Social psychology midterm

In his classic study of _______, Sherif had participants in groups call out estimates of the distance that a small point of light appeared to move in a dark room. A- psychological reactance B- norm formation C- obedience D- group cohesiveness

B- Norm formation

Jumping out of your seat as a result of an unexpected scene in a movie is what type of thinking? A-internal processing B- automatic processing C-controlled processing D- intentional processing

B- automatic processing

Research indicates that harming an innocent victim, especially voluntarily, leads one to A- feel increasingly guilty B- disparage the victim to justify the behavior C- act more kindly towards others D- become more aggressive towards others

B- disparage the victim to justify the behavior

The insufficient justification effect involves reducing dissonance by______ justifying one's behavior when _____ justification is insufficient A- externally; internal B- internally; external C- cognitively; emotional D- cognitive interference

B- internally; external

Asking students to come to a laboratory at 3 pm in order to participate in a study on university students' usage of cellular phones is an example of what type of research? A- experimental research Lab research C- correlsrional research D- field research

B- laboratory research

Interested in purchasing a digital camera, you find one priced extremely low. As you are about to purchase the camera, you find that it does not come with a power cord, memory card, or battery. You purchase all of these separately. The total cost surpasses what another store had listed the camera as at a higher price, but included all the accessories. You have been a victim of A- foot in the door phenomenon B- lowball technique C-compliance D-conformity

B- lowball technique

The implicit association test (IAT) A- measures conscious attitudes B- measures unconscious attitudes C- measures both conscious and unconscious attitudes D- measures our behaviors

B- measures unconscious attitudes

Kruger and Dunning (1999) found that those students who scored lowest on tests of grammar and logic were _____ to overestimating their grammar and logic skills A- least prone B- most prone C- sometimes prone D- never prone

B- most prone

You used to envy your brother because he was so confident when talking to others. Yet the older you become, the more you realize that your brother is more often convinced of things rather than accurate of things. Your brother's behavior can be explained by the A- perseverance bias B- overconfidence phenomenon C- correspondence bias D- fundamental attribution error

B- overconfidence phenomenon

You are teaching students, and unlike when you were a student, you find that the role of teacher feels more comfortable. This is an example of A- a change in stereotype B- roles that shape our behavior C- conformity D- the principle of aggregation

B- roles that shape our behavior

One reason people are overconfident is that they are not inclined to seek out information A- from experts B- that might disprove what they believe C- that is objective and factual D- that involves judging estimates and comparisons

B- that might disprove what they believe

Marcia thought that she would have enough time to write her paper after she bought groceries and cleaned the house, but she ran out of time. This is an example of A- belief perseverance B- the planning fallacy C-confirmation bias D- heuristic problems

B- the planning fallacy

According to the text, social psychology is a(n) — science, and one that only began to emerge as a vibrant field after—-. A- young; 1960's B- young; ww2 C-old; 1930's D- old; the turn of the century

B- young; ww2

According to a study by Burger and Pavelich (1994), voters were more likely to attribute the outcome of an election to the____ the day after a presidential election, and to the _____ a year after the election. A- poor weather on Election Day; candidates oral presentation skills B- candidate's oral presentation skills; poor weather on Election Day C- candidate's personal traits and positions; nation's economy D- nation's economy; candidates personal traits and positions

C- candidate's personal traits and positions; nation's economy

The tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions is called A- cognitive tension B- cognitive inconsistency C- cognitive dissonance e D- cognitive interference

C- cognitive dissonance

Which of the following theories assumes that for strategic reasons, we express attitudes that make us appear consistent? A- self-presentation theory B- self-consistency theory C- cognitive dissonance theory D- cognitive interference

C- cognitive dissonance

When trying to recall the definition of the fundamental attribution error during an exam, you think back to what the professor was wearing when he was talking about the fundamental attribution error in class. What type of thinking is this? A- automatic processing B- internal processing C- controlled processing D- intentional processing

C- controlled processing

Research revealed that the pow's of the Korean War were brainwashed through the tactic of A- torture and punishment B- attitude adjustment C-gradually escalating demands D- confidence building

C- gradually escalating demands

Which of the following would better predict a person's racial biases? A- self perception theory B- his/her explicit attitude C- his/her implicit attitude D- cognitive dissonance

C- his/her implicit attitude

Which of the following topics is NOT an example of what social psychologists study? A- love B- conformity C-intelligence D- attitudes

