social psychology exam 6

normative social influence

-mechanism that help individual decsions translate into a final verdict -involves a person changing based on perceived pressure to conform -this is a function of the initial distribution of verdicts within the jury and has a direct effect on the final verdict

resilience

-one of the ways to cope with stress an individuals ability to cope with stress and adversity -consists of recovery, sustainability and growth

90%

What percent of jurors decide in the direction of the original verdict?

internalized false confession

a situation where an individual falsely confess to to a crime, typically under police influence but privately the individual comes to believe they are guilty of crime

compliant false confession

a situation where an individual falsely confesses to a crime, typically under police influence but privately the individual knows they arent guilty

organizational citizenship behaviors

behaviors that promote the efficient and effective functioning of the organization, typically without any forma reward tied to them -these can fall into 1. altruism 2. conscientousness 3. sportsmanship 4. courtesy 5. civic virtue

alloparenting

cooperative breeding

response definition of stress

definition to define stress - focuses on how people react both physiologically and psychologically when in a stressful situation

transactional model of stress and coping

definition to define stress - focuses on the observation that stress is a transaction between individual and environment -the most critical aspect of stress is the way in which the person perceives and responds to stressful events -the effect of an external stressor on a person is mediated first by the persons appriasal (primary) of the stressor and second on the resources avaliable to deal with the stressor (secondary) -the idea of that the experience of stress is subjective

stimulus definition of stress

definition to define stress -focuses on the stimuli that produce stress -stress is defined in terms of what is happening in the environment -different people respond the same way to given events

resilience resources

different tools or characteristics that individuals might use to help them cope with stress and adversity 1. personality 2. self and ego related resources 3. interpersonal and social resources 4. world views 5. behavior and cognitive skills 6. other resources such as education

adverse impact

employment practices that can appear neutral, but have a discriminatory effect on a protected group

recovery

first component in resilience - a return to baseline function following a major stressor

job analysis

first step in personnel selection model -the systematic study of jobs tasks, duties, and responsibiliteis and the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to perform the job

positive mood

one way that help people cope with stress - positive moods affect the way sick and healthy people deal with stress -sad moods lead to fatigue and weakness -laughter plays a role in altering the course of illnesses -positive moods can regulate negative moods

promoting healthy behavior

one way that help people cope with stress -exercise and eating better can help people cope with stress and increase a healthy body - these can reduce obesity

social support

one way that help people cope with stress -the experience that one is loved and cared for by others and is part of social network -live longer an extra 2 years

self efficacy

one way that people cope with stress - the belief in ones ability to succeed in specific situations -a persons ability to cope with stress depends on how well they can control the way they think about it - the belief that one can manage reactions to stressful events -people who have this throw more effort and resources into coping with the threat

negative mood regulation expectancies

positive moods can regulate negative moods -relates to a persons ability to generate positive moods when they are experiencing a negative mood

personnel selection model

process is three step process that industrial/organizational psychologists specialize in to assist organizations in areas such as employee selection, recruitment, and performance reviews -consists of job analysis, employee recruitment, employee screening

behavior-based scales

scales used in performance appraisals where workers are evaluated on observable job related behavior -this is direct -it facilitates clear goals, acceptance of these goals, and increased commitment to these goals

trait-based scales

scales used in performance appraisals where workers are evaluated on their personality and job-related traits, such as leadership initiative

sustainability

second component in resilience - the capacity to continue moving forward during stressors

employee recruitment

second step in personnel selection model - the process of attracting potential workers to apply for jobs

voluntary false confession

situation where individual falsely claims responsibility for a crime without police influence

Theory of Planned Behavior

the idea that people's intentions are the best predictors of their deliberate behaviors, which are determined by their attitudes toward specific behaviors, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control -increasing intentions to engage in healthy behavior

goal setting theory

theory that suggests that a person's conscious goals and intentions are the primary determinants of behavior -a goal is the object of an action -for goals to be most effective, they must be specific and difficult -goals serve a directive function

growth

third component in resilience - enhanced adaptation beyond original levels of functioning

employee screening

third step in personnel selection model -the process of reviewing info about job applicants -test the skills that the individual has -has to be valid

