Social Psychology Exam 2
Catherine did very well on her math test. Which of the following statements should her mother tell her to increase the chances that Catherine will not give up on math if it later becomes more difficult for her? a. "You really worked hard for this test, and your hard work paid off!" b. "You are such a smart kid, you excel in everything you do!" c. "You are so good in math, you obviously have a gift for this!" d. "I'm so glad to see you are doing better than all your classmates!"
a. "You really worked hard for this test, and your hard work paid off!"
When does "saying become believing"? a. When you claim to have an opinion that differs from your true beliefs for no strong reason. b. When what you say is what you believe. c. When someone forces you to say something you don't believe. d. When you're paid a lot of money to lie.
a. When you claim to have an opinion that differs from your true beliefs for no strong reason.
Who is likely to feel the greatest dissonance after making a colossal blunder? a. a person with high self-esteem b. a person with low self-esteem c. a psychopath d. a narcissist
a. a person with high self-esteem
Jane's softball team is planning to steal the other team's mascot—a baby goat. Jane does not want to participate in such a scheme. Which of the following situations would make it more likely that Jane will refuse to help her team steal the goat? A) Another member of the team decides not to participate. B) The group is important to Jane. C) Jane has many friends on the team. D) The situation is ambiguous. E) Jane has built up "favourability credits."
A) Another member of the team decides not to participate.
You've recently learned that eating avocados, which you love, is bad for your health. To reduce the dissonance you experience after reading this news, you would most likely A) reread the article more carefully. B) consume a larger quantity of avocados. C) question the validity of the research and the integrity of the scientists. D) look for more articles on avocados. E) tell all of your friends about the findings.
C) question the validity of the research and the integrity of the scientists.
Eva's friends and her husband think that it's important that she get a mammogram at her next annual check-up. Eva believes that it will be relatively easy for her to make time in her schedule for that extra procedure. Thus, Eva has every intention of getting a mammogram as part of her annual check-up. This example best reflects the power of _______ and _______ respectively, to influence behavioural intentions and subsequent behaviours. A) subjective norms; affectively based attitudes B) subjective norms; perceived behavioural control C) specific attitudes; deliberative attitudes D) deliberative attitudes; subjective norms E) specific attitudes; perceived behavioural control
D) deliberative attitudes; subjective norms
Brandon knows that society considers underage drinking to be wrong; he also knows, however, that on a Saturday night at his university, many of his friends will engage in this behavior. His belief that most of the public would disapprove of underage drinking is _______________, while his perception that many teenagers drink under certain circumstances is _______________. a. an injunctive norm; a descriptive norm b. a descriptive norm; an injunctive norm c. a descriptie norm; conformity d. an injunctive norm; conformity
a. an injunctive norm; a descriptive norm
When participants were first placed in a dark room alone and asked to estimate the apparent movement of a point of light, individuals were consistent with their own estimates, and these estimates differed greatly from participants to participant. When participants made the same estimates in a group setting, their estimates converged. According to Muzafer Sherif (1936), why did this happen? Conformity occurs when people a. can use others' behaviors as cues for what's right b. can use anonymity to control others c. feel anonymous in a group d. feel uncomfortable and insecure
a. can use others' behaviors as cues for what's right
The concern of social norms refers to a. implicit or explicit rules a group has for acceptable beliefs, values, or behavior b. social sanctions a group provides in response to deviant behavior c. the most common beliefs, values, or behavior in a group of people d. social practices designed to promote cooperation in a group
a. implicit or explicit rules a group has for acceptable beliefs, values, or behavior
______ conformity is to the desire to be right as _____ conformity is the desire to be liked a. informational; normative b. normative; informational c. informational; mindless d. mindless; normative
a. informational; normative
Recall that in a field experiment described in the text, participants were more likely to properly dispose of a handbill left on their windshields when they saw a confederate pick up and dispose of a fast food bag. Results of this experiment reveal the power of ______ to reduce littering behaviors a. injunctive norms b. self-awareness c. subjective norms d. descriptive norms
a. injunctive norms
You've learned that your younger brother has begun having sex. You are concerned about his health and the health of his partner, and because abstinence doesn't seem reasonable to expect, you have decided to have a serious talk with him. What is the best thing to do? a. instill enough fear into him to get his attention, and then explain where to get condoms from and how to use them b. show him stats about the increase in AIDS among students in high school c. describe in vivid detail the ravages of AIDS and other STDs to scare him into safe sex practices d. buy him a book about responsible sex at the local bookstore, and mark the appropriate pages with a condom
a. instill enough fear into him to get his attention, and then explain where to get condoms from and how to use them
You are trying to sell a new electronic toothbrush at the airport to busy, distracted travelers. Which of the following strategies is least likely to be successful at getting people to buy a toothbrush? a. make up a flier that gives good convincing reasons why the toothbrush is so good b. make a large sign that says, "9 out of 10 dentists recommend this toothbrush!" c. put up a large banner featuring a picture of your friend who looks like Brad Pitt posing with the toothbrush d. stop people and say, "Do you know that this is the toothbrush that is used the most by Hollywood stars?"
a. make up a flier that gives good convincing reasons why the toothbrush is so good
According to dissonance theorists, the practice of threatening mild punishment works because it arouses ______ cognitive dissonance and therefore causes ________. a. much; a change in attitude toward the forbidden act b. little; a change in attitude toward the forbidden act c. much; avoidance of the punishment d. no; little if any frustration
a. much; a change in attitude toward the forbidden act
An important features of informational social influence is that it often leads to a. private acceptance b. obedience c. public compliance d. normative pressures
a. private acceptance
According to the authors, a particularly dangerous effect of advertising is that it a. reinforces and perpetuates stereotypes b. can have strong effects on our behavior when it is presented subliminally c. threatens our standard ways of thinking about social groups d. has become more interesting to people than the content of the programs themselves
a. reinforces and perpetuates stereotypes
You have been hired to help design a campaign to get people to conserve energy. Based on the research by Nolan and colleagues (2008), what is the most effective way to convince people to conserve? a. tell them that their neighbors are doing it b. explain the benefits to society c. emphasize the money they would save d. explains that they are protecting the environment
a. tell them that their neighbors are doing it
Which of the following statements is least true, according to research on self-knowledge? a. the best way to "know thyself" is to look inward, introspecting about ourselves? b. sometimes the best way to know ourselves is to see what we do c. we often try to figure out ourselves by comparing ourselves to others d. one way we know ourselves is by using theories we learn from our culture
a. the best way to "know thyself" is to look inward, introspecting about ourselves?
Your best friend has joined a cult called "The Fellowship of Feeling." He had to spend a month in a set of increasingly severe hazing rituals; pay an $8,000 membership fee; and go along to watch older members find homeless people to harass and beat up, before having to treat these "useless animals" the same way. Your friend loves this group and keeps urging you to join. What principles of dissonance are likely operating on your friend? Choose all that apply, or none. a. the justification of effort b. the justification of cruelty c. low self esteem d. post-decision dissonance e. hypocrisy induction f. insufficient justification
a. the justification of effort b. the justification of cruelty d. post-decision dissonance
A basic tenet of self-perception theory is that we infer our feelings from our behavior when a. the reasons for our attitudes or feelings are ambiguous b. we think about how others perceive us c. we can easily identify external reasons for our feelings d. the reasons for our attitudes or feelings are clear
a. the reasons for our attitudes or feelings are ambiguous
On Halloween, you decide to do an experiment. When the trick-or-treaters arrive at your house, you have them stand in a line on your front porch. You stay outside with the group and let each child enter your house individually. You tell them they can take one piece of candy from the bowl that is sitting on a table. Half of the time you put the candy bowl in front of a big mirror. The other half of the time there is no mirror present. All of the children may be tempted to take more than one piece of candy. Which children will be LEAST likely to give in to temptation? a. those in the mirror condition b. those who are between 7 and 9 years old c. those in the no-mirror condition d. those who experience downward social comparison
a. those in the mirror condition
Which of the following is most true about informational social influence? a. when deciding whether to conform, people should ask themselves whether the other people know more about what is going on than they do b. people should always try to resist it c. people are most likely to conform when others have the same level of expertise as they do d. often, people publicly conform but do not privately accept this kind of influence
a. when deciding whether to conform, people should ask themselves whether the other people know more about what is going on than they do
Results from Milgram's study, in which participants were led to believe that they were being asked to shock another person at lethal levels, suggest that a. will obey authority, when when perhaps they shouldn't b. are willing to do just about anything for a buck c. have strong aggressive impulses, as Freud suggested d. are generally rather sadistic
a. will obey authority, when when perhaps they shouldn't
Which of the following statements is true? a. "I like my toaster because you can toast 4 pieces of bread at one time" reflects a behaviorally based attitude b. "I guess I like junk food, because I am always eating it" represents behaviorally based attitude c. "I hate all politicians because they represent pure evil" represents a cognitively based attitude d. "I'd like to get rid of this care because it's always in the shop" represents an affectively based attitude
b. "I guess I like junk food, because I am always eating it" represents behaviorally based attitude
You are eager to persuade your fellow classmates to vote in an important upcoming election. Which of these ways of persuasion is mostly likely to work? a. "Please vote; it's really important." b. "You're a voter; don't forget the election is Tuesday" c. "You're an unpatriotic citizen if you don't vote" d. "Don't bother voting; your vote won't matter anyway"
b. "You're a voter; don't forget the election is Tuesday"
On a survey, Marquel reports that he agrees with wearing a seat belt. According to the theory of planned behavior, which of the following would be the best predictor of whether Marquel will wear a seat belt on a given day? a. He generally agrees that safe driving is important. b. His best friend, Trevor, who is always talking about how important it is to wear a seat belt, is in the car with him. c. His attitude toward seat belts is not very accessible. d. Marquel believes that it is hard to remember to wear his seat belt.
b. His best friend, Trevor, who is always talking about how important it is to wear a seat belt, is in the car with him.
When people in Western cultures learn about the interdependent view of the self and people in Asian cultures learn of the independent view of the self, what is the typical reaction? a. Many decide to change their view of self and "convert" to the view held by the other culture b. Many have difficulty understanding how the others could view the world in such a way c. "of course, they are so similar, it's easy to understand" d. Many wish to promote a vision of a unified intradependent view of the self
b. Many have difficulty understanding how the others could view the world in such a way
Your little sister enjoys taking time out of her day to make bead necklaces. A birthday is coming up, and you decide you want to give a necklace to each person at the party. She offered to make a necklace for each of your friends, but for added motivation you give her a dollar for each one she makes. Which of the following is most likely to happen? a. After the party, your sister will enjoy making beads more than she did before because you gave her a reward b. after the party, your sister will enjoy making beads less than she did before because you rewarded her for something she already liked to do c. because your sister already enjoys making beads, paying her for making them will have no effect on how much she enjoys the activity d. paying your sister for making the beads will increase her self-awareness
b. after the party, your sister will enjoy making beads less than she did before because you rewarded her for something she already liked to do
Imagine that you have just moved into a house with 4 other people. One of your housemates, Tony, doesn't seem like you all that much. If you were to make use of the Ben Franklin effect, what can you do to increase Tony's liking for you? a. offer to do Tony's laundry b. ask Tony if he could give you a ride to the grocery store c. tell Tony that you really wish the two of you could be friends d. pretend you don't care whether Tony likes you
b. ask Tony if he could give you a ride to the grocery store
All of the following are true about attitudes except one. Which one is false? a. attitudes are related to our temperament and personality b. attitudes rarely change over time c. attitudes can be changed with persuasive communications d. under the right conditions attitudes predict people's behavior
b. attitudes rarely change over time
Psychologists who have studied the development of self-concept over the lifespan have found that the self-concept starts out _________ and gradually becomes _______ with increasing age a. extremely positive; more realistic b. concrete; more abstract and complex c. extremely negative; more positive d. individually focused; socially focused
b. concrete; more abstract and complex
Your friend Jane is interning at a law firm. When you ask her how it's going, she says, "I'm feeling good about it because I'm doing much better than the intern who started a month after me." What kind of social comparison is Jane making? a. upward social comparison b. downward social comparison c. impression comparison d. self-knowledge comparison
b. downward social comparison
Mark is a Democrat. He just joined a Welfare Reform Committee made up of nine Republicans. Mark holds a minority opinion on this issue. If Mark wants his opinion to influence the group's final recommendations, he should: a. express his opinion, but voice the Republican viewpoint from time to time as well b. express a consistent, unwavering view point c. express his opinion once and then remain quiet d. remain quiet to avoid upsetting the group
b. express a consistent, unwavering view point
You are reading a blog by someone whose point of view is making you really angry. which of her arguments are you most likely to focus on and remember? a. her silliest claims, because she is a silly person b. her silliest claims, because they are consonant with your opinion that she is a silly person c. her smartest claims, so that you can contradict them in a post d. her smartest claims, because they are so unlikely to have come from a silly person
b. her silliest claims, because they are consonant with your opinion that she is a silly person
Imagine that you are a participant in the experiment conducted by Schachter and Singer (1962). You were injected with a vitamin compound Suproxin and told that you might experience an increased heart rate, hand tremors, and sweaty palms. Further imagine that while completing a questionnaire, the person in the room with you begins to act angry, tears up the questionnaire, and storms from the room. You are likely to _______ because __________. a. ignore the source of your arousal; the situation was so powerful b. ignore this situational cue; you know the source of your arousal c. remain calm; to become angry would cause cognitive dissonance d. become angry, too; situational cues have helped you label your arousal
b. ignore this situational cue; you know the source of your arousal
If you wanted to resist an influence attempt, social impact theory (Latane, 1981) suggests that you should a. spend as much time as possible with the group b. increase the distance between yourself and the group c. ensure that the group is unanimous d. repeatedly think about how important the group is to your life
b. increase the distance between yourself and the group
Tom is a new student at his university. During the first week of classes, he notices a fellow student from one of his classes getting on a bus. Tom decides to follow the student and discovers that this bus takes him right to the building where his class meets. This best illustrates what kind of conformity? a. obedience to authority b. informational social influence c. public compliance d. normative social influence
b. informational social influence
Under which of the following conditions would people be most likely to vote for a political candidate? They a. like the candidate's policies but have negative feelings toward him or her b. know little about the candidate's policies but have positive feelings toward him or her c. see subliminal ads supporting the candidate on national tv d. see tv ads supporting the candidate while they are distracted by their children
b. know little about the candidate's policies but have positive feelings toward him or her
Despite the results of some controlled lab studies on the effects of subliminal information on people's attitudes, because _______, consumers need not fear that advertisements will come to control their behavior a. attitudes seldom if ever produce actual behavior b. lab conditions seldom mirror real-life situations c. people process advertisements peripherally d. the FCC bans subliminal messages on TV
b. lab conditions seldom mirror real-life situations
Why are affectively based attitudes so resistant to logical persuasive attempts to change them? Affectively based attitudes are a. acquired by automatic processes b. often linked to values, which are difficult to change c. governed by knowledge of the issues d. the result of the same illogical source
b. often linked to values, which are difficult to change
Stella is very serious about dancing and starts college as a dance major. The more serious she gets about dancing, the more she worries about the pressure to succeed and the rewards associated with succeeding. She finds that dancing feels like a chore and something she has to do rather than wants to do. Her change in her views about dance is due to what social psychologists call a. insufficient justification b. over justification c. attribution of arousal d. cognitive appraisal
b. overjustification
In Asch's line studies, participants who were alone when asked to report the length of the lines gave the correct answer 98% of the time. However, when they were with the confederates who sometimes gave an obviously wrong answer, 76% of participants gave the wrong answer at least once. This suggest that Asch's studies are an illustration of a. public compliance with private acceptance b. public compliance without private acceptance c. informational influence d. private compliance
b. public compliance without private acceptance
Emilie just ditched a friend at a party to spend time with a pretty woman. Emilie feels uncomfortable but he tells himself it's because the woman is so hot and not because he treated his friend badly. The way he's feeling is dissonance, but he tells himself it's sexual attraction. This describes which of the following? a. misattribution of arousal b. self-affirmation c. self-esteem d. priming
b. self-affirmation
Emilia would be most likely to pay attention to facts about the danger of AIDS during a school assembly and remember the facts for a long time if a. the speaker emphasized statistical information about AIDS throughout the world b. the speaker emphasized how the disease has spread in her community and there isn't anything distracting Emilia from listening c. the speaker emphasized how the disease has spread in her community and at the same time Emilia's best friend is whispering to her about a big party that weekend d. the speaker is a nationally known expert on AIDS
b. the speaker emphasized how the disease has spread in her community and there isn't anything distracting Emilia from listening
For years you have believed that eating kumquats is really good for your health. You drink kumquat juice and buy the highest-premium kumquat bars, and you've run a pro-kumquat website for years. Now you learn that a major review of 18 studies has found that kumquats have no benefits and are even potentially harmful. What would be the most constructive way for you to reduce your dissonance caused by this discovery? a. "The research is biased. I'll wait for a more scientific study." b. "I must be an incredibly stupid person to have been eating kumquats all these years." c. "I thought I was doing the right thing, but I'm glad to have better information." d. "I'm furious and going to start an anti-kumquat blog immediately."
c. "I thought I was doing the right thing, but I'm glad to have better information."
According to reactance theory, what of the following public service messages would be least likely to get people to wear seat belts? a. "Please wear your seat belt every time you drive." b. "Wear your seat belt to save lives." c. "It's the law--you must wear your seat belt." d. "Buckle up your children--you might save their lives."
c. "It's the law--you must wear your seat belt."
The local police want to convince drivers to obey the 55 mile per hour speed limit on the highways. The police chief is convinced that doubling speeding fines is the answer. You've just read the section of Chapter 6 that deals with insufficient punishment. What would you say to him? a. "Make sure the severe punishment is swift and certain" b. "Good idea; that way, drivers will change their attitudes about speeding" c. "That's not the way to change drivers' attitudes about obeying the speed limit" d. "That won't work if officers don't enforce the speed limits"
c. "That's not the way to change drivers' attitudes about obeying the speed limit"
Imagine that both Vera and Carol are against affirmative action. Vera is offered $50 to write an essay about the benefits of affirmative action, whereas Carol is offered only $1 to write a similar essay. After writing the essays and receiving their payments, both women are asked to report their attitudes toward affirmative action. Assuming that their attitudes were similarly negative at the outset, which of the following results would you expect? a. both women would be strongly opposed to affirmative action b. Carol and Vera would be equally favorable toward affirmative action c. Carol would be more favorable than Vera toward affirmative action d. Vera would be more favorable than Carol toward affirmative action
c. Carol would be more favorable than Vera toward affirmative action
Based on information from the authors of your text about cognitive dissonance and immoral behavior, which of the following people would be most likely to condone having an extramarital affair? a. Sarah, who is not married b. any of these c. Jessie, who cheated on her husband, but didn't get caught d. Laura, who is faithful to her husband
c. Jessie, who cheated on her husband, but didn't get caught
Which of the following best describes an example of normative social influence? a. Carrie is studying with a group of friends. When comparing answers on the practice test, she discovers that they all answered the question differently than she had. Instead of speaking up and telling them she thinks the answer is something else, she agrees with their answer because she figures they must be right b. Samantha is supposed to bring a bottle of wine to a dinner party she is attending. She doesn't drink wine herself but figures she can just ask the store clerk for advice on what kind to buy c. Miranda is out to lunch with her boss and coworkers. Her boss tells a joke that makes fun of a certain ethnic group, and everyone else laughs. Miranda doesn't think the joke is funny but laughs anyways d. Charlotte is flying on an airplane for the first time. She is worried when she hears the engine make a strange noise but feels better after she looks at the flight attendants and see that they are not alarmed
c. Miranda is out to lunch with her boss and coworkers. Her boss tells a joke that makes fun of a certain ethnic group, and everyone else laughs. Miranda doesn't think the joke is funny but laughs anyways
In terms of dissonance theory, what is the primary reason that "we" (our side) often dehumanizes "them," the enemy, seeing them as animals, brutes, or monsters? a. the enemy is violent and cruel and deserves whatever we do to them b. the enemy started the war c. our side has treated the enemy brutally and needs to justify these actions d. our side is more moral and humane than their side
c. our side has treated the enemy brutally and needs to justify these actions
Recall that Aronson and his colleagues asked college students either to compose a persuasive message advocating the use of condoms or to compose and deliver their message in front of a video camera. In addition, half of the participants in each group were made mindful of the times that they didn't use condoms. Which (fictitious) participant below would experience the most dissonance and express a greater willingness to use condoms in the future? a. Jane, who spoke before a video camera, but did not list the times it was hard to use condoms b. Paul, who did not deliver his speech on video, but listed the times he found it hard to use condoms c. Sally, who delivered her speech, and listed the times she found it hard to use condoms d. Otis, who did not deliver his speech, and did not list the times he found it hard to use condoms
c. Sally, who delivered her speech, and listed the times she found it hard to use condoms
Politicians often preface their remarks with statements such as "I know my opponent will try to tell you that I'm weak on crime." This strategy is an example of a. use of the central route to persuasion b. fear-based persuasion c. attitude inoculation d. low self-esteem
c. attitude inoculation
After reducing postdecision dissonance, people are more likely to rate the chosen and unchosen alternatives as a. being very similar, with about equal strengths and weaknesses. b. having an equal number of strengths, but the chosen alternative as having fewer weaknesses. c. being more dissimilar, such that the chosen alternative is much more desirable than the unchosen one. d. being similar in terms of weaknesses, but the chosen alternative has more strengths.
c. being more dissimilar, such that the chosen alternative is much more desirable than the unchosen one.
Kara has been a die-hard Republican since she was old enough to vote. She votes Republican, is an active member of Young Republicans, and when she encounters arguments from Democrats, she is resistant to their persuasion attempt. Given the information about attitude change, it is most likely that Kara bases her attitude on a. her explicit attitude b. religious beliefs c. careful analysis of arguments d. cognitions and affect
c. careful analysis of arguments
Doty is out weeding her petunias when she sees a garden snake. She feels fear and jumps up and runs back to the house, all the while thinking, "I know that garden snakes are not dangerous." This example illustrates an inconsistency between the ________ component of attitudes and the ________ components. a. behavioral; affective and cognitive b. there is no inconsistency between the components c. cognitive; affective and behavioral d. affective; behavioral and cognitive
c. cognitive; affective and behavioral
Austin knows you're taking a psychology class and wants to know what he can do more disciplined in a few weeks when midterm exams come around. What advice do you have, based on the information from this chapter? a. give up. there's nothing that can be done b. consider starting a fight to provide an excuse for poor performance when the time comes c. exert self-control in some area now to practice for the future d. see about volunteering at a day care so he can be sick when midterms come around
c. exert self-control in some area now to practice for the future
The principal of a local elementary school plans to implement a "Reading for Cash" program, whereby children would be given cash rewards for reading. Before investing in this plan, the principal asks for your assessment. Because ________ tend to ________, you would probably tell her that the program would not be an effective way to increase interest in reading. a. external rewards; increase any inherent intrinsic interest b. any forms of encouragement; reduce intrinsic motivation c. external rewards; reduce any inherent intrinsic interest d. intrinsic interests; weaken over time regardless of incentives
c. external rewards; reduce any inherent intrinsic interest
Execution teams who work at prisons tend to deny personal responsibility for the executions and state that they are just following orders. Such justifications for taking a human life illustrate that when people obey authority they can a. control the situation psychologically b. internally justify their actions c. externally justify their actions d. influence others to do so as well
c. externally justify their actions
Kevin just got a low grade on his term paper. If Kevin has a ________ mindset, he would be most likely to give up and reduce his efforts in the class, feeling as though he is just "a bad writer." a. pessimistic b. sensitive c. fixed d. growth
c. fixed
All of the following are examples of ways to resist persuasion except a. making people immune to change of opinions by initially exposing them to small doses of arguments against their position b. warning people about advertising techniques such as product placement c. forbidding people to buy a product d. role-playing using milder versions of real-life social pressures
