more in the future

behavioral

Amani raises her hand in class. Her answer is wrong, and the teacher scolds her. After that, Amani doesn't participate much in class. This situation is most compatible with a __________ approach to understanding and predicting behavior.

behaviorist

Linda tells her professor that her dog is very smart. Every time he hears the word "walkies," he runs to get his leash and stands in front of the door. Linda's professor tells her that her dog has learned to do this because, in the past, pleasant walks always followed the word "walkies." Linda's professor is most likely endorsing a __________ explanation.

behaviorist

Professor Srinivasan is a psychologist, yet she does not study cognition, thoughts, or feelings because she claims that they are not rooted in observable behavior. Professor Srinivasan is most likely a __________.

behaviorist

Julia and Tina have a very exclusive club. In order to make new members loyal and really enjoy being part of the club, Julie says new members should be rewarded for their good behaviors in the club. Tina, however, suggests that they use and embarrassing initiation. In this example, Julie is taking a _______ approach, while Tina is taking a ________ approach

behaviorist; self-esteem

Researchers had college students read statements about the existence or absence of free will. They were interested in the impact of __________ on the students' willingness to cheat on rewarding themselves for accuracy on an exam.

belief in free will

A researcher interested in testing a __________ hypothesis would be most likely to conduct an experiment.

causal

Recall that Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson (1968) informed grade-school teachers that some of their students (called "bloomers") would show great academic improvement in the upcoming year. Also recall that students labeled "bloomers" actually showed greater increases on IQ tests compared to students who were not labeled "bloomers." These differences occurred because teachers __________.

challenged "bloomers" more and gave them more and better feedback

According to the authors of your text, people raised in which of the following countries would be most likely to have a holistic thinking style?

china

According to the authors of your text, what are the three reasons that schemas become accessible?

chronic accessibility due to experience; a current goal; priming

The behaviorist approach_____

claims that all learning occurs through reinforcement and punishment

Jeremy is in love with Carol and views her temper as an endearing example of her "feistiness." Her coworkers, however, interpret Carol's temper as rude and insensitive. The difference between Jeremy and the coworkers illustrates the power of love to influence our __________.

construals

Karen returns home from her first year of college and is very proud of her first-year GPA. She earned a 3.0 (B) average. She's unhappily surprised to discover that her parents are disappointed that she didn't perform better. This difference in interpretation illustrates the power of __________ in explaining social behavior.

construals

Ted likes Jim and smiles at him every chance he gets. Jim wonders why Ted is always smirking at him sarcastically and studiously avoids him. Ted thinks he's being friendly and cannot understand Jim's standoffishness; Jim thinks Ted is a jerk for continuing to smirk at him without explanation. This difference illustrates the role of __________ in explaining social behavior.

construals

The "father" of modern experimental social psychology, Kurt Lewin, pointed out the importance of understanding how people __________ their social environments.

construe

When a researcher interviewed both a Scotsman and a Bantu herdsman about the particulars of a cattle transaction, the Scot __________, whereas the Bantu herdsman __________.

consulted his notes; recalled details from memory

Ahkem is considering buying a new car. He has narrowed his choices down to two models. On a sheet of paper, he begins writing down the positive characteristics of each car and the negative characteristics of each car. He will be using this list to help guide his final decision. In this example, Ahkem is using __________.

controlled thinking

When Ashley first starts typing, she uses the "hunt and peck" method and finds typing very effortful. Now, after taking a typing class, she feels like her papers practically type themselves, once she figures out what she wants to say. This change in her typing reflects a shift from __________.`

controlled to automatic thinking

New students often have to concentrate very hard to take notes in class. They must listen to the lecture, pick out what is important, and focus their attention only on the classroom. As students gain experience, they can more easily identify what is important and what is not, they can often multitask, and they gain a deeper understanding of lectures. This example shows how students move from __________ thinking to __________ thinking as they gain experience in the classroom.

controlled; automatic

Less Ross describe the idea of "naive realism as the

conviction we all have that we perceive things "as they really are"

Liberman, Samuels, and Ross (2004) randomly assigned participants previously identified as cooperative or competitive to play a game that was labeled either the Wall Street Game or the Community Game. If their results had indicated that, no matter what the game, participants who were identified as competitive behaved more competitively in both groups than did participants who were identified as cooperative, these findings would have suggested that __________.

cooperation and competition are based on personality characteristics that are consistent across social situations

Carlos, the president of a fraternity on campus, randomly sampled 500 students, asked them if they belonged to a fraternity or sorority, and asked them about their current GPA. He discovered that the GPAs of those people in fraternities and sororities were higher than those of people who were not involved in the Greek system. Gleefully, he presented his findings to the dean, saying that being involved in a fraternity or sorority leads to higher grades. What rule of research methods is Carlos breaking?

correlation does not prove causation

A researcher is interested in the relationship between the age of a person and their degree of job satisfaction. To determine this, the researcher should use the __________ method.

correlational

A researcher wants to see if there is a relationship between a person's birth order and his or her leadership ability. The best method for answering this question would be __________.

correlational

According to information from the registrar's office, Lee has discovered that people who score higher on the SAT tend to have a higher GPA in their first year of college. Lee has used a(n) __________ research method.

correlational

Surveys are instruments most often used by social psychologists who conduct __________ research.

correlational

Are people who are better educated more or less prejudiced than people who have less education? This question is most appropriately answered by using __________.

correlational research

Several studies conducted by Nisbett and his colleagues involved showing participants two similar pictures and asking them to find the differences between them. Nisbett and his colleagues found a(n) __________ difference in how participants described the differences.

cultural

Dr. Winstell is interested in studying prejudice and devises a study in which Caucasian participants are led to believe that they are chatting electronically with an African American participant. In reality, the participants are responding to another Caucasian participant, and she discloses this information to all participants at the end of the study. Dr. Winstell has used __________ in her study.

deception

If a scientist believes that another person's theory is wrong, the best approach for that scientist to take is to __________.

design a study making specific predictions to test the alternate explanation

When Jakim, a social psychologist, observes that a woman is more likely to open a door for a man than a woman, he may use this information to __________.

develop a hypothesis and design studies to test it

More recent research suggests that cultural differences in thinking style may stem from_______.

differences in the environments across cultures

If both Chinese and Americans are comparing two pieces of art, the Americans are most likely to notice _________.

differences in the foreground

The more people who witness an emergency, the less likely it is that witnesses will help. This is a phenomenon known as __________.

diffusion of responsibility

From across the room, J.T. sees his mother sigh, and he approaches to give her a hug in hopes of cheering her up. In this case, J.T.'s behavior is an example of a(n) __________ social influence attempt.

direct

Jada gives William her dessert at lunch in the hope that he will like her. Jada's behavior is an example of __________.

direct social influence attempt

Rather than relying on personal opinion, Dr. Walsh wants to answer his questions using experimentation and measurement. He is interested in asking __________ questions.

empirical

When social psychologists do research, they seek to answer questions with experimentation and measurement. By doing so, they are asking __________ questions.

empirical

Dr. Hazan believes that, over time, men have developed an attraction to women with a body type that will successfully support pregnancy or reproduction. Dr. Hazan is most likely taking a(n) __________ perspective on social psychology.

evolutionary

A researcher hired by a department store wants to examine whether manipulating the room temperature to be hotter as opposed to cooler affects sales of air conditioners. The best method for answering this question would be __________.

experimental

Which research method allows the researcher to focus on causality

experimental

A researcher concludes that frustrating people by giving them a task that is impossible to complete causes them to behave more aggressively. Only __________ warrants this type of conclusion.

experimental research

Social psychologists sometimes draw on evolutionary theory. Evolutionary theory is used to __________.

explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that have evolved over time

A psychologist first conducted a study on helping behavior with a sample of college undergraduates. This psychologist then replicated the study using the same procedure with a different participant sample. If similar results were obtained with both samples, this experimenter has demonstrated __________.

external validity

Dr. Kisnek makes sure that he builds into his studies a wide variety of people and situations. Dr. Kisnek is concerned with __________.

external validity

Many times in social psychological research, it is often the case that when internal validity is high, there is a trade-off, and __________ is low.

external validity

Relative to laboratory-based experiments, field experiments tend to be high in __________.

external validity

When researchers examine a social psychological phenomenon using cross-cultural research, they are enhancing __________.

external validity

Justin isn't sure if he wants to date Mary, with whom he shares many similarities, or Emma, who is very different from him. His friend says, "Opposites attract," and advises him to date Emma. But his brother says, "Birds of a feather flock together," and suggests that he pursue Mary. This best exemplifies that __________.

folk wisdom is often full of contradictions

An environment that promotes getting along well with others, being connected to one another, and seeing the larger context of social situations is most likely to promote __________ thinking.

holistic

Nisbett (2003) suggested that the difference in ways of thinking came from differences in Eastern and Western philosophical traditions. With that in mind, how would you expect your new roommate, who is from Korea, to think?

holistically

Several studies conducted by Nisbett and his colleagues suggest that people who grow up in East Asian cultures think more __________ than people who grow up in Western cultures.

holistically

In the research presented in the text, people were asked to think about how assertive they were and provide a varying number of examples. The researchers were interested in seeing if __________ would impact how they rated their own assertiveness.

how many examples of assertiveness they had to provide

Research by Kahneman and Tversky (1973) presented by the authors of your text found that people do not use base rate information sufficiently, and pay more attention to __________.

how well the information they have about a person represents a certain category

You are reading a paper about how to do well in college and it presents several correlation coefficients. These correlation coefficients indicate __________.

how well you can predict one variable from the other

A hypothesis is most like a(n)

hunch

A researcher conducted a study and found a positive correlation between age and income level. In other words, this researcher found that as age __________, income level tends to __________.

increase; increase

A researcher conducted a survey and found a negative correlation between education and the tendency to resort to violence during disputes. In other words, this researcher found that as education level __________, the tendency to use violence __________.

increases; decreases

Amber and Jules are friends but differ in how neat they keep their rooms. According to personality psychologists, the distinction between the friends can be referred to as a(n)

individual difference

Compared to social psychologists, personality psychologists are more likely to focus their attention on __________.

individual differences

Like social psychologists, personality psychologists focus on

individuals rather than collectives or institutions

In a study on facilitated communication, headphones were used to ask the communication-impaired person one question and the facilitator a different question (unbeknownst to the two parties). Then the answers provided by the communication-impaired person with the help of the facilitator were examined. Findings indicated that the technique was __________.

ineffective; the facilitators answered the question they were asked but believed they were answering the question asked of the others

Zuzanna had a hard time remembering the names of streets when she traveled because they were in a different language. In addition, the buildings did not look like what she was used to, so she got lost several times. These problems emphasize the role of schemas in __________.

influencing what we notice and remember

It is important to know the probability level for a given set of experimental findings because p-values __________.

inform experimenters whether their results might have happened by chance

Shannon conducts an experiment to test her hypothesis that longer arguments cause couples to become angrier at each other. She randomly assigns couples to argue for either ten minutes or twenty minutes. After her assistant Ken runs the study, Ken tells Shannon that he allowed the couples who were really fighting hard to keep arguing longer than Shannon had originally stated. Shannon cringes, for she knows that the __________ of her study is very low.

internal validity

Korsakov's syndrome is a neurological disorder that makes sufferers unable to form new memories. The world is disorienting and incoherent to patients with this disorder, so they often confabulate and invent fictions to make the world less scary and confusing. A social psychologist might say that these patients __________.

invent schemas where non exist

Automatic thinking is __________, while controlled thinking is __________.

involuntary; voluntary

According to the authors of your text, there is evidence that all cultures, all humans, have access to the same cognitive tools. How does culture impact the use of these tools?

it determines which tools are used the most

One reason it is important to examine cultural influences on social psychological processes is that __________.

it helps us understand whether certain psychological processes are universal

Which of the following is NOT a part of controlled thinking?

it is effortless

Several presidents have been given conflicting advice during wartime. Some advisers urged the president to pursue a peaceful solution; others urged him to escalate bombing to overcome the enemy. These presidents did not want to go down in history as the first U.S. president to lose a war, so they chose to escalate, thereby prolonging the war. According to your text, this decision was most likely a consequence of the motive to __________.

justify previous actions

Spinoza (1663) proposed the idea that when you love someone whom you used to hate, you __________.

love him or her more strongly than if hatred had not preceded the love

Counterfactual thinking can be either detrimental or beneficial to people's mental health. Counterfactual thinking can be detrimental because it __________ and beneficial if it __________.

may prevent people from thinking about anything else, focuses people on wats they can cope better in the future

A __________ enables researchers to decide whether the effects of an independent variable are reliable across studies.

meta-analysis

Suppose a researcher wants to know whether frustration really does cause aggression. She collects a large number of experimental studies that involve both children and adults, and that are conducted both in the laboratory and in the "real world" in both the United States and other cultures. She then conducts a(n) __________ to determine whether there is enough consistency in findings across studies to determine the generalizability of the relationship between frustration and aggression.

meta-analysis

When a researcher examines several replications of a phenomenon, he would be most likely to examine these data using the statistical technique of __________.

meta-analysis

Consider the following (fictitious) conclusion reached by a social psychologist: "After analyzing a sample of over 578 experiments, we have concluded that the question of whether men are more likely than women to help is difficult to answer. Based on the findings of this large number of studies, we have concluded that men are more likely to help when helping demands physical risk or 'chivalry'; otherwise, there are no reliable gender differences in helping." This conclusion about the reliability of the relationship between gender and helping was most likely based on __________.

meta-analytic techniques

The authors of the text describe some arguments that many studies in psychology have failed to be able to be replicated. People making this argument call for psychologists to improve their __________, to make a study more __________.

methods; reliable

Recall that Latané and Darley observed the number of participants in each experimental condition who left their cubicles to help the alleged victim of a seizure. The __________ was the independent variable in their experiment.

number of other participants present

Recall that Latané and Darley observed the number of participants in each condition who left their cubicles to help the alleged victim of a seizure. The __________ was the dependent variable in their experiment.

number of participants who tried to intervene

A behaviorist would be most likely to focus on the role of __________ in influencing behavior.

objective properties of the environment

Researchers Miyamoto, Nisbett, and Masuda compared photographs of city scenes in the U.S. and Japan. They found that, on average, city scenes in Japan contained more __________.

objectives and information

A researcher has recorded that, in the classroom, girls are more likely than boys to ask questions during a lesson. This researcher most likely employed a(n) __________ research method.

observational

A researcher wants to determine if there is any relationship between gender and the tendency to run stop signs. The best method to ask this question is __________.

observational

Professor Weems is interested in the reaction of students to a new university policy of required attendance at all classes. Professor Weems inconspicuously listens to student conversations when the topic comes up and records the students' opinions. This represents __________ research.

observational

Survivor is a reality TV show on which a group of contestants are stranded on a remote island with very few resources. Reality TV shows are most like __________ research in social psychology.

observational

Ethnography can be defined as the method by which researchers attempt to understand a group or culture by __________.

observing it from the inside, without imposing any preconceived notions

You really want your date to like you and to agree to go out again. At the end of the night, it is best to ask him/her for __________.

one example of what was special about the night

We can form impressions of people we interact with rather quickly and effortlessly. We do this by engaging in an automatic analysis of our environments, based on __________.

our past experiences and knowledge of the world

In a study of frustration and aggression, some participants were exposed to an accomplice who insulted them, and others were exposed to no such insult. Participants were then allowed to recommend whether the accomplice should be fired. Those who were insulted were more likely to retaliate by recommending that the accomplice lose his job. In this experiment, the __________ was the dependent variable.

participants recommendations

In reading descriptions of the behaviors of the New York University students who participated in Latané and Darley's (1968) experiment on bystander intervention, you wonder whether a similar study conducted in Tokyo in 1968 would have yielded the same results as those participants from NYU. In essence, your question is, "Will these results generalize across __________?"

people

Research that examines the effects of deception experiments on participants has found that __________.

people do not object to the mild discomfort and deceptions used in social psychological research

Researchers asked some participants to think of six times they had behaved assertively and asked other participants to think of twelve times they had behaved assertively, and then asked all participants to rate how assertive they thought they really were. Participants who tried to generate six examples of assertive behaviors rated themselves as more assertive than did participants who tried to generate twelve examples. The point that this study illustrates is that __________.

people use the availability heuristic to make judgements about themselves as well as other people

Experimenters who value external validity primarily want their findings to generalize across __________ and __________.

people; situation

When there is no other information available, it is __________ reasonable to rely on the representativeness heuristic to make a quick judgment.

perfectly

In Kelley's (1950) research about the guest lecturer, the researcher wanted to study the impact of __________ on the students' later impressions of the lecturer.

personality descriptions

Are some people just better leaders than others? Such a question about human nature is most likely to be asked by a

personality psychologist

Sometimes when we encounter behavior that is unpleasant or unexpected, we assume that something about the person-and not the situation-caused the behavior. In this sense, lay people are most like _______

personality psychologist

Before Jonas Salk discovered a vaccine to prevent polio, people noticed a correlation between outside temperature and the incidence of polio: The warmer the temperature over the course of the year, the more outbreaks of polio. This relationship is an example of a(n) __________ correlation.

positive

Assume that instead of conducting experiments, Latané and Darley had used a correlational method to study the relationship between the number of bystanders who witness an emergency and how quickly a victim receives help. Assume that the correlational data were compatible with results from experiments: the more bystanders, the more time it took bystanders to help. What type of correlation is this between time and number of bystanders?

positive correlation

The primary strength of correlational research is that it can be used to __________.

predict behavior

Miyamoto and colleagues conducted a study in which participants viewed either photos of U.S. city scenes or Japanese city scenes, then were asked to detect differences between two similar pictures. The researchers found evidence that viewing Japanese city scenes _________.

primed a holistic thinking style

Alice goes to see a rerun of Jaws (a movie about a vicious shark) a few days before she takes off to Florida on spring break. On break, she finds that she is now too nervous to spend much time actually in the water, since she is convinced that anything she sees in the water is a shark. Her heightened sensitivity is due to __________.

priming

Daniel is headed out on a blind date. The friend who set him up told him that his date was valedictorian of her graduating class. As Daniel is talking with his date, he begins to question his own understanding of math when she tells him that 1+1=3. His perception that she is right, even though it goes against what he understands, is due to __________.

priming

In a study described in the textbook, participants memorized either the word "reckless" or the word "adventurous" before reading an ambiguous passage in which Donald is described as engaging in a number of recreational activities (e.g., driving in a demolition derby, white-water rafting) where he risks injury and even death. This method was used to study the concept of __________.

priming

In an experiment by Harold Kelley (1950), some college students were told that their guest lecturer was a warm person, while others were told that he was a cold person. Those students who were told that he was a warm person evaluated him more positively than those who had been told he was cold. This demonstrates that schemas can be subject to __________.

priming

Jerrica received an F on a recent exam at school. When her mother arrives home, the house is clean, dinner has been started, and the laundry is all done. Jerrica is trying to get her mother to see her as very responsible before she breaks the news about the exam. Jerrica is using __________ to help her in this situation.

priming

The __________ is a number that expresses the likelihood that a given experimental finding would have occurred by chance alone.

probability level

The most important take-home message about controlled thinking is that it __________.

provides a check on automatic thinking

A credible cover story helps to ensure

psychological realism

Participants in a classic experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram (1963) found themselves in the uncomfortable position of being asked to administer increasingly strong shocks to a learner every time he made a mistake. Videotapes of the participants showed them laughing hysterically, chain-smoking, sweating, and fidgeting nervously. Based on these videotapes, it could be inferred that Milgram's experiment was high on __________.

psychological realism

In Kelley's (1950) research about the guest lecturer, the students were told that the guest lecturer was either a "warm" person or a "cold" person. The researcher wanted to see if this information would impact how they __________ after the lecture.

rated the lecturer on personality

Professor Rothman is interested in tracking changes in racial stereotypes in the U.S. If he decides to conduct an archival analysis, he should __________.

record how minorities are portrayed in cartoons in the New Yorker Magazine from 1940 to 2010

Assume that Latané and Darley want to demonstrate the external validity of their 1968 experiment on bystander intervention. To do this, they conduct a study in which participants solve crossword puzzles alone, or in large or small groups. While the participants are working on the puzzles, they overhear a woman fall from a ladder and cry out, "Oh, my leg! I can't move it!" The researchers then observe and record the number of participants who attempt to help. The study described here represents a(n) __________ of the original "seizure" study.

replication

Mario conducts a study on what Caucasians perceive as physically attractive, then conducts the same study with African Americans, and then with Asian Americans as the sample. Mario is using __________ to determine the external validity of his findings.

replication

The __________ heuristic refers to the mental shortcut whereby people classify a person or thing based on how similar it appears to be to the typical case.

representativeness

When Becky meets her new roommate, she sees that she has her hair dyed blue and has decorated her side of the room with lots of handmade ceramic pots and paintings. She then assumes that her roommate has multiple piercings and listens to punk rock. She has used the __________ heuristic in making this assumption.

representativeness

"If it walks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it must be a duck," the adage goes. This expression best captures the essence of the __________.

representativeness heuristic

The "Barnum effect," in which vague statements about one's future or personality may be seen as accurate and valid, occurs because of the __________.

representativeness heuristic

You wrongly assume that because of Marcia's short hair, unshaved legs, and liberal views she is a political activist. Your (incorrect) assumption was based on the __________.

representativeness heuristic

In trying to make sense of the mass suicide in Jonestown, a behaviorist would probably examine the

rewards and punishments that Jim Jones used to influence his followers

Complete the following analogy, based on information from your text: behaviorism is to __________ as Gestalt psychology is to __________.

rewards; perceptions

Jason cannot stop thinking about the fact that, because he turned in his term paper late, he missed getting an A in the class. He repetitively focuses on this negative part of the class; in other words, his counterfactual thinking has turned into __________.

rumination

When you meet your new roommate for the first time, he is wearing glasses, listening to classical music, and reading a copy of The New York Review of Books. You think, "Well, maybe rooming with an intellectual this year will be good for me." You instantly categorized your roommate as an intellectual on the basis of your __________.

schemas

According to the authors of your text, people's evaluations of how good, competent, and decent they are is the definition of __________.

self-esteem

The authors of your text suggest that with respect to traditional gender differences in scholastic performance, one causal factor may be __________.

self-fulfilling prophecies of schoolteachers

When people have an expectation about what another person is like, it may influence how they act toward that person; this further results in that person's behaving consistently with the other's original expectations. This is known as __________.

self-fulfilling prophecy

Jane analyzed the results of her study and found that the probability of getting such findings by chance was less than 1 in 100. Jane can say that her results are statistically __________.

significant

In general, when people first encounter a novel situation, they tend to __________.

size up the situation quickly and effortlessly and for the most part correctly

When you conduct your own research, what size p-value indicates that your research has been successful?

small, such as less than 5 percent

Della is interested in the ways in which romantic partners think about each other. Her research most neatly fits the realm of

social cognition

How people select, interpret, remember, and use information to make judgments and decisions is called __________.

social cognition

Human beings are often motivated to construe themselves and the social world accurately. The __________ approach is based on this assumption.

social cognition

The __________ approach portrays humans as akin to Sherlock Holmes, who tries his best to accurately make sense of the facts.

social cognition

When scientists study how social behavior is related to hormones, the immune system, and neurological processes, they are studying __________.

social neuroscience

Which of the following would be most likely to share a research lab and equipment with the biology department or medical school?

social neurosciences

Dr. Linh uses an electroencephalograph (EEG) to detect patterns of brain activity as her participants argue with their romantic partners. Dr. Linh can best be described as a(n) __________.

social neuroscientist

Professor Hume has spent the last ten years studying the effects of people's levels of self-esteem on their tendency to discriminate against others. She is most likely to be a __________.

social psychologist

Dr. Rakim is interested in why a particular culture produces different levels of kindness in its members. Dr. Rakim is most likely a __________.

sociologist

Applied research involves studies that are designed to __________.

solve a particular social problem

According to research conducted by Nisbett and his colleagues (1987), how might you improve your social reasoning? Take a(n) __________ course.

statistics

People tend to have __________ emotional reactions the __________ it is to "mentally undo" an outcome.

stronger; easier

Recall that Harold Kelley (1950) told some college students that their guest lecturer was a warm person, and others that he was a cold person. The visitor then lectured for twenty minutes and behaved in a very arrogant way during the lecture. When students evaluated the lecturer, __________.

students expecting a warm person rated the lecturer as funnier, but no less arrogant, than students who expected a cold person

There is a moderately strong correlation between the number of ice cream cones sold in a day and the number of criminal acts occurring in a day. It seems more likely that it is really hot temperatures that are associated with the ice cream sales and crime than that criminals treat themselves to ice cream after committing their crimes. This observation would indicate that correlations are __________.

subject to a third variable

Many fraternities, sororities, and sports teams have initiation rituals. For example, at one school, all the members of the soccer team must wear unusual clothing everywhere on campus for an entire day and then have embarrassing haircuts. These rituals try to capitalize on the role of ________ in increasing commitment via self-justification.

suffering

If the research on priming and metaphors is correct, which of the following is true? You are more likely to meet your true love on vacation somewhere __________.

sunny and warm

In which of the following types of research is the researcher most concerned with the representativeness of the sample used?

survey research

Research in which a representative sample of people are asked questions about their attitudes or behavior is called __________.

survey research

Adele is from France, where rabbits are eaten regularly. She can tell you the most tender part of the rabbit, how long to cook one, and how big a rabbit you would need to feed five people. Marsha is from the United States, where rabbits are pets and bring colored eggs to children in the spring. She hasn't a clue about how to cook one, even if she wanted to. This example best illustrates __________.

the cultural difference in schemas

The biggest problem with using random assignment and controlling extraneous variables in an experiment is that __________.

the experimental situation can become quite artificial

Sheila shows up for a blind date with her hair disheveled and her clothes a mess. Her date, Jamal, thinks, "She must be a total slob!" Jamal's thought about Sheila is an example of __________.

the fundamental attribution error

One common goal of sociology and social psychology is to understand __________.

the influence of social factors on human behavior

Social psychologists tend to be more focused on __________, and personality psychologists tend to focus more on __________.

the influence of the situation; individual differences

Tom saw a weight-loss program advertised on late-night television. The ad claimed that deep breathing exercises would speed up metabolism, causing people to lose weight. He mailed a check for $99.95. When the plan arrived, Tom rearranged his day so that he could complete the breathing exercises as scheduled. They made him nauseated and dizzy, and before long, Tom's friends began to think that he was going overboard with the program, and they began to avoid him. After the end of the ten-week program, Tom got on the scale and saw that he hadn't lost an ounce! Still, he remained enthusiastic and thought, "I may not have lost any weight, but I feel so much healthier!" This situation is best explained by __________.

the justification of suffering

Jacob was pouring gravy when he dropped the ladle and splattered it all over the tablecloth. In order to maintain his self-esteem, Jacob decided that __________.

the ladle was slippery and anyone would have dropped it

Replications are designed to ensure that __________.

the original results can be obtained in different populations and in different settings

The news often points out girls' relatively poor academic performance on standardized tests compared to boys' performance on those tests. Based on the research presented in this chapter, these gender differences may be due in part to __________.

the power of teachers' self-fulfilling prophecies

According to the definition of social psychology presented in your text, social psychology is the study of how __________ affect(s) the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of humans.

the presence of real or imagined others

Although there are only a few runners on your college track team, you see a woman on campus who has the physique of a runner. You decide that she's a member of the track team. Your conclusion is based on __________.

the representativeness heuristic

Julie sees an Asian couple at the New York City Zoo. According to __________, she may assume that they are foreigners touring the area, but according to __________, she should assume that, given the low tourism rate in her town, they are actually local residents.

the representativeness heuristic; base rate information

Nutz and Boltz, Inc., employs one hundred people; eighty are lawyers and twenty are engineers. Albert, a lawyer at the company, is quiet, likes puzzles, and carries a calculator. Most people, when asked whether Albert is a lawyer or an engineer, will guess that he is an engineer. These people are using __________ to make this faulty guess. A correct guess would have been made if they had used __________.

the representativeness heuristic; base rate information

The problem with a survey that is not representative is that __________.

the researcher will not be able to draw valid conclusions

In the 1950s, Leon Festinger arrived at a theory of attitude change that was at odds with the psychological "wisdom" of the day. The genesis of this theory-cognitive dissonance theory-demonstrates the author's point that many ideas in social psychology are __________.

the result of dissatisfaction with current theories

After the mass suicide related to the cult at Jonestown, people tended to blame the victims and accuse them of being psychologically unstable or deranged. Social psychologists are more likely to explain these mass suicides as being due to __________.

the social influence of cult leaders

According to the authors of your text, the hindsight bias is __________.

the tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could have predicted and outcome after knowing that it occurred

The notion of "the basic dilemma of the social psychologist" refers to __________.

the trade-off between internal and external validity

When an experiment has shown that an independent variable is a cause of a phenomenon, what is the most reasonable conclusion one should draw?

there is evidence that supports the hypothesis, through multiple experiments and methods are still needed

According to the authors, Kurt Lewin once wrote, "There is nothing so practical as a good theory." By that, Lewin was referring to the idea that __________.

to solve social problems, psychologists must understand the processes that underlie them

When Robin meets her friend's new roommate, she sees that she has easels and paints strewn about, and that she has decorated her side of the room with lots of handmade ceramic pots and paintings. At first, Robin is most likely __________.

to use her "artistic" person schema and assume that her friend's roommate is free-thinking and creative

Nisbett and his colleagues conducted a study on graduate students in different disciplines to determine factors related to statistical reasoning. They found that __________ appeared to influence how accurately and logically they reasoned through everyday problems.

training in statistics

The planning fallacy is the tendency to________

underestimate the time it will take to complete a project, even when past experience shows that you tend to underestimate your timing

You are taking a university course with a combined graduate and undergraduate enrollment. You know that there are many more undergraduate than graduate students enrolled in this course. There is a woman who looks to be about thirty sitting next to you. If you use only the base rate to guess her student status, you would guess that she is a(n) __________ student because __________.

undergraduate; there are more of them enrolled in the class

Allison is a very sweet, intelligent, amicable person. However, Joe hears from her ex-boyfriend that she is hard to get along with and very snobby. According to research on the self-fulfilling prophecy, Joe acts in a(n) __________.

unfriendly way toward Allison, which in turn causes her to act in an unfriendly way toward Joe, causing Joe to believe that her ex-boyfriend was right about her

If accurate judgments are our goal, we should use base rate information instead of the representativeness heuristic when __________.

we lack specific information about the person

Assume that the winning lottery ticket was purchased at the convenience store just around the corner from your house. According to research on counterfactual thinking, you would probably feel worse than if the winning ticket had been purchased all the way across the state, because __________.

you could think back on a dozen opportunities that you had to buy the winning ticket, but didn't

People form __________ people and situations quickly and effortlessly.

beliefs about

A cult in the 1950s believed that the world was coming to an end very soon. Researcher Leon Festinger and his colleagues studied this cult by joining the group and pretending to share these beliefs. What research method were they using?

ethnography

People often construe the world as they do in order to maintain a favorable image of themselves. This assumption underlies the __________ approach.

self-esteem

Which of the following would most likely be an article written by a Gestaltist?

"The Influence of Subjective Reality on Roommate Disagreements"

In discussing the issue of parental discipline, which of the following professionals would be LEAST likely to remind parents that it is important to consider how the child views being punished?

A behaviorist

Which of the following is an example of a direct persuasion attempt?

A bully threatens Billy and steals his lunch money

Not all social influence is direct or deliberate. Which of the following is the best example of more indirect or subtle social influence?

A child sees other kids wearing their sweatshirts inside out and starts wearing his the same way

Last weekend, Paula smiled politely while Lance talked to her for several hours. Wow, thinks Lance to himself, she was so nice; Paula must really like me—she was so friendly! Lance's interpretation of Paula's behavior is an example of

A construal

An experimenter conducts a program of research to determine what types of messages are most effective in promoting condom use among adolescents. How would you classify this type of research?

Applied research

Blair's co-worker Susan asks her, "Am I a good employee?" Blair hadn't really thought about it before, but using the availability heuristic, which of the following thought processes is she most likely to have?

Blair recalls the last few times she's seen Susan do a good job and tells her yes.

In a controlled experiment, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) informed grade school teachers that some of their students (called "bloomers") would show great academic improvement in the upcoming year. In reality, the "bloomers" were chosen randomly by the researchers, and were no smarter than any of the other students. Which of the following best describes the results of this study? At the end of the year, __________.

Bloomers improved on an IQ test than did non-bloomers

Social psychologists use the term __________ to describe the way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret their social worlds.

Construal

__________ and __________ are the hallmarks of the experimental method, which set it apart from the observational and correlational methods.

Control over extraneous variables; random assignment

Which of the following is the best example of the observational method?

Elaine parks her car near a traffic light and records how many drivers run red lights

Most of the early social psychologist arrived in the US from

Europe

When Maria's father asks her how her day was at school, she says, "Great!" When he asks for details, she explains that she did well on her spelling test and made a new friend, but injured herself in gym class and was late for soccer practice. Maria's summary of the day's events as "Great!" best exemplifies a __________ perspective.

Gestalt

In their approach to understanding social behavior, social psychologists are most similar to

Gestalt psychologists

In commenting on the development of social psychology in the U.S., Dorwin Cartwright (1979) wrote, "If I were required to name the one person who has had the greatest impact on the field, it would have to be Adolf Hitler." By this he meant that __________.

Gestalt psychology came to the U.S. when Gestalt psychologists fled the Nazi regime

Based on the error in sampling in political polls that was described in your text, how would you recommend obtaining a representative sample for a poll (survey) about political candidates?

Give the pool face-to-face at an average supermarket or post office

Which of the following is one of the ethical principles that psychologists must follow when using human participants? All participants must be __________.

Informed that they can withdraw from the study at any time

Jill is eating dinner at her fiance Rob's parent's house, and barely touches her food. Jill is aware that his parents could make different construals of this behavior such as______

Jill must not like the food served at dinner

When Monique plays checkers with her younger sister, she lets her sister win. When she plays with her older brother, she does everything she can to beat him. A social psychologist would suggest that __________.

Monique is responding to different social situations

Which of the following is NOT a likely consequence of the human tendency to prefer self-justifying information to accurate information?

People gain feedback that makes for better decisions

Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with the social cognition approach to social psychology

People tend to distort reality to make themselves look good

Aidan is trying to decide who would be the better roommate, Yushi or Lamar. Yushi has lots of money and a flat-screen TV to add to the apartment, but Lamar is really fun to hang out with. Aidan doesnt know other things, such as how tidy they are or how loud they are at night, but has to make his decision soon. This best illustrates which challenge of accurate social cognition?

People usually dont know all of the facts

How are self-fulfilling prophecies and schemas related?

Self-fulfilling prophecies are inadvertent and unconscious influences on behavior by an individual's schemas.

What is the take-home message from the research on the self-fulfilling prophecy?

Self-fulfilling prophecies are the result of unconscious, unintentional processes.

Consider the following research question: "Have no-fault divorce laws increased the rate of divorce in the United States?" This question is most likely to be asked by a __________.

Sociologist

Consider the following research question: "How has new computer technology changed the U.S. educational system?" This question is most likely to be asked by a(n) __________.

Sociologist

If height and weight have a positive correlation, what does this tell you about the relationship between these variables?

Taller people are usually heavier, but their are exceptions to the rule.

A drawback to using experiments is

They need to ensure psychological realism to maintain external validity

Wendy wants to study how easily people make friends. She assigns people to talk with a stranger for either five minutes or ten minutes, and assigns people who are more outgoing to the "five-minute" condition, and shy people to the "ten-minute" condition. Which of the following is the threat to the internal validity in this study?

Wendy did not use random assignment

Which of the following questions would a researcher be most likely to investigate with a survey?

What are people's attitudes about drivers who run red lights

Which of the following questions would be of most interest to a social cognition researcher

What factors prevent people from reasoning accurately

Why does the availability heuristic sometimes lead to incorrect inferences?

What is easily brought to mind may not be typical of the big picture

Which of the following questions is most likely to be asked by social psychologist?

What situations cause people to behave rudely

Both social psychologists and sociologists are interested in aggression. Compared with a sociologist, a social psychologist is most likely to ask which of the following questions?

When does anger lead to aggression?

What is the take-home message of the authors' description of the presidents' decisions to continue and even escalate wars?

When we forego accuracy in the interest of feeling good about ourselves, there are sometimes serious consequences.

Which question about romantic relationships is a sociologist most likely to ask?

Why are marriage rates decreasing in the lower socioeconomic class

At a dinner part, Marcia spilled wine on her boss's Persian rug. If Marcia is like most social psychologist who study construals, what will she ask herself in predicting how her boss will respond?

Will my boss think I am drunk

When researchers say that there is a relationship between two variables, this means that _______.

You can predict one from the other

Which of the following is an example of social influence

You cover your nose when you sneeze because you dont want to spread germs

Which of the following is an example of social influence?

You feel guilty because you lied to your trusting professor about your assignment

Warren believes that Tom is an outgoing, gregarious person. "Whom did you hang out with this weekend?" Warren asks Tom. "Tell me about all of the fun things that you have planned for the summer," Warren continues. Although Tom is usually rather quiet and reserved, he responds to Warren in an outgoing, friendly manner. This is an example of __________.

a self-fulfilling prophecy

You were supposed to make an important presentation at work but you overslept, the bus was late, and you missed the meeting. If you are able to generate many ways in which to "undo" this terrible outcome, you will experience __________ emotional reaction.

a strong

In the 1977 study regarding the story about Donald and priming, the researchers wanted to measure the impact of the __________ on their positive or negative interpretation of Donald's behaviors.

a word types participants learned

One problem with informed consent is that __________.

a. full knowledge of the experiment's purpose can alter participants' behavior

Ethan and Heather see a man stumbling around as he walks down the street. Ethan, who belongs to Alcoholics Anonymous, thinks the man is drunk, but Heather, who just watched a TV special on Michael J. Fox, thinks the man has Parkinson's disease. These differing interpretations of the same behavior seem to be caused by Ethan and Heather's differences in __________.

accessibility

When the psychologist asks, "Tell me the first thing that comes to mind," he/she is asking for the most __________ schema.

accessible

The self-fulfilling prophecy occurs because we often

act based on our schemas

Participants in the Latané and Darley (1968) experimental study of the effects of group size on intervention in an emergency utilized __________.

an audiotaped seizure

Social Psychology is set apart from other ways of interpreting social behavior, such as folk wisdom or literature, because it is_______

an experimental science

The authors of your text identify another consequence of counterfactual thinking of positive events. Engaging in counterfactual thinking may result in __________.

an increased belief in God

Based on information from your text about cultural differences in thinking, complete the analogy: Western is to __________ as Eastern is to __________.

analytic; holistic

Assume that you are a participant in Latané and Darley's (1968) experiment examining when people help. You believe that there are five other people participating with you in a discussion, although you are isolated in a booth to ensure privacy. When you are listening to one of the other participants talk, you hear him beginning to have a seizure. If you behave like the typical subject in Latané and Darley's research, what are you most likely to do?

anxiously remain in the booth and hope for the best

In order for priming to work successfully, thoughts need to be both __________.

applicable and accessible

In social psychology, the technique of meta-analysis is most like __________ research.

archival

When a social psychologist discusses individual differences, she is discussing __________.

aspects of personality that make people differ from one another

The fact that students "instantly" know the difference between a classroom and a party is an example of __________.

automatic thinking

__________ thinking is nonconscious, effortless, and unintentional, whereas __________ thinking is conscious, effortful, and intentional.

automatic; controlled

Satisfying intellectual curiosity describes __________ research, while solving social problems describes __________ research.

basic; applied

Social psychologists have identified two motives that are of primary importance in explaining our thoughts and behaviors. According to your textbook authors, these are the need to __________ and the need to __________.

be as accurate as possible; feel good about ourselves

You are listening to a radio broadcast that describes a person who donated a kidney to a complete stranger in need of a transplant, when the phone rings and the firemen's association asks you to make a donation. The idea of priming suggests that you will __________.

be more likely to make a donation because the schema of being charitable has been made more accessible

Professor Jaffrey believes that children learn to be polite when they are rewarded for saying things like "please" and "thank you." Professor Jaffrey is most likely a __________ psychologist.

behavioral

Researchers had participants memorize a number of words before reading an ambiguous passage about a character named Donald. The words participants read influenced how they interpreted Donald's somewhat ambiguous behavior. The take-home message of this study is that thoughts have to be __________ before they affect our impressions of the social world.

both accessible and applicable

When using the availability heuristic, people make quick judgments by __________.

bringing easy examples to mind

Counterfactual reasoning__________.

is conscious and effortful

Based on the information in this chapter, when we meet someone new, we are likely to __________.

categorize this person based on our schemas and other people we know

Internal validity is to __________ as external validity is to __________.

causality; generalizability

Social psychologists must often balance the goal of discovering important information about human social behavior with the ethical issue of __________.

concern for the welfare of participants

Dan likes his new roommate, Tim. He invites Tim to go everywhere with him-parties, lunch, even to the grocery store. Dan feels he's being warm and welcoming to his new friend. Tim, however, doesn't understand why it seems that Dan can't do anything on his own, and seems to need his companionship constantly. The difference in how Dan and Tim perceive Dan's actions is an illustration of __________ in explaining social behavior.

construals

Several studies conducted by Nisbett and his colleagues involved showing participants two similar pictures and asking them to find the differences between them. Nisbett and colleagues found that East Asian participants were more likely to focus on __________, while Western participants focused more on __________.

context and how objects relate to each other, properties of object and foreground

According to your text, one reason why social psychologists study the causes of social behavior is to __________.

contribute to the solution of social problems

Moises is so used to stopping to get gas on the way home from work that he finds he stops one night at the gas station even though his tank is full. Moises is experiencing __________.

controlled thinking

A mother who has tragically lost a daughter in a car accident spends her days rehearsing "if onlys." "If only I had made her stay home that night"; "If only she had taken Route 78 instead of Route 22"; "If only I had offered to chauffeur her instead of letting her drive herself." The mother is engaging in the process known as __________.

counterfactual thinking

You stayed up all night cramming for this examination and didn't do as well as you had hoped. "If only I had started studying sooner and gotten a good night's rest, I'd have done much better," you think to yourself. You have just engaged in __________.

counterfactual thinking

Latané and Darley (1968) told participants that they were interested in the kind of problems that college students experience. This explanation to their participants was the __________.

cover story

The primary goal of cross-cultural research is to __________.

demonstrate the universality or cultural dependence of psychological processes

When people were asked to think about how their lives could be worse if something good had never happened to them, they __________.

demonstrated a greater belief in God than those who simply described a past event in their life

Social psychologists are interested in cross-cultural research because it __________.

demonstrates which aspects of human behavior are universal

The primary strength of the observational method is that it can be used to __________.

describe behavior

Complete the following analogy about research methods in social psychology: observational is to __________ as __________ is to causality.

description; experimental

The social cognition approach compares people to amateur __________.

detectives

If a researcher were to use deception as part of her experimental procedure, when would she explain the purpose of this deception to her participants?

during the debriefing

Recall that a group of researchers interviewed people who had suffered the loss of a spouse or child. They found that the more __________, the more distress the survivors reported.

easily they could imagine how the death could have been prevented

In the self-fulfilling prophecy, a perceiver has a(n) __________ that affects the __________ of the target of perception.

expectation; behavior

A researcher investigated the relationship between self-esteem and choice of a partner in a "getting acquainted" situation. To do this, she had students take a personality test and then she gave them feedback (based on random assignment) indicating either that the test found them to be "mature, insightful, and socially skilled" or "immature, inflexible, and overly critical." After receiving this feedback, students chose a partner to interact with by looking at photos of people of the opposite sex who were either high or low in physical attractiveness. The study just described is a(n) __________.

experiment

Which of the following threatens the internal validity of an experiment?

failing to assign participants randomly to conditions

According to the authors of your text, a good metaphor for human thinking is to consider people to be __________.

flawed scientists

With regard to the use of base rate information, the evidence suggests that people __________.

focus too much on individuals characteristics and insufficiently on base rates

An analytic thinking style has been shown to be associated with __________.

focusing on the properties of objects, without consideration of the context

Jamal was confused by his sister's relationship with her boyfriend. They just didn't seem to have anything in common. "Oh well," Jamal figured, "I guess opposites really do attract." Jamal's explanation is an example of __________.

folk wisdom

At the grocery store, mothers often keep children busy by letting them "drive" the cart. Little do the children realize that the steering wheel they are playing with does not control anything. This example demonstrates our sometimes misplaced sense of control over __________.

free will and our own behavior

The tendency most people have to discount situational explanations of behavior in favor of personality characteristics or traits called the

fundamental attribution error

Our use of mental shortcuts usually leads to __________.

good decisions in a reasonable amount of time

Recall that Latané and Darley (1968) studied bystander intervention by having participants overhear a seizure while they were speaking on headphones with another discussant. Assuming that the participants believed that the seizure was real and felt anxious and confused about whether and how to help when they heard the seizure, Latané and Darley's (1968) experiment was __________.

high in psychological realism

According to your text, a perfect study would involve __________.

high levels of external validity

No matter how artificial an experimental situation may at first appear, if participants think, feel, or react the way that people in a real-life situation would react, the experiment has __________.

high psychological realism

After Lyla's husband was injured in a car accident, she said, "I woke up with a bad feeling in my stomach-I knew something was off about that day." Lyla is exhibiting __________.

hindsight bias

Philosophers provide insight into __________.

human nature

In the 1977 study regarding the story about Donald and priming, the researcher wanted to study the impact of priming on the students' __________.

impressions of Donald

Which of the following is NOT true about the difference between automatic and controlled thinking? Automatic thinking tends to be __________, whereas controlled thinking tends to be __________.

inaccurate; accurate

Self-fulfilling prophecies most often are a result of __________.

inadvertent and unconscious influences of influences of individuals' schemas

Knowing the experiment's purpose can alter participants' behavior. This is a major problem with __________.

informed consent

The procedure whereby the researcher explains the nature of the study and participants then decide whether or not to participate is called

informed consent

When a person agrees to participate in an experiment in full awareness of the nature of the experiment, which has been provided prior to their participation, the participant has provided __________.

informed consent

By controlling all extraneous variables and by randomly assigning people to different experimental conditions, an experimenter can achieve high __________.

internal validity

Which of the following is the best synonym for "construal"

interpret

According to social cognition researchers, we sometimes have difficulty

lack the stamina to seek out all the relevant facts

A researcher wants to examine the relationship between viewing television violence and behaving aggressively. He has participants decide whether they would prefer to view a violent or a nonviolent film, and subsequently records the number of aggressive behaviors they show in a competitive game. The researcher cannot legitimately make a causal statement based on his findings because the study __________.

lacks random assignment

The major difference between sociology and social psychology is the

level of analysis used

In short, counterfactual thinking can be described as __________.

mentally reconstructing the past

Eva wants to raise a lot of money for her cat rescue group. Based on the research by Shariff and Norenzayan (2007), the best strategy for doing this involves __________.

mentioning fairness or religious imagery several times in the brochures

Our automatic analysis of our environment is based on our __________ and knowledge of the world.

past experiences

The representative heuristic is when __________.

people classify a stimulus based on how similar it appears to be to the typical case

Observational research allows a researcher to __________.

provide a description of a phenomenon

According to the authors of your text, when people use automatic thinking, they tend to size up new situations __________.

quickly and accurately

A researcher is designing an experiment, and ensures that each participant is equally likely to be in one condition as another. He does not assign them based on any characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, or personality. This researcher is __________ participants.

randomly assigning

The only way to be certain that the results of a survey represent the behavior of a particular population is to ensure that the respondents are __________ that population.

randomly selected from

From the perspective of Fritz Heider, you're not only reacting to the behavior of your roommate but also __________.

reacting to what you think your roommate is perceiving, thinking, and feeling

Behaviorists believe that all learning is a result of __________.

reinforcement and punishment

Complete the analogy: correlation is to __________ as experiment is to __________.

relate, cause

The authors of your text state that the basic dilemma of the social psychologist is the trade-off between internal and external validity. What is the best way to resolve this dilemma?

replicate results using both laboratory and field studies to maximize both types of validity

According to the authors of your text, the ultimate test of an experiment's external validity is __________.

replications

Diana currently has a goal to lose fifteen pounds by the summer, and she notices that lately her friend Sarah hasn't been eating much. Based on your text's discussion of how current goals can affect accessibility, how is Diana most likely to interpret Sarah's behavior?

sarah must be on a diet, too

When most Americans walk into a fast food restaurant chain, they know they should walk up to the counter to order, pay, and pick up their food, rather than sit down and wait to be served. This knowledge of how to act in such a situation is called __________.

schema

__________ refer(s) to the way people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions about themselves and others.

schemas

When Jana was chiding herself for losing her favorite necklace and reciting a list of all the things she could have done to prevent the loss, her grandmother said, "Now, Jana. Don't cry over spilled milk." In essence, Jana's grandmother was advising her to __________.

stop engaging in counterfactual thinking

Whereas observational research is designed to __________ behavior, correlational research is designed to __________.

systematically describe; assess relations between variables

Which of the following is used in experiments but not in the correlational method?

systematically manipulating the situation

Dissonance research resulted from Festinger's skepticism about the behaviorist approach. In recent years, new researchers have explored alternatives to dissonance explanations for social phenomena. These events illustrate __________.

that old theories can inspire new research

When Latané and Darley replicated their experiment on helping behaviors as a field experiment, they had two burly men steal a case of beer from a convenience store, and then measured the number of customers who reported the robbery. Why would they replicate their laboratory study in a field setting?

to enhance external validity

Which of the following is a function of controlled thinking

to provide checks and balances on automatic thinking

Complete the following analogy: independent variable is to __________ as dependent variable is to __________.

varied; measure

In an experiment, the independent variable is __________ and the dependent variable is __________.

varied; measured

The textbook discusses facilitated communication, a technique that has been touted as allowing communication-impaired people to express themselves via a keyboard operated with the help of a facilitator. In fact, the technique __________.

was discredited when scientific evidence indicated that, in fact, the facilitators unknowingly communicated their own responses rather than those of the other

Culture can influence our schemas by influencing __________.

what we notice and remember

According to the authors of your text, when Bibb Latané and John Darley began to seriously consider why no one helped Kitty Genovese during her brutal attack, they hypothesized that the explanation was that __________.

when many witness a crime, people assume someone else will call for help

If you were hoping that other research participants would leave you money, according to research by Shariff and Norenzayan (2007), you would hope they were primed with __________.

words related to God or fairness to others

In a study by Buffone, Gabriel, and Poulin, participants were asked to __________.

write about how their lives would be worse if something good in their life had never happened

If two variables have no correlation with each other, this means that __________.

you cannot predict one from the other