SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY EXAM 1

Explain self fulfilling prophecies and how they aid us in verifying our schemas.

self fulfilling prophecies can be described as the verification of our pre-existing beliefs of someone or something. Self fulfilling prophecies begin with a schema or belief which influences our expectations of how an event or person will turn out. Our expectations will influence our behavior toward that person or event which will then in the end verify/reinforce our initial belief of schema.

what is the difference between psychiatrists and psychologists/ or clinical psychologists? similarities?

similarities: they are both doctors that utilize the DSM-5 to diagnose clients/patients. differences: psychiatrists are medical doctors (MD) and clinical psychologists hold a phD. psychiatrists can prescribe meds whereas not all clinical psychologists can do this.

What is social psychology?

social psychology is the study of the inf;uence of the real, imagined, or implied presence of other upon our thoughts, emotions, beliefs, and behavior--- and of how we influence others.

what is a social role?

socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group ( parents role)

what kinds of things does social psychology address?

some of societies most challenging questions

What is self-presentation?

strategies people use in order to avoid unpleasant info about themselves and will engage in acts of cognitive distortion in order to achieve this goal (to present selves in a better light)

police officers represent the ____________ of a prison

structure

What is descriptive statistics?

summarizes responses of your sample (describes the sample for ex their gender, age, and income levels)

What is basking in reflected glory? ex (Cialdini et al., 1976)

taking pride in the accomplishments of other people in one's group, such as when sports fans identify with a winning team

who do you obtain approval from in order to be able to conduct ur research?

the IRB aka institutional review board.

What is the fundamental attribution error?

the common tendency to focus on internal explanations for causes for a behavior rather than the external causes. ( we of ten perceive a person's behavior as socially undesirable)

what are the four factors that IRB considers when reviewing a research proposal?

-informed consent - risk/gain assessment -intentional deception -debriefing (questioning)

what are the three categories of scientific methods use din social psychology?

-observational -correctional -experimental

what are teh four things required of all theories?

-predictive accuracy (it can be supported) -internal coherence (parts of theory connect) - it must be economical and parsimonious -fertile (not a debunked theory)

What is a hypothesis?

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested (a prediction about variable)

what is representative heuristics? ex

A mental shortcut used in order to classify something based on how similar it is to something else. ex. blonde boy with blue eyes and tans skin who is also a surfer may be thought to be from California.

what is a positive correlation? give an example of a positive correlation.

A positive correlation means that if one variable increases so does the other. ex:more exercise means better health.

What is ingratiation? ex

A self-presentation strategy in which people try to present themselves as likable.(ex: giving lots of compliments)

What is cognitive dissonance?

A state of tension whenever we simultaneously hold two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent or contradict each other.

what is supplication? ex

A strategy in which people try to gain sympathy from others by looking weak. (ex: looking incompetent so others feel the need to care for u)

what is intimidation? ex

A strategy in which someone tries to arouse fear in other (by lets say using their authority to use things to their advantage)

What is exemplification?

A strategy in which someone will try to display a image of integrity by appearing noble or as a long suffering martyr in the pursuit of some worthy goal to make others feel inferior to you.

what is self-promotion? ex

A strategy in which someone will try to impress others with his/her capabilities and accomplishments and downplay our weaknesses (showing off ur art skills)

In 1958, Heider did an attribution experiment by showing a class of students a video of inanimate object (triangles and a circle) and had them write down what happened in the video after watching. what were his findings?

He found that we tend to associate people with everything. we try to make up a story for everything and even assign feelings to inanimate objects like geometric shapes.

What was Festinger and Carl Smith's (1959) experiment?

People were given a boring task (rotating pegs a number of times) and they were told that it would actually be fun. One group of students were bribed $1 and the other $20 in order to lie when recruiting a friend to do the task. The people with $20 said it was boring (external justification) whereas the $1 said it was fun (internal justification)

what are the outcomes of fixed intelligence?

People with fixed intelligence are focused on demonstrating their good skills (performance oriented) and often use superficial strategies (guessing, copying, memorizing and avoiding anything too complex)

What is naturalistic observation?

a research technique in which the researcher observes and describes behavior (people dont know ur watching them and analyzing their behavior)

what is a sample?

a small group of a population

what is a hypothesis?

a statement that can be tested that predicts how the IV will affect the DV.

what is the diff between hypothesis and theory?

a theory is a statement that cant be tested and hypothesis can be tested and it is also just a small aspect of a theory whereas a theory is a broad thing.

what are lab experiments?

an experiment that is unnatural (artificial and conducted in a lab)

What is a quasi-experiment?

an experiment very similar to experimental research however there is no random assignment.

what is negative correlation? give an example.

as one variable increases, the other decreases. ex: eating more makes u skinny (not correlated)

is automatic processing or controlled processing faster as responding to sensory input?

automatic is quicker whereas controlled take a lot more time and effort to think things through before acting on the input.

How do we justify our contradictory actions?

by changing our attitudes or behaviors to be consistent with our previous behavior.

how do we try to makes sense of our daily experiences?

by coming up with explanation for why they occurred.

why is deception used in research experiments?

coz participants want to be socially desirable therefore they attempt to help the researcher if they know the truth about a research experiment. knowing the truth can tremendously change the results of an experiment.

what is the point of applies research?

create change

What is a field experiment? Can result from a field experiment be generalized?

field experiments take place in a more natural setting. Yes result are generalizable to the population.

what is mastery focused on?

focused on learning and challenge seeking behaviors.

what is performance focused on ?

focused on ones ability and sense of self worth (proving their self). also focuses on how other people view them (extrinsic)

what characterizes an identity?

gender, sexuality, social class, race, ability

what is an example of a values laden question?

how come some high-schools cant retain black and brown students?

if there is a correlation between two variables, what do we try to assess next?

how strong the relationship is between the two variables (can the change in one variable predict the change in another)

what is social cognition?

how we think about the social world and how we select, interpret, remember, and use social information based on how we think about the social world.

theories generate

hypotheses

Lets say someone is suffering a medical condition on a plane and the flight attendant needs a doctor. A black woman declares that she is a doctor but the flight attendant cant believe her and asks for proof. what is this an example of? implicit or explicit bias?

implicit bias.

what is another name for automatic processing?

implicit processing

are self-fulfilling prophecies implicit or explicit?

implicit/automatic

give an example of study that shows how we behave in way that elicit behaviors we expect from others. (heterosexual men study)

in a study with heterosexual men they were told that they will be speaking to either an attractive or unattractive women on the phone (however it is the same women). when told the women was attractive the man was more engaged in the convo whereas if told she is unattractive the man would e less engaged in convo.

how does culture shape gender schemas?

in many cultures we assign roles to males and females and we process certain info about we expect of these gender based on the roles that our culture has assigned those distinct genders.

what are attitude heuristics?

include the false consensus and halo effect.

What are the independent variables in the above experiment? dependent?

indep: the amount of money given depen: the student's attitude toward the boring task.:

What is inferential stats?

inferential stats is the degree at which data can be generalized to the larger population. (APA uses 0.05% which means that data can be generalized to the population)

in the USA do we use internal or external attributions more in explanation causes for a behavior?

internal (we blame the person or give credit to the person)

what are internal attributions? ex

internal attributions focuses on a persons dispositions and personal traits in order to explain the causes for certain behaviors. (ex he is poor coz he is lazy and didn't work hard enough)

In social psychology in what aspect do we observe self fulfilling prophecies? Do we look at them via internal conflicts or interpersonal communications?

interpersonal communications and relationships.

Is cognitive dissonance interpersonal or intrapersonal?

intrapersonal (happens to us) it is only dissonance if it happens to u.

what is a disadvantage of lab experiments?

it can impact the generalizability of a study because people know that they are being studied and want to do everything right (social desirability)

why do we tend to label ppl who do crazy things?

it gives us a sense of control and comfort and it helps us disassociate ourselves from their actions.

What did neil degrasse say was the reason for the scarcity of women in the sciences if its not due to genes?

it is due to society. seeing a women in the sciences seems to be out of the scope of societies expectations for women. they expect less of them. This society is so dominated by white males that they underestimate what other genders and races are capable of and pass everything off as " the result of genes" when in reality society underestimates others thus we lose pride in our selves and we lose our motivation thus we go for something that is withing societies scope of expectation for us.