halo effect

this is a problem that can occur in the performance appraisal -a bias which ones impression of a persons ability in one domain is influenced by ones impression of a persons ability in another domain, even when these two domains might be unrelated -ex: sharon is very good at working with her colleagues or writing reports. We might assume that she is also good at working with difficult customers

emotion focused coping

this is one way that secondary appraisals are classified as -coping strategy that involves attempts to manage ones internal emotions or feelings

problem focused coping

this is one way that secondary appraisals are classified as -coping strategy that works to manage the external demands of a situation, often through the development of plans and goals

primary appraisal

this is the persons appraisal when facing a stressful situation -this involvs an individual making an assessment of what is happening in the situation

secondary appraisal

this is the resources available to deal with the stressor when facing a stressful situation -classified as problem focused coping or emotion focused coping

needs

this is what people are motivated to satisfy -a psychological or physiological feature that arouses an individual to action toward a goal, giving purpose and direction to behavior -there are three needs: achievement, power, and affiliation

other race effect

this is when a white witness will be less accuarte identifying a black suspect than identifying a white suspect and vice versa when it comes to blacks identifying a white suspect -this is becasue we are more familiar with our own race's features and that making a cross-racial identification affects clarity

performance appraisals

tools or measures to assess worker performance in comparison to some standards -these are tied to pay increase and promotions -help improve employee performance

1. serve as a directive function 2. have an energizing function 3. influence persistence 4. lead to arousal, discovery, and knowledge

what are the 4 mechanisms that make goal setting work?

1. psychological needs 2. safety needs 3. loving/belongingness needs 4. self-esteem needs 5. self actualization

what are the 5 needs that we are motivated by according to Maslows hiearchy of needs? -not all needs relate to ones job motivation -salient needs are correlated with job motivation

1. resilience 2. self efficacy/percieved control 3. positive moods 4. social support 5. promoting healthier behavior

what are the 5 ways that help people cope with stress?

1. personality 2. self and ego related resources 3. interpersonal and social resources 4. world views 5. behavior and cognitive skills 6. other resources such as education

what are the 6 categories to resilience resources that help people cope with stress?

1. altruism 2. conscientousness 3. sportsmanship 4. courtesy 5. civic virtue

what are the four things that organizational citizenship behaviors fall into?

1. voluntary 2. compliant 3. internalized

what are the three categories for false confessions?

1. achievement 2. power 3. affiliation

what are the three needs that were are motivated by?

a person may feel threatened or suffer loss of self esteem by asking for help

what is the negative side to seeking help from others? -in western countries, seeking help is seen as not strong and is emabrrising

1. selecting raters who have sufficient oportunity to observe the ratee 2. training that rater 3. using appraisal instrument that is clear and has validity

what thre factors influence perceptions of fairness and legitimacy of the appraisal process?

civil hero

type of heroism - have no code of conduct nor are they trained -face dangerous risks -seen as more heroic

informational social influence

--mechanism that help individual decsions translate into a final verdict -involves a person changing their view based on the content of the deliberations -jurors attempt to influence each other through the exchange of infor about the evidence -they will also express emotions

stress

-a response to environmental stimuli (stimuli definition) -psychological and a physiological response of the body (response definition) -relates to how stressor is perceived

empathy

-this is a path to helping --compassionate understanding of how the person in need feels -we help others because we truly care about them and their suffering -feelings of this encompass sympathy, pity, and sorrow -perspective taking underlies this

egoism

-this is a path to helping a motive for helping where we may give help not out of feelings of empathy for victims but in order to relieve our own personal distress - these motives are more self-centered and selfish than empathic motives -after seeing someone suffering, it arouses feelings of our own personal distress, which can lead to a number of behaviors such as helping or fleeing the situation to reduce personal distress -this person is more likely to respond to someone in need by escaping the situation if possible -when escape is easy, we will flee but when escape is difficult, we will stay and help ex: if you saw the suffering after a hurricane and thought "If i dont do something, i will feel terrible all day.", you would be focused on your own distress rather than on the distress of the victims or you could turn off the tv so you would no longer see the victims suffering

empathy punishment hypothesis

-this is a reason why people help A hypothesis suggesting that helping occurs because individuals are motivated to avoid the guilt or shame brought about by failure to help. -this challenges the empathy-altruism hypothesis -this predicts that when there is a strong justification for not helping, the amount of empathy aroused wont matter

social category relationship

-this is an explanation for why the bystander effect happens A relationship in which bystanders assume that the parties involved belong together in some way. -if a bystander assumes this, then intervention is unlikely to happen in a helping situation ex: a spousal relationship- two people belong together in a relationship but when we are confronted with a situation in which this exists and we see a couple fighting, a social norm of nonintervention is activated, we are socialized to keep our nose out of family matters

weapon focus

-this is an important estimator variable that affects eyewitness accuracy -the phenomenon by which the eyewitness accuracy is reduced when a weapon is present -details that stand out are most likey to be remebered -this is stronger if a female is holding a weapon during the crime becasue the weapon stands out when a female holds it -this is also weaker if the perpetrator with the weapon has a distinctive facial feature because the feature competes with the attention with the weapon

diffusion of responsibility

-this is why the bystander effect occurs an explanation suggesting that each bystander assumes another person will take responsibility to help -in the case where bystanders can see each other, this may not explain bystander inaction

emotional empathy

-this type of empathy conbined with a sense of social responsibility increased the likliehood that a person would make and keep a commitment to help according to the Oliner -centers on ones sensitivity to the pain and suffering of others

courageous resistance

-type of helping Selfless behavior involving risk to a helper (and/or family) that is sustained over time, is a product of a deliberative process, and involves a moral calling. -these required help in nonemergency situations -ex: volunteering at hospital -ex: manela taking a stand against a system in South africa

Gender and race

-women were a small majority of rescuers -women are more motivated by interpersonal caring and a relationship orientation than men -men are socialized toward civic life, had at least a high school education, and were socialized to be autonoumous -they work alone and rescue large number of people and are breif and repetitive -women are socialized to be family oriented, less likely to have high school education, and socialized for altruism -they work with others and help over a long period of time nad are motivated by guilt

altruistic personality

A cluster of personality traits that predisposes a person to acts of altruism

righteous rescuer

The designation bestowed by Israel on non-Jews who helped save Jews from the Nazis during World War II.

moral foundation theory

a theory proposing that there are five evolved, universal moral domains in which specific emotions guide moral judgments -harm/care -fairness -authority respect -loyalty -purity/sancitiy

general adaptation syndrome

a three-step model describing the reaction of the body to a stressor. It consists of three stages: Alarm stage, resistance stage, and exhaustion stage

biological explanation about altruism

according to this view, helping is biologically adaptive and helps a species survive -they focus on survival of the gene pool of a species rather than on survival of any one member of a species -according to this, animals are more likely to help members of their own family through alloparenting, for humans its the same: we are more likely to help others who are like us and who share genetic material

normative altruism

altruism that society supports and encourages -ex: small towns in france, rescuing jews became normative, the accepted and expected thing to do

selfish

altruistic orientation based on individuals degree of nurturance (give help) and sccorance (receive help) -thise who are primarily motivated to recieve help but not give it -people would not be oriented toward helping regardless of compensation

altruistic

altruistic orientation based on individuals degree of nurturance (give help) and sccorance (receive help) -those who are motivated to help others but not to receive help in return -people will help even if compensation was not expected -they are less likely to help when compensation was offered

inner-sustaining

altruistic orientation based on individuals degree of nurturance (give help) and sccorance (receive help) -those who are not motivated to give or recieve help -people would neither give nor recieve help, not matter what the compensation

receptive giving

altruistic orientation based on individuals degree of nurturance (give help) and sccorance (receive help) -those who help to obtain something in return -people willing to help only if they stood to gain something in return

empathy-altruism hypothesis

an explanation suggesting that the arousal of empathy leads to altruistic acts -there is only one solution that is effective when the motivation is altruistic: helping the victim -these people are more likely to help even if escaping the situation is easy -although, if the person has high empathy and tries to help but fails, they will experience greater negative mood shifts -this predicts that empathic motivation matters most when justification for not helping and empathy are high meaning that if a person has empathic feelings and truly cares about the person in need, rationalizations dont stop them from helping

yes

are esteem oriented people (motivated internally) more likely to help than safety oriented people (Motivated externally)?