C- intelligence

According to myers' discussion of intuition, which statement is true? A- our intuitions about ourselves are usually true B- intuitions are carefully considered beliefs C- intuition is both powerful and perilous D- intuition is not important

C- intuition is both powerful and perilous

Studies involving— most clearly demonstrate how social influence can take the form of acceptance Shocking of innocent victims Personality factors Judgements of the auto kinetic phenomenon Judgements of the length of lines

C- judgements of the auto kinetic phenomenon

To retrieve a memory of where your date told you she wanted to go for dinner tomorrow, you need to activate one of the strands that leads to this memory, such as thinking about what types of food she does and does not like. This process is known as A- belief perseverance B- reconstruction C- priming D- induction

C- priming

Research has shown that explaining why an opposite theory may be true (e.g., why a cautions person might be a better firefighter than a risk taking person) ____ belief perseverance A-slightly increases B- maintains C- reduces D- significantly increases

C- reduces

Imagine you are approached by a large dog. You assume the dog is unfriendly, so you start screaming at it to go away. The dog assumes you want to hurt it, so it defends itself by biting your ankle. This is an example of a A- self worth belief B- self defacing belief C- self-fulfilling belief D- self defense belief

C- self fulfilling belief

The attributions a person makes for his or her spouse's acid remark depends upon the happiness of the marriage. What concept does this portray? A- social behavior is a function of what we believe B- social behavior is a function of the objective situation C- social behavior is a function of how a situation is construed D- social behavior is a function of both the objective situation and how it is construed

C- social behavior is a function of how a situation is construed

While waiting to cross the street, you witness a man running a red light- causing a three-car accident. Just after it happens, the man who ran the stoplight gets out of the car to talk to you. He tells you that the light was yellow. Later you tell police that you remembered the light being yellow, not red, when the man went through the intersection. This scenario illustrates A- the priming effect B- the confirmation bias C- the misinformation effect D- belief perseverance

C- the misinformation effect

Your friends have strong feelings about abortion. Which statement is true? Their beliefs don't influence how they see new information Their beliefs are unrelated to new information Their beliefs influence how they see new information New information changes their beliefs

C- their beliefs influence how they see new information

A favorable or unfavorable evaluation reaction toward something or someone is what social psychologists call a(n) A-feeling B-cognition C- attitude D- behavioral tendency

C-attitude

Zoe has lived in the United States all of her life, yet her Greek grandmother made sure that Zoe was fluent in the Greek language so she would understand the Greek way of life. What has Zoe's grandmother passed on to her? A- a belief B- a norm C- a value D- a culture

A culture

Research in France found that having people first sign a petition against landmines increased the likelihood that Internet users would contribute to a fund for victims of landmines. This is an example of A- the foot in the door phenomenon B- the lowball technique C- compliance D- conformity

A- foot in the door phenomenon

Hastorf and Cantril (1954) found that Princeton students identified twice as many Dartmouth violations as Dartmouth students did when each watched the game. This emphasizes A- humans' tendency to prejudge reality based on expectations B- humans' inability to be objective when watching sports C- football players brutality D- That humans are objective when watching sports

A- humans' tendency to prejudge reality based on expectations

According to your text, — is the term Bateson and his colleagues (2002) used to describe the tendency to appear moral while avoiding the costs of doing so A- moral hypocrisy B- attitude-behavior discrepancy C- behavioral inconsistency D- moral cowardice

A- moral hypocrisy

Higgins and Rholes (1978) found that when people say something positive to others when told to supported research that A- saying it changes our beliefs or feelings B- saying it does not change our beliefs or feelings C- saying it changes the other person's mind D- saying it does not change the other person's mind

A- saying it changes our beliefs or feelings

You believe that although you studied for a test, you will do poorly on it. This is an example of A- self fulfilling prophecy B- belief confirmation C- self confirming validity D- behavioral perseverance

A- self fulfilling prophecy

The fact that we usually attribute more responsibility to our partners than to ourselves when problems arise in a relationship is an example of how A- self interest colors our social judgement B- social surroundings affect our self awareness C- self concerns motivate our social behavior D- social relationships help to define our self

A- self interest colors our social judgement

Fundamental attribution error is the tendency for observers to ____ situational influences and ____ dispositional influences on behavior A- underestimate; overestimate B- overestimate; underestimate C- underestimate, ignore D-overestimate, ignore

A- underestimate; overestimate

What are the ABC's of attitude?