Why is research important?

it teaches us facts and falsifies some "common knowledge" that is false.

how was same sex attraction viewed by medical doctors and psychologists back then? what did this lead to?

it was seen as a pathological (abnormal) disease and was listed in the DSM. this led to lots of internal violence and institutional violence against homos.

what are external attributions? ex

looking at the context and situation of things in order to determine causes for a person's behavior. ex. he is poor because the economy is falling apart as is the gov't

what are some social structure and institutions that can influence us, our feelings, beliefs, and so on?

mass media (ads), family, economy, politics, prisons

what are the two parts of the achievement goal theory?

mastery and performance

what is an example of a psych research conference u can go to to talk about ur research?

meeting of the minds

What are schemas?

mental structures that organize our knowledge about the social world (having the same general idea about something)

what is a disadvantage of availability heuristics?

most of the time the easiest thing to remember is not a good representative for what actually happened.

(podcast) in what ways did the false consensus manifest?

most people believed that 90% of psychiatrists actually agreed that homosexuality was pathological and the DSM actually created this false consensus.

what does it mean to say that the terms used in ur hypothesis must be operationalized?

must be defined in clear and measurable ways.

where can you obtain archival information from?

newpapers, historical records, physical journals from past researchers.

can you test a theory?

no

is confirmation bias the same as dissonance?

no coz if ur trying to confirm something u look for evidence to justify ur belief nothing inconsistent or contradictory about justifying ur bias or views)

can u form schemas about a person you know?

no schemas are pre-existing ideas u cant know the person of thing (ex. we all have a preexisting idea of what might happen at a restaurant but in France the restaurants are completely diff from ours)

Based on our gender schemas, if math is seen as a male thing, would a women likely major in math or go for a career in math?

no she would stray away from it because tit is not seen as something feminine. same goes for men who believe in gender schemas (they may not go for artistic careers since it may be perceived as feminine)

are dispositional views intentional?

no they happen spontaneously since they are a part of our culture

do internal attributions lead to more empathy and greater likeliness to help?

no they lead to less empathy and less likely to influence helping behaviors.

do other nations like europe use internal attributions to explain causation of behaviors?

no they use external attributions.

Does sexism have to be implicit (blatant) in order to have a great impact?

no, sexism in itself is implicit and has a huge impact on us. (many of us are unaware of how sexist we are being and when we are we reject ever being sexist)

what is quantitative data?

numerical data (surveys are often based on numerical data.)

What is archival research?

observes existing records like tv shows or govt records.

What is participant observation?

observing a group of people aware of the study and aware they are being observed.

after you have selected a scientific method, what should you do?

obtain approval before conducting the experiment.

when me misremember things how do we tend to misremember them?

our misremembered info is based on our schemas of a person or thing or convo.

what is self handicapping (Berglas& Jones, 1978) ? ex

protecting one's self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure (ex: taking a really tough class and ur about to take the exam for it tmoro, you then decide to clean ur house and make it spotless instead, on the day of the exam u dont do well as expected and late use cleaning ur house as an excuse for not doing well to protect ur threatened competence)

what is basic research?

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

what are the two forms of data?

qualitative and quantitative

what kind of data is there?

qualitative and quantitative OR BOTH (both can provide richer data and this is called a mixed or multi method)

what is positionality?

recognition that where you stand in relation to others in society shapes what you see and understand about the world. (natives see Christopher columbus as a visitor where as brits see him as discoverer)

how is science self-correcting?

researchers use the scientific method which allows them to reject their own hypotheses. This can also be done thru replication (other researchers replicate a experiment on a diff sample)

after selecting a topic what must a researcher do?

review literature about what had already been learned about the topic.

give an example of a schema (bird)

schema for a bird: has wings, can fly, has feathers, has a beaks, flies in a flock or alone.

our social perceptions are shaped by our ______________________

schemas.

What is applied research?

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

What are some outcome of the malleable quality of intelligence?

Competence increases and people with quality tend to challenge themselves more. focus on mastery of content rather than on their performance.

does correlation indicate causation?

Correlation does not indicate causation. correlation just tells you that there is a relationship present between two variables that have been measures and assessed. (there may be a third variable involved as well)

Another study was done like the one above that controlled for race and only looked at behavior. describe the study and its results

the difference is that there was a control for race. Interviewees who did not lean in or appear engaged were seen as less competent (however this must have been due to the TRAINED interviewers initial impression of the interviewee, thus the self-fulfilling prophecy plays a role here). raters rated the ones who did not lean in as less competent for the position.

What are availability heuristics?

the ease with which you can bring something to mind to make quick judgments.

what is the entity theory?

the entity theory suggest that intelligence is fixed or static.

what is the most commonly used scientific method used in psychology?

the experimental method.

do we manipulate the independent or dependent variable?

the independent variable is manipulated. the dependent variable is observed and measured for changes and result of the experiments depend on changes in this variable.

(podcast) what conditions brought attitude change?

the personal stories of psychiatrists who are homo and new data also disproved past research (inkblot test where psychiatrists had to judge whether the homos were abnormal without being aware of their sexuality and they actually judged them as no different than everyone else)

what is the achievement goal theory? ex

the relationship between how students think about themselves, their tasks, and their performance in the classroom. (ex: if you think ur dumb you wont try hard thus you want do well on certain task and therefore u might not perform very well)

What is the false consensus effect?

the tendency to overestimate the % of people who agree with us on a certain issue.

What is attribution theory?

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

give an example of a theory and a hypothesis base don that theory

theory: prejudice. Hypothesis: prejudice is much more common in the united states. (you can then measure this)

what are our attributions based on?

they are consistent with based on our pre-existing beliefs and biases.

how do researchers figure out what topic they want to study?

they base their topic on their interests or past experiences.

what can attributions affect?

they influence how likely we are to feel empathy for a person and how likely we are to help them.

is identity in all ways visible?

things like race and gender are visible whereas sexual orientation and social class are not as visible.

(podcast) how might the self-fulfilling prophecy influence the diagnosis?

this influences the diagnosis coz due to bias sampling will focus on only studying individuals with pre-existing mental health issues who also happen to be homosexuals. also people who were homosexual and normal began to believe there was something wrong with them coz the general public made it seem like homosexuality is abnormal.

people who do crazy things are not necessarily crazy. what does this mean?

this means that people who are good can be influenced negatively esp under situations of high stress, hurt, pain or depression. also societal pressures can cause someone to act in an ill manner. not very crazy action is a result of mental illness.

what is the point of basic research?

to gain knowledge ans does not lead to anything that can be applies to society.

what is the purpose of the IRB?

to review study proposal and ensure that participants in the study will be safe. They give ethical approval for all research proposals.

What is critical thinking?

to think in a richer or deeper manner. Look at things more complexly and connecting multiple ideas to one.

how do most psychologists report the results of their research?

via journal articles (our they can go to conferences and present them but they dont usually do this)

if info is inconsistent are me likely to remember it or misremember it?

we are likely to forget it or misremember it.

what is the common view about IQ scores?

we believe that IQ scores determine what we are and are not capable of and leads to a static view of intelligence.

what are two issues with using attitude heuristics?

we make faulty judgments an were usually unaware of what is actually happening coz this all happens AUTOMATICALLY. ( we dont realize were making faulty judgments they just kind of happen)

why do we use schemas if they are so flawed?

we use schemas because they lighten our cognitive load by selectively filtering the amount of info we experience in our everyday life.

what is a theory?

well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations 9the big idea)

when does our dissonance increase?

when we do something immoral or stupid

when does our dissonance decrease?

when we have enough external justification for our behavior/actions.

what is the dispositional view of human actions?

when we label people or assign them personality traits for their unpleasant behavior.

is there an issue with submitting only data that supports hypothesis?

ya because we have nothing to compare it to and we dot even know what DOES NOT work

do social roles and identities have the ability to influence others?

yes

is sexism consistent?

yes it happens with everyone even tho we dont notice it.

what are some disadvantages to field experiments?

you have less control and cause and effect cannot be easily determined.

what are some advantages to lab experiments?

you have much more control over what is happening and can determine causation.

If you are driven by the fixed trait what might you think about receiving an A if you are a straight A student? How does this differ from people with the malleable quality?

you may think that u deserve the A coz u have straight As. This differs from people with the malleable quality coz they believe they must earn the A and that they dont deserve anything.

what is self justification?

Our tendency to justify our actions, behaviors and feelings (coz we want to believe we are good rational people)

what is controlled processing?

"explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious which deals with much more complex input. (slow and sequential)

what are some benefits of observation?

- you see behavior in natural context - u see rare events that you cant see in labs -record stuff that can be seen by anyone.

what are the three ways in which someone can reduce dissonance?

-Change a belief or cognition -Change ur behavior -Add a new idea

what are the five types of self-presentation strategies (names by Jones and Pittman 1982?

-Ingratiation -intimidation -self promotion -exemplification -supplication

what are the minds two processing systems?

-automatic processing -controlled processing

what is the incremental theory of intelligence?

This states that intelligence is malleable (changeable via hard work and effort)

what are the three categories of things you can use to collect data?

-self-report -direct observation -archival information

what is the peer review process?

-submission of article -sent to 2+ academic reviewers who are experts -comments reviewed by the editor and sent to author -resubmitted addressing comments of reviewers -sent back to reviewers for acceptance -then it becomes published

what are some risks of observation research?

-there is a lack of control over what is happening -observer bias -invasion of privacy

What impact will this activated schema have on your social interaction with other people?

1. Talk in ways that confirms our schema 2.Behave in ways that elicit behaviors we expect from others 3. Influences what we remember afterward ).

What are the six steps of the scientific method?

1. select a topic and review past research on the topic 2. develop a theory or use preexisting theory, generate a hypothesis and select a method. 3. obtain ethical approval for your research 4. collect data 5. analyze the data 6. report the results

what are the two categories of inter-group relationships?

1. social roles 2. identities

Give an example of how self fulfilling prophecies can have consequences. (the study with black and white interviewees) IMPLICIT/AUTOMATIC PROCESSES

A study was done in which white interviewers (unaware of the study) were doing mock interviews in which they were to interview white men and black men for the position. Each interview was recorded. In the interviews the white men seemed much more engaged then the black men because the white interviewer initially believed the white interviewees would be the most suitable candidates for the position thus they were much more engaged with them ans asked them more questions and thus the white interviewee as a result appeared more suited for the position. This was the opposite for the black interviewees because the white interviewers initially held a schema that they were not good candidates due to race thus they appeared as lazy since the interviewer himself was not engaged enuf for the interviewee to be engaged enuf as well. Recordings were then shown to raters who had to decide who was more competent. The result? the white interviewers

What is correlational research?

A technique used to measure two variables in order to assess a correlation between those variables.

What is a population?

a group of people for which a hypothesis is intended to be tested on.

Who is Kurt Lewin?

Father of Social Psychology who integrated both biology and environment in his studying of social psychology.

In the 2016 study conducted by Grunspan and his colleagues to answer the questions about why women are dropping out of bio courses at increasing numbers. His method: he administered a survey to 1700 participants and students were to rank their peers GPAs. what were the findings and what are some implications of this study?

Findings: Males ratings were highly inaccurate. They rated their females peers lower than their male. Females exhibited no gender bias and rated everyone more accurately. Implications: Men must have been socialized into believing that woman will not perform so well in the sciences thus they will underestimate females and treat them as if they're dumb and therefore women will lose confidence and drop out of bio courses

what is kurt lewins formula and what does it mean?

Formula: B=f (P,E) which means that behavior is a function of the person and the environment.

What is hindsight bias?

I knew it all along phenomenon

why is random assignment used?

In order to ensure that changes in DV are due to IV. this removes mental health issues and personality characteristics from the study.

Is a fixed trait of intelligence in any way helpful?

No it is not helpful in that it wont make u more intelligent, you wont improve intellectually but you'll get things done.

what do we study in social psychology in particular? do we study the behavior of a person?

No we do not study the behavior of a person rather we study human as a group and how we influence one another through our interactions.

what do statistics show concerning males and females pursuing science and math degrees? Why might this be?

Stats show that males outperform females in science and math and tend to go for degrees in math and science. Females actually initially outperformed boys in everything but s time passed their outperforming boys in science and math declined due several reasons such as boys not believing that females performed as well as their male peers in those subject areas and thus this schema is then validified since females lose confidence in selves.

(podcast) how did stereotypes and confirmation bias influence the research, sampling and findings? is this generalization?