relationship between personality and likeliness of helping in different situations

base of triangle respresents very low cost behaviors -as you move up, the cost of helping increases -an extremely low cost would result in people helping and peoples personality matter little when they are low -when cost of helping becomes high, fewer people help, only the most altruistic people help in high-cost situations

how seeing others help

factor that affects whether we implement a decision to help or not - we decide to help if we see another person helping too -seeing other people help increases the likelihood that we will also help -seeing another person act in an altruistic manner elicits a unique emotion called elevation

characteristic of victim

factor that affects whether we implement a decision to help or not -a persons characterisitc affects as persons ability to help or not -physically attractive people are more likely to receive more help than unattractive people -helpers also make judgements about whether a vicitim deserves help or not -if we percieve that a person got themselves into a situation own their own, we generate "just-world" thinking and think they can get themselves out of it -we relax that type of thinking when we think that a person in need is highly dependent on our help

sexual orientation

factor that affects whether we implement a decision to help or not -heterosexuals receive more help than same sex individiauls

the effect of mood on helping

factor that affects whether we implement a decision to help or not -the bystanders mood affects whether they decide to help or not -people who are in a positive mood are more likely to help others than people who arent -being in a positive mood generate good thoughts about people and are less concerned about themsleves -people who find a dime in a photo booth are morel likely to pick up paper dropped by other -people who get free cookies are more likely to volunteer to help someone -people who are smiled at more are more likely to help others who smile too

assessing rewards and costs for helping

factor that affects whether we implement a decision to help or not -there are rewards for helping (gratitude from victim, monetary reward) and for not helping (avoiding danger, arriving to class on time) -there are also costs for helping (injury, embarrassment) and for not helping ( loss of self-esteem) -those can affect whether a person implements the decision to help -the greater the cost of helping, the less likely people are to help -six variables determine the willingness to give help 1. victim responsbility 2. urgency to help 3. time required for help 4. diffusion of responsibility 5. discomfort involved in helping 6. victims deservingness

race

factor that affects whether we implement a decision to help or not -this goes along with the characteristic of the victim blacks are less llikely to receive help when: 1. the help required longer commitments of time 2. the help was more risky 3. the help was more difficult 4. the distance between helper and victim increased 5. a white helper could rationalize away nonhelp

gratitude and helping

factor that affects whether we implement a decision to help or not -this increases helping -increases our sense of self worth -whether a person received help when they needed help will determine if they help someone else -this relates to prosocial behavior due to the fact that it acts as a "moral barometer", a "moral motivator" and serves as a "moral reinforcer"

implementing the decision to help

fifth stage in 5 stage model of helping -after passing through the four stages, a person may still choose not to intervene other considerations influence your decision whether or not to help -assessing rewards and costs for helping can affect a persons decision to help or not -how seeing others help affects helping -the effect of mood on helping can affect this -gratitude and helping can affect this -characteristics of the victim can affect this -race and helping behavior of the victim can affect this -sexual orientation and helping can affect this

alarm stage

first stage in general adaptation syndrome -when the body reacts to the stressor with an instinctive and automatic response. -a branch of the autonomic nervous system releases hormones into the bloodstream that prepare body for fight or flight, the heart rate then accelerates, bronchi dilate to allow more air into lungs, the liver releases sugar for energy, digestion halts, perspiration increases to cool skin, and endorphins release to provide pain relief -require a lot of energy

deciding to help

fourth stage in 5 stage model of helping -decide how to help -people who feel contempt and have necessary skills, are more likely to help than those who dont have any of that -two reasons for that explanation is: -- feelings of competence increase confidence in ones ability to help and, --feelings of competence increase sensitivity to the needs of other and empathy towards victims

moral reinforcer

function that gratitude acts as in prosocial beahvior -when someone expresses gratitude after receiving help, it increases the likehood that the recipients of the gratitude will engage in prosocial behavior in the future

moral barometer

function that gratitude acts as in prosocial behavior -indicates a change in ones state of mind after receiving help

moral motivator

function that gratitude acts as in prosocial behavior -impelling the recipient of help to reciprocate to their benefactor or strangers

altruism

helping behavior motivated purely by the desire to relieve a victim's suffering and not by the anticipation of reward -we experience increased self esteem and personal satisfcation after helping -this is stronger when an in-group member needs help rather than an out-group member -they are focused more on the behavior and not the outcome

just world hypothesis

hypothesis that we believe people get what they deserve and deserve what they get -this type of thinking leads us to devalue a person who we think caused their own misfortune -we give less help to those who we perceive have contributed to their own fate -higher dependence mediates this type of thinking -this also comes into play when we consider the degree to which a victim contributed to their own predicament -if we attribute a victims suffering to their own actions (internal attirubution) we are less likely to help than if their predicament was due to external forces or out of their control

positive bystander effect

limitation to the bystander effect -this is when the intervention required is dangerous -in a dangerous situation the presence of others increases helping compared to if a helper is alone -the bystander effect is reduced for helping in dangerous situations -if the consequences to the helper are physical, the bystander effect is also reduced