c. forbidding people to buy a product
Although cognitive dissonance is a very powerful way to change someone's attitude, it is not implemented on mass scales. Why not? a. most people are resistant to persuasion attempts b. very few people ever experience cognitive dissonance c. it would be difficult to create a situation of low external justification on a mass scale d. people would become psychologically reactive to the persuasion attempt and do the opposite
c. it would be difficult to create a situation of low external justification on a mass scale
Burger's (2009) replication of Milgram's studies on obedience to authority suggests that compared with people in the 1970s, people in 2006 were ________ likely to obey authority. a. less b. not at all c. just as d. more
c. just as
Which of the following is the best example of the self-control function of the self? a. justifying why you spent so much money on your new cell phone b. thinking about what kind of person you really are c. making a plan about how to study and succeed academically d. making a good first impression
c. making a plan about how to study and succeed academically
The authors of your test suggest that there are two major motivations for people to conform: a. wishing to avoid ridicule and rejection and hoping to attain power b. not knowing what to do in a confusing situation and seeking clear direction from an authority figure c. not knowing what to do in a confusing situation and wishing to avoid ridicule and rejection d. not knowing what to do in a confusing situation and hoping to attain power
c. not knowing what to do in a confusing situation and wishing to avoid ridicule and rejection
Which of the following is true about self-esteem and narcissism? a. the best way to be happy is to focus on ourselves and our own needs b. narcissists are disliked by others but do better academically and in business than other people c. people who are optimistic (but not narcissistic) preserver more in the face of failure and set higher goals than do other people d. narcissism has been decreasing among college students in the US over the past 30 years
c. people who are optimistic (but not narcissistic) preserver more in the face of failure and set higher goals than do other people
Scott believes very strongly that saccharine is an unsafe sugar substitute that may even cause cancer. Even though Scott is diabetic, and thus should be using sugar substitutes, he often opts for sugar-laden foods and drinks to avoid saccharine. "I'll just exercise more later; the sugar isn't a big deal. I'm really being healthier by avoiding saccharine," he thinks to himself. Scott's behavior and thoughts are examples of ___________ in the face of cognitive dissonance. a. patronizing b. harmonizing c. rationalizing d. denial
c. rationalizing
Advertisers will be most successful in influencing our attitudes and behaviours if they A) can ensure that consumers will pay attention to their ads. B) present logical arguments in support of their products. C) tailor their strategies to the basis of consumers' attitudes. D) distract consumers to encourage peripheral processing. E) utilize subliminal messages.
c. tailor their strategies to the basis of consumers' attitudes
Based on information provided by your text, external justification is to _____ as internal justification is to ______. a. small reward; lasting change b. small reward; no reward c. temporary change; lasting change d. temporary change; large reward
c. temporary change; lasting change
It is not uncommon for cultures to dehumanize their enemies. What explains why, for example, a Vietnam veteran might dehumanize the Vietnamese or a Nazi might dehumanize the Jews? a. because they are very prejudiced b. because there is historical conflict between the groups c. to alleviate guilt for harming innocent people during the war d. to remain patriotic
c. to alleviate guilt for harming innocent people during the war
People will be most likely to change their attitudes about smoking if an antismoking advertisement a. uses extremely graphic pictures of how smoke can harm the body and warns of the risks of smoking b. gives people subliminal messages about the risks of smoking as well as recommendations of how to quit c. uses graphic pictures of the damages of smoking on the body and then provides specific recommendations on how to quit smoking d. uses success stories of how people quit smoking
c. uses graphic pictures of the damages of smoking on the body and then provides specific recommendations on how to quit smoking
All of the following are examples of informational social influence except a. you are running a race, but because you are unsure of the route, you wait to check which of two rads the other runners will follow b. you've just started work at a new job, and a fire alarm goes off; you watch your coworkers to see what to do c. when you get to college, you change the way you dress so that you "fit in" better--that is, so that people will like you more d. you ask your adviser which classes you should take next semester
c. when you get to college, you change the way you dress so that you "fit in" better--that is, so that people will like you more
Which of the following is most true about self-handicapping? a. people who self-handicap tend to try harder at a task b. women are more likely to engage in reported self-handicapping than are men c. women are more critical of people who self-handicap than are men and are less likely to engage in behavioral self-handicapping than are men d. east asians are more likely to engage in behavioral self-handicapping than are westerners
c. women are more critical of people who self-handicap than are men and are less likely to engage in behavioral self-handicapping than are men
You know you're eating too much junk food and that it's bad for your energy and health. Which of the following will not reduce your dissonance? a. Cutting out your favorite afternoon sweets. b. Deciding that all those health warnings are stupid exaggerations. c. Admitting you are eating too many sweets but claim that they boost your energy for studying. d. Accepting the fact that your attitudes and behavior simply conflict.
d. Accepting the fact that your attitudes and behavior simply conflict.
When Jessie sits down for the first day of class, the person next to him, Blake, is wearing a "Free Tibet" shirt. After a few minutes of talking, Jessie realizes that he likes Blake. Which of the following is most likely to happen based on the idea of social tuning? a. Blake will provide Jessie with unwanted propaganda about the "Free Tibet" movement b. Jessie will express his anti-tibetans views openly with Blake c. Blake may try to brainwash Jessie d. Jessie may unconsciously alter his attitude to agree that Tibet should be freed
d. Jessie may unconsciously alter his attitude to agree that Tibet should be freed
Phil spent an hour and a half running cables and toying with connections in order to receive cable TV in his room. When he was finished, he got 50 channels, but all of them were kind of fuzzy. His roommate, Jason, arrived home when Phil was done, and they both sat down to watch TV. Which one will enjoy the cable TV the most? a. Jason, because he didn't have to spend the time hooking it up b. Jason, because of insufficient punishment c. Phil, because of a self-fulfilling prophecy d. Phil, because of justification of effort
d. Phil, because of justification of effort
Tim has asked Robin to marry him. Robin isn't sure whether she loves him enough or whether she loves him in the right way. She talks with her sister about all the reasons why it would be wise to marry Tim, and all the reasons why it wouldn't be such a great idea. According to Wilson's theory of reasons-generated attitude change, Robin might regret it were she to base her decision on the reasons she mentioned. Why is that? a. Such objective, dispassionate verbal reports will counteract the passionate feelings she has for Time b. People often fall prey to post-decision regret, due to their need to justify their decisions c. Her sister will unconsciously reinforce some reasons and punish others d. Reasons Robin generates during the conversation won't predict her long-term attitude and feelings very well
d. Reasons Robin generates during the conversation won't predict her long-term attitude and feelings very well
Which of the following people is engaging in upward social comparison? a. Daniel, who feels better when he realizes that rich people pay a lot more in taxes than he does b. Jermaine, who checks the distribution of scores on his final examination c. Chet, who checks his stopwatch and vows to run faster next time d. Toni, who reads William Faulkner to assess her own writing skills
d. Toni, who reads William Faulkner to assess her own writing skills
A tobacco grower says, "I'm not the only one growing it. If I stop, someone else will be there." Assuming that the man was experiencing dissonance from the fact that he was making his living from a crop that is bad for people's health, he appears to be reducing this dissonance by a. self-affirmation is an unrelated domain b. changing his behavior c. changing his cognitions d. adding new cognitions
d. adding new cognitions
It is estimated that one-third of the electorate knows almost nothing about specific politicians. Nonetheless, these people hold very strong opinions about them. This pattern of finds suggests that people's attitudes toward politicians may be largely a. cognitively based b. ambivalent c. behaviorally based d. affectively based
d. affectively based
Which of the following is true, according to social impact theory? a. people conform more to others who are physically close than to others who are physically distant b. people conform more if the others are important to them c. people conform more to three or more people than to one or two people d. all of the above are true
d. all of the above are true
Researches gave a group of college women either a dating profile of a male student, which included a photo and basic demographic information, or the opinion of another female student who had been on a speed date with him. Then both groups had a speed date with him and rated how much they enjoyed it. Because of ______, the group that ________ made a better prediction about how much they would enjoy the date. a. downward social comparison, read the dating profile b. an affective forecast, read the dating profile c. downward social comparison, heard the opinion from the other student d. an affective forecast, heard the opinion from the other student
d. an affective forecast, heard the opinion from the other student
Steph reads an anti-drinking ad in the student newspaper that states, "Students at this school, on average, only drink three drinks per week." She typically drinks no alcoholic beverages per week, but after seeing the ad she starts consuming more because she is "below average." Steph is exhibiting the a. idea of reverse psychology b. exceptions as to when normative social influence works c. reactance principle d. boomerang effect
d. boomerang effect
Paige wants to buy a puppy. She does some research and decides to buy an English Springer Spaniel rather than a Great Dane because they are smaller, more active, and good with children. Which type of attitude influenced her decision? a. affectively based attitude b. behaviorally based attitude c. explicitly based attitude d. cognitively based attitude
d. cognitively based attitude
During a drought, Lynne noticed that all of her neighbors had stopped watering their lawns even though there were no laws against it. Lynne was following a(n) _______ norm when she let her lawn turn brown, too. a. productive b. objective c. proscriptive d. descriptive
d. descriptive
Earl wants to understand his self-concept better, so he sits quietly by himself and thinks about who he is and what his values and attitudes are. What is Earl engaging in? a. self-awareness b. self-conceptualization c. meditation d. introspection
d. introspection
Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. Further assume that you were paid a large amount of money to tell the stranger that lie. In this situation, you would be most likely to a. convince yourself that the stranger deserved to be lied to b. ask to complete the task again, given that you had high internal justification for doing so c. convince yourself that the boring task was actually more interesting than you had previously thought d. maintain your original assessment of the task as dull and boring
d. maintain your original assessment of the task as dull and boring
What is a "hypocrisy paradigm" in experimental research? a. choosing participants who are hypocrites in order to study their rationalizations b. requiring participants to write essays that are critical of hypocrisy c. making participants understand that everyone is hypocrite d. making participants aware of their own hypocrisy in not practicing what they preach
d. making participants aware of their own hypocrisy in not practicing what they preach
In all likelihood, participants in Milgrim's obedience experiments (conducted in the 1960s and 1970s) were willing to administer increasingly severe shocks to a confederate learner because they were concerned that the experiment would be disappointed or perhaps even angry with them. Such concerns reflect the power of ______ to induce obedience to authority a. the reciprocity norm b. mindless conformity c. informational social influence d. normative social influence
d. normative social influence
Which of the following is most true? a. every member of a western culture has an independent view of the self, and every member of an asian culture has an interdependent view of the self b. members of western cultures are more likely to have an interdependent sense of self than are members of asian cultures c. people with independent selves can easily appreciate what it is like to have an interdependent self d. people who live in parts of the US and Canada that were settled by europeans more recently have more of an independent sense of self than people who live in parts of those countries that were settled earlier
d. people who live in parts of the US and Canada that were settled by europeans more recently have more of an independent sense of self than people who live in parts of those countries that were settled earlier
Donald didn't attend carefully to the substance of the persuasive communication, but instead paid attention to some irrelevant cues. He's using the ________ route to persuasion. a. systematic b. central c. indirect d. peripheral
d. peripheral
Felicia is initially the only member of the jury who believes that the defendant is innocent. After hearing and debating Felicia's arguments, the jury unanimously declares the defendant not guilty. The jurors' decision will most likely be characterized by a. contagion b. public conversion c. public compliance with private acceptance d. private acceptance
d. private acceptance
In most stores, owners provide background music for shoppers. Now, this music may not be to everyone's taste, but from the perspective of social psychologists who study routes to persuasion, it is probably designed to ________, and thus to ________. a. put them in a bad mood; make them want to spend their money as quickly as possible b. distract them; ensure they spend more time in the store c. distract them; get them to forget to use their money-saving coupons d. put them in a good mood; make products more attractive to them
d. put them in a good mood; make products more attractive to them
Analyzing the reasons for why we feel what we do is not always the best strategy for making sense of our feelings. This is because a. self-enhancement motives are more powerful than accuracy motives b. we are likely to fall prey to the fundamental attribution error c. such introspection can feel paralyzing, and thus negatively affect our mood d. reasons that are easy to verbalize are not always the most influential reasons
d. reasons that are easy to verbalize are not always the most influential reasons
Which of the following is not a function of the self? a. self-knowledge b. self-control c. impression management d. self-criticism
d. self-criticism
As Nina lights up her fifteenth cigarette of the day, she glances at the Surgeon General's warning on the package and shrugs, thinking, "Eh, cancer is for old people, and not only do I have good genes, the research on cigarettes causing cancer inconclusive." It is unlikely that Nina will change her behavior and quit smoking unless. a. a close family member is diagnosed with lung cancer b. she can no longer add cognitions c. she is diagnosed with cancer herself d. she gets out of the self-justification cycle
d. she gets of out the self-justification cycle
Elise wants to increase her ability at self-control, such as by spending more time studying. Which of the following is most likely to work? a. when she is studying, she should try hard to suppress thoughts about the party she could have gone to b. just before it is time for her to study, she should do something that requires a lot of concentration, such as a difficult puzzle c. she should eat a small, sugary snack before studying d. she should adopt the belief that willpower is an unlimited resource
d. she should adopt the belief that willpower is an unlimited resource
Explicit attitudes influences our behavior when _________, while implicit attitudes influence our behavior when _______. a. we make public statements; we consider our private beliefs b. our behavior is nonverbal; our behavior is verbal c. we are not monitoring our behavior; we are monitoring our behavior d. we are monitoring our behavior; we are not monitoring our behavior
d. we are monitoring our behavior; we are not monitoring our behavior
Suppose that while you are watching a film at a movie theater the words "Drink Coke" are flashed on the screen at speeds too quick for you to see consciously. According to research on subliminal perception, which of the following is true? a. you will get up and buy a coke, but only if other people start to do so first b. you will get up and buy a coke, but only if you prefer coke to pepsi c. you will be less likely to get up and buy a coke d. you will be no more likely to buy a coke than if the subliminal messages were not flashed
d. you will be no more likely to buy a coke than if the subliminal messages were not flashed
Post-decision dissonance has been observed a. in monkeys b. in shoppers c. in people who've cheated d. in people who just bought a car e. all of the above f. a and d
e. all of the above