Stereotype was that all gays were mentally ill and researchers tried to confirm this belief by only sampling with homos who had a pre-existing mental illness to prove their views. not generalizable coz most homos did not have a pre-existing mental illness.

What are some other factors that may influence men to outperform women in the maths and sciences?

Teachers over-reliance on their male students and parents having preexisitng views that their male children will perform better in those subjects or have more potential in those subject areas then their daughters (despite what their children believe). Due to self-fulfilling prophecies men will then in turn wind up outperforming females in these particular subject areas.

In Rosenthal and Jacobson's (1968) study, they administered IQ tests to a class of students and randomly selected students as "bloomers". They informed the teacher (who did not know how these randomly selected students actually performed) who the bloomers were. At the end of the semester all children took the test again and results were recorded. Explain the results of the study and how self fulfilling prophecies fits into this study.

The bloomers performed better on the last IQ test compared to the other students. This is because the teacher was led to believe that the bloomers had more potential thus she expected more from them and thus challenged them more so they can grow and they did (which reinforces her self-fulfilling prophecy)

What are gender schemas?

They are generalized ideas about behaviors and activities expected from males and females.

How would people with a fixed trait on intelligence feel about their intelligence? Are they more likely to engage in challenges or in things they are good at and why?

They may feel that it is not changeable and they are more likely to stick to things they are good at so they can look smart and impress others which is a result of having too much of an extrinsic focus (how u look to others)

why do we try to decrease dissonance?

This is our goal because we want to justify what were doing it as rational and we want to continue to believe that we are good people.

how do we verify our schemas?

Through self fulfilling prophecies.

What is automatic processing?

Unconscious operations that guide most of our behaviors as well ass learned associations or routines.

When does cognitive dissonance occur?

When we perform behaviors that are inconsistent with our attitudes.

What are heuristics?

a mental shortcut for processing info and coping with a lot of info from the world. involves the use of simple strategies to solve problems.

What is a self-report?

a method in which people provide subjective information about their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors, typically via questionnaire or interview

People with a malleable view on intelligence tend to

Work hard and focus on learning and mastery of content and they want to get smarter rather than prove they are smart (intrinsic factors want to prove something to themselves and not to others)

Give an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy.

You initially think sally is stupid thus you expect her to be stupid therefore you were treat her like shes dumb and thus she will react in embarrassing way which verifies ur initial view of her.

give an example of reducing dissonance

You're on a diet but you eat a donut (this is the dissonance) and then u try to justify that by maybe saying donuts make u happy and one will not hurt (happiness from the donut is a new cognition u added so that it make sense that ur eating a donut while dieting)

what is the halo effect?

a favorable or unfavorable impression of a person colors our future expectation and inferences about that person.

what was the percentage of field studies back then. Now?

back then it was 75% and now it is about 20%

what are our gender schemas often based on?

based on what we associate as feminine or masculine behaviors or qualities.

what are the two research types?

basic and applied research

why is there no random assignment in quasi experiments?

because in quasi experiments u cant assign gender, age, IQ, etc.

What is qualitative data?

data that is descriptive (descriptions, words, or images)

What is one ethical issue discussed in class that can lead to the rejection of a research proposal?

deception

what are some of the central contributions of social psychology?

developing an appreciation for the more complex situational view of human behavior. (social contexts are what influence us)

when you submit ur research how can it be self correcting?

editors can reject flawed studies, if it makes it past editors that n peer review by people who specialize in the field will review it if its flawed it does not get published.

Since correlational studies cannot determine causation, what kind of research method can we use to determine causation?

experimental research which is required to determine causation.

what can theories help us with?

explaining and predicting things for what we want to study.

What is another name for controlled processing?

explicit processing.

give an example of a study done where people confirmed their schemas (intro and extrovert)

people in a study were told that they will be surveying either an introvert or an extrovert. People who were told they will be surveying an extrovert asked extroverted questions whereas people who were told they will be surveying an introvert asked introverted questions.

what are attributions?

people's explanations for why events or actions occur (causal explantions) and this can impact ur interaction with another person. ( my sister is slow because she uses the bathroom too long)

What are attributions?

people's explanations for why events or actions occur (slipping n black ice is a result of the school not salting the sidewalks which may lead to contact the school to take salting more seriously)

give an example of a population and a sample of that population.

population: elderly. sample: nursing home