Heinz Problem

moral reasoning - woman was on her deathbed. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her -preconventional-stealing is bad -conventional-needs to steal to be good husband -postconventional-life is of ultimate value

normocentric motivation

most rescuers in western europe had this motivation for their first act of helping - it is oriented more toward a group with whom an individual identifies than toward an individual in need

threat to self esteem

negative outcome of receiving help - a model explaining the reactions of victims to receiving help, suggesting that they might refuse help becasue accepting it is a threat to their self-esteem -in western cultures, receiving is seen as being dependent and that is not seen as strong to them so it threatens their seld-esteem

inequitable relationship

negative outcome of receiving help -helping creates inequity in a relationship becasue the recipient feels indebted to the helper -ther higher the cost to the helper, the greater the inequity and the greater the begative feelings -people are less likely to seek help in the future when they havent been able to reciprocate -

postevent information

new info that we encounter after witnessing an event -this effects how we remember things

increases the likelihood of an altruistic act

once arouse,d how does empathy relate to altruism?

resistance stage

second stage in general adaptation syndrome -when the alarm reaction is halted and the body attempts to restore normal functioning -require alot of energy

autonomous altruism

selfless altruism that society does not support or might even discourage

noticing situation

stage 1 of the five stage model -before we can expect a person to intervene in a situation, the person must notice that an emergency exists -before you act, you must be aware that something occurred -noticing involves the basic laws of perception such as the figure-ground relationship (this occurs when a stimulus stands out against the background), we pay close attention to it

labeling the situation as an emergency

stage 2 of the five stage model -after the person notices an emergency, we have to label it as one that requires intervention -we have to determine whether there is ambiguity or uncertainty about what has happened but it is hard because there is often more than one interpretations of events -you have to correctly determine what kind of situation it is -ambiguity and presence of others effects how correctly we label a situation -we will notice other peoples reactions to determine the response to the situation (if bystanders show little concern, we wont help) -we look around to see what other people think or do, we rely on other peoples cues if the situation is very ambiguous

assuming responsibility to help

stage 3 of the five stage model to helping -aka bystander effect -a person in need of help is less likely to receive it as the number of bystanders increase -the size of the group and did that size have an effect on time between the onset of the incident and the offering of help affect this -help occurs more quickly when alone and you are more likely to help when you are alone

reconstructive memory

the idea that human memory is a reconstruction of the original event, and not an exact playback of that event -our mind is not a video recorder

deliberation

the process by which the decisions of individual jury members must be blended into a single group decision -this is dominated by discussions of the evidence and statements in support of jurors' verdicts -this polarizes the the jury because the jurys initial direction is enhanced -tey operate on this rule: if there is a two-thirds majority, the liklihood is that the jury will find in the direction of the majority, but if the majority is less than two-thirds but more than a half then the liklihood is that the jury will hang

bystander effect

the social phenomenon that helping behaviors is less likely to occur as the number of witnesses to an emergency increases --the size of the group and did that size have an effect on time between the onset of the incident and the offering of help affect this -85% of people help when alone but 62% helped when there were other people around -help occurs more quickly when alone

exhaustion stage

third stage in general adaptation syndrome -characterized by life-threatening physiological exhaustion that may be accompanied by symptoms such as distorted thinking and perceptions -at this point, the person becomes vulnerable to disease or death

self other oneness hypothesis

this challenges the empathy-altruism hypothesis -this says that in addition to arousing empathic concern about a person ins distress, helping situations also arouse a greater sense of self other overlap -the helper sees more of themselves in the person in need so when this happens, the helper may engage in helping because of a greater sense of closeness with the victim than with the arousal of empathic concern alone -they found that empathy increases altruism only if it results in an increase in self-other oneness

altruism as a function of cognitive development

this is a thing the the Oliner's looked at -altruistic behavior develops as a result of changes in the childs thinking skills -a childs prosocial behavior undergos changes, moving from simple forms of helping to more sophisticated ones -instrumental helping develops first in a child and then empathetic helping develops later -instrumental helping is stronger tho

altruism as a function of childbearing style

this is a thing the the Oliner's looked at -childbearing styles used by parents of rescuers contributed to the development of prosocial attitudes and behaviors -the techniques used by parents of rescuers fosterd empathy - a child who has a supportive environment, have an authoritative parenting style, and use less restrictive parenting styles shows higher levels of prosocial moral reasoning -verbal social approval from a selfish model doesnt increase children donations but social approval from a charitable model does -rescuers were exposed to role models that instilled in them positive qualities

interactionist view

this is a view that looks at situaional and personality factors in altruism -the view that an individual's altruistic or selfish internal motives interact with situational factors to determine whether a person will help -there are four altruistic orientations based on individual's degree of nurturance (need to give help) and of succorance (need to recieve help): 1. altruistic 2. receptive giving 3. selfish 4. inner-sustaining

slow thinkin

this is a way a heroic person acts in a situation - involves deliberation and reflection before taken action

fast thinking

this is a way a heroic person acts in a situation -is more intuitive and doesnt involve deliberation or careful consideration

pluralistic ignorance

this is an exaplnation offered for the bystander effect -occurs when a group of individuals acts in the same manner despite the fact that each person has different perceptions of an event -this operates when the bystanders in an ambiguous emergency situtaion look around and see each other doing nothing; they assume that the others are thinking that the situation is not an emergency

emotional experience

this is an important estimator variable that affects eyewitness accuracy -when a crime is violent, eyewitnesses experience more negative emotion and are less accurate -high stressful events can impair a witness memory -an eyewitness might have to remeber binding factors which is where the person has to recall which of multiple perpetrators did what to who

empathetic helping

this is emotion-based helping focused on the well-being of another person -this develops later in life

heroism

this is related to courageous resistance - helping that involves 1. significant risk above what is normally expected and 2. serves some socially valued goal -this could be culturally driven in one era but negatively seen in another era -ex: firefighters going back into burning house several times to rescue victims

norm of social responsibility

this norm involves the notion that we should help others without regard to receiving help or a reward in exchange

pathological altruism

this occurs when empathy and altruism both backfire and become harmful - this is any behavior or personal tendency intended to promote the welfare of others, but has unreasonable negative consequences to others or oneself -this leads to beahvior that is self serving, self defeating, and even narcissistic -this is associated with patterns of guilt over not being able to help others enough which may lead to a disruption in their normal functioning ex: imagine a person who has a partner who is an alcoholic. Attempts to help the person may reach a point at which the person is making excuses for the partners behavior and may even be enabling the negative behavior, although the persons intentions are good, excessive empathy and helping can actually make the situation worse

threat to the common good

this says that empathy does not always lead to an increase in altruism -this says that egosim and empathy can lead to reduced helping

five stage model

this says that people have through stages in order to determine if you will help 1. the path to helping begins with noticing an emergency situation 2. Next, a potential helper must label the situation correctly as an emergence 3. then assume responsibility for helping 4. then decide how to help 5. they implement decision then provide help -at each of these stages the person must asses the situation and make a "yes" or "no" descison. -When they say "yes" they move up to the next stage but if they say "no" then no help will be provided

perspective taking

this underlines empathy -this is at the heart of helping others -how we see things in situations -this determines the arousal of empathy or personal distress -imagine other and imagine self are the two that are relevant to helping situations

social hero

type of heroism - they still carry substantial risks, such as financial risks, potential ostracism, or health risks but no dangerous ones -ex: whistleblower who comes forward with knowledge of government wrongdoing

military hero

type of heroism - act under a code of conduct carrying with its expectations of bravery -they have specific training -face dangerous risks -seen as more heroic

Imagine-other perspective

type of perspective -operates when you think about how the person in need of help perceives the helping situation and the feelings that are aroused in that situation

imagine self perspective

type of perspective - operates when you imagine how you would think and feel if you were in the victims situation

estimator variables

variable that can influence the accuracy of an eyewitness -variables directly related to the eyewitness and the conditions under which the eyewitness views the crime -ex: lighting, time of day, presence of weapon, personal bias of eyewitness

system variables

variable that can influence the accuracy of an eyewitness -variables that are under control of the criminal justice system -ex: time that elapses between crime and questioning of witness, the manner in which the lineup is conducted, way that questions are asked)

1. a heroic act need not involve an extended commitment and can be one shot involving fast thinking 2. it doesnt need to be motivated by empathy for a victim

what are the 2 difference between heroism and courageous resistance?

1. make a plea for help as loud as you can 2. increase chances that a bystander will assume responsibility for helping

what are the 2 things to do according to the direct-request approach when increasing your chances of getting help?

1. become aware that there is a problem 2. decide if the situation is one that requires help 3. decide the best way to alleviate the problem (self-help or outside party help)

what are the 3 stages to the decision model for seeking help?

1. the need is low than high 2. the person from whom the help is sought (willing to seek help from friend or stranger) 3. type of task on which the help is needed

what are the 3 variables that affect the decision to seek help?

1. diffusion of responsibility 2. pluralistic ignorance 3. assuming social category relationships 4. changes in brain functioning

what are the 4 explanations for why the bystander effect happens

1. the help required longer commitments of time 2. the help was more risky 3. the help was more difficult 4. the distance between helper and victim increased 5. a white helper could rationalize away nonhelp

what are the 5 things when blacks are less likely to recieve help?

1. victim responsibility 2. urgency to help 3. time required for help 4. diffusion of responsibility 5. discomfort involved in helping 6. victims deservingness

what are the 6 variables that determine the willingness to give help when assessing rewards and costs of the situation to help?

1. assessing rewards and costs for helping 2. how seeing others help 3. the effect of mood on helping 4. gratitude and helping 5. characteristics of the victim 6. race and helping behavior of the victim 7. sexual orientation and helping

what are the 7 factors that affects a persons decision on whether to help or not?

1. noticing situation 2. labeling situation as emergency 3. assume responsibiliy to help (bystander effect) 4.decide to help 5. implement decision to help

what are the five stages of the 5 stage model to helping?

1. situational 2. personality 3. childbearing styles 4. cognitive development

what are the four factors that lead to rescuers developing an altruistic behavior according to the Oliner's?

1. inequitable relationship may be created 2. may experience psychological resistance 3. may make negative attributions about the intent of those who helped them 4. may suffer loss of self-esteem

what are the four negative outcomes of recieving help?

1. acts as a moral barometer 2. acts as a moral motivator 3. serves as a moral reinforcer

what are the three functions that gratitude acts as in prosocial behavior?

1. positive bystander effect 2. when the helping situation involves clear violation of social norms

what are the two limitations for the bystander effect?

1. bias exists against blacks but its not extreme (44% discriminated, 56% did not discriminate) 2. whites and blacks discriminate against the opposite race at about the same level 3. whites discriminate against black victims more under remote conditions than in face to face situations

what are three hypothesis's that research has found when it comes to helping black victims?

1. weapon focus 2. emotional experience

what are two estimator variables that affect eyewitness accuracy?

the help a person needs will often be fourthcoming

what is the positive side to seeking help from others?

1. exhibited strong feelings of personal responsibility for the welfare of other people 2. compelling need that felt responsibility

what were the 2 results found in the Onlier project?

1. family support for the rescue effort (strongest one) 2. how the rescuer first began their efforts

what were the 2 situational factors that were relevant to the decision to rescue according to the Oliners?

1. showed an inability to blend with others in the environment 2.exhibited a high level of independence and self-reliance 3. had an enduring commitment to helping those in need long before the war began 4. had a matter of fact attitude about their rescue efforts 5. had an universalistic view of the needy

what were the 5 personality factors that were involved in becoming a rescuer according to the Oliner's?

misinformation effect

when a piece of information that was not part of the original event becomes part of the witness's memory of the event -this can also occur when misleading info is encountered BEFORE the event -this can be reversed under some circumstances -eyewitness may be overly confident too

helping behavior

when we give help with an eye on the reward then our behavior isnt really altruism -they are focused more on the outcome and not the behavior