Affect Behavior Cognition

To get information from a survey that you can generalize to the whole country, you will need to get information from— people A- 5,000 B- 1,200 C- 150 D- 12,000

B- 1,200

Sharon typically watched televised news stations that support her existing political beliefs. She is less inclined to watch the news on other stations , as it may disprove her preconceptions. Sharon's approach illustrates the Misinformation effect Confirmation bias Base-rate fallacy I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon

Confirmation bias

The major purpose of a random assignment in an experiment is to A- control the independent variable B- control the dependent variable C- maximize differences between groups D- minimize the differences between groups

D- minimize the differences between groups

According to the text, many men assume women are flattered by repeated requests for dates, which women often see as harassing. This is an example of A- arrogance B- self esteem C- heuristics D- misattribution

D- misattribution

Which statement is NOT correct as it relates to mood and judgement? A- happy people are more trusting and loving B- unhappy people tend to be more self focused and brooding C- a bad mood primes our recollection of aggressive events D- our moods don't influence our judgements

D- our moods don't influence our judgements

The best statement about objective reality is A-that it exists B- that it does not exist C- that we can all agree on objective reality D- that realty is filtered by our values and beliefs

D- reality is filtered by our values and beliefs

On the first day of class, we see a middle-aged man at the front of the room, talking to a younger man. If we assume the older man is the professor and the younger man is the student, we are relying on what heuristic? A- availability B- vividness C- matching D- representativeness

D- representativeness

Those who consider under-the-skin (i.e., biological) and between the skins (i.e., social) influences on topics such as love and hate are referred to as As social anthropologists B- social biologists C- social sociologists D- social neuroscientists

D- social neuroscientists

Which statement about norms is false? A- social norms make interactions run more smoothly B social norms cause us to be uncomfortable when they are violated C- social norms control us so successfully that we hardly sense their presence D- social norms are not affected by culture

D- social norms are not affected by culture

One of the most important similarities in humans is our capacity A- for self destruction B- for altruism C- to dominate other species D- to learn and adapt

D- to learn and adapt

According to anthropologists, which of the following is NOT true? A- we are more alike than we are different B- all people migrated from Africa C- we are social beings D- we are more different than alike

D- we are more different than alike

A fellow student is consistently late for class. You assume this is because he is lazy and unorganized. What type of attribution are you making for his behavior? A-motivational B- illusory C- situational D- dispositional

D-dispositional

You ask you academic advisor what to major in, and you can't seem to decide. She suggests psychology; however it is important to remember this answer likely reflects her A- training B- education C- belief you would make a good psychologist D- values

D-values

Standing in the campus courtyard with a clipboard to record your observations of university students' usage of cellular phones is an example of what type of research? A- field research B- correlarional research C- experimental research D- laboratory research

Field research

What are the four factors that breed obedience?

Emotional distance, closeness+legitimacy of authority, authority's institution, liberating effects on disagreeing person

How did Asch's studies of conformity differ from those of Sherif? Sherif's participants were dealing with facts rather than opinions Sherif's participants were in the physical presence of the pressuring group, while Asch's participants were not Asch's participants could clearly see the correct judgement Asch's participants faced a more ambiguous task

Asch's participants could clearly see the correct judgement

According to Wilson and Gilbert (2003), people have the greatest difficulty predicting _______ of their future emotions. Neither the intensity not the duration The intensity Both the intensity and the duration The duration

Both intensity and duration

In Western individualistic societies, the word "conformity" carries A- a neutral value judgement B- both positive and negative value judgements C- a negative value judgment D- a positive value judgement

C- a negative value judgement

You have a tendency to assume someone is still a good friend after a person acts otherwise. This tendency is known as the A- belief continuity phenomenon B- correspondence bias C- belief perseverance phenomenon D- belief disconfirmstion bias

C- belief perseverance phenomenon

According to your text, people everywhere perceive mediators and the media as A- biased in favor of their position B- objective in their decisions and coverage C- biased against their position D- biased against the president

C- biased against their position

When asked who you think will win the next presidential election, you reply that you do not know. However, after the election results are reported, you claim that it was obvious all along. This is an example of the A- retrospective bias B- information bias C prediction bias D hindsight bias

D- hindsight bias

Chartrand and Bargh (1999) found that participants in an experiment who worked alongside another person who occasionally rubbed her face were unwittingly more likely to rub their face. They called this Mood linkage Chameleon affect Compliance Automatic processing

Chameleon affect

Your self-esteem would correlate closely with what others think of you and your group if you were in a(n) ______ culture. Self centered Collectivistic Other centered Individualistic

Collectivistic

You've noticed that as the temp drops outside, you see more students wear heavy coats. Your observation is similar to Correlational research Controlled research Experimental research Hypothetical research

Correlational research

Variable X is correlated with Variable Y. Which of the following could explain this correlation? A- a third variable causes or influences both x and y B- x causes y C- y causes x D- all of these sew possible explanations

D- all of these are possible explanations

After 9/11, many people abandoned air travel because of the A- representativeness heuristic B- planning fallacy C- confirmation bias D- availability heuristic

D- availability heuristic

You attend a party where you do not know anyone, but expect that people will be friendly. You behave in a warm and sociable manner. Your behavior, in turn, leads to other people being friendly to you. This situation can best be described as A- the illusory correlation B- the representativeness heuristic C-The availability heuristic D- behavioral conformation

D- behavioral confirmation

A classmate across the room yawns and then several other students yawn. This is an example of A- group cohesion B- psychological reactance C- informational influence D- the chameleon affect

D- chameleon affect

Two essential ingredients in a social-psychological experiment are A- the use of surveys and the use of deception B- deception and payment for participants C- framing and biases D- control and random assignment

D- control and random assignment

You did not study for your social psychology exam. However, you imagine yourself earning a better grade than the one you actual earned. This is an example of A- implicit thinking B-explicit thinking C- the fundamental attribution error D- counterfactual thinking

D- counterfactual thinking

The implications of evolutionary psychology suggest that human success is defined by A- acquiring wealth B- maintaining health C- exceeding average life expectancy D- having grandchildren

D- having grandchildren

The text explains that when attitudes are forged by —, they are more accessible, more enduring, and more likely to guide actions A- experience B- textbooks C- celebration D- ideals

Experience

The state of a "dual attitude system" exists when we have differing _ and _ attitudes Positive;negative Conscious;unconscious Explicit; implicit Internal; external

Explicit; implicit

Which of the following strategies might be helpful in reducing the overconfidence bias? Delay feedback regarding the accuracy of their judgements Get people to think about why their judgements might be wrong Inform people about the overconfidence bias Tell people that there is no remedy for the overconfidence bias

Get people to think about why their judgements may be wrong

In the text it discusses how conformity can be labeled three ways. What are they?

Good, bad, inconsequential

You have tried to study for an exam using flash cards, with a friend, and with yuh your notes- all to no avail. You begin to feel that you should give up, as whatever you do does not seem to help your exam scores. According to Myers, the best term for this symptom is Learned helplessness. Low self esteem High self esteem The looking glass self

Learned helplessness

Your best friend earned a grade F on her latest physics exam, and believes it was because the professor wrote a very difficult exam. She therefore has a —- locus of control External Low High Internal

High

Another name for the "I knew it all along phenomenon" is the

Hindsight bias

What are the three major areas that social psychology takes a look at the scientific study of?

How people think, how they relate to one another, and social influence

Most people with high self-esteem value individual achievement and relationships w others. Narcissistic people value Individual achievement Neither individual achievement nor relationships Individual achievement and relationships Relationships

Individual achievement

You just broke up with someone you had been dating for a few months. You are surprised at how upset you are over the breakup, given that the relationship was not that serious. This is an example of how people have difficulty predicting the Frequency of future emotions Intensity of future emotions Duration of their future emotions Type of their future emotions

Intensity of their future emotions

The most famous and controversial experiments in social psychology were conducted by Healy Sherif Milgram Asch

Milgram

You prefer that professors post exam scores (by identification number), rather than returning them individually. It makes you feel better to see how you did in comparison to other students. This is an example of what social psychology phenomenon? Social contrast Social rank Social ratings Social comparison

Social comparison

Theories help social psychologists _____ their observations and _____ their hypotheses. Objectify; refute Refute; objectify Test; organize Organize; test

Organize; test

Our self-concept is fed by our roles, our social identity, our comparisons, and by Genetics Rare stressors, such as family crises Our surrounding culture Everyday hassles

Our surrounding culture

When you give a presentation in class and feel extremely nervous you will tend to _____ what others think about your nervousness. Successfully predict Overestimate Underestimate Have no idea

Overestimate

As mentioned in the textbook, the daily flag salute by school children in the US is an attempt to us ____ to build_____ Compliance; attitudes Public beliefs; private conformity Public conformity; private beliefs Conformity; compliance

Public conformity; private beliefs

The effect of - on - was vividly demonstrated in Zimbardo's (1971) classic study of a simulated prison A- attitudes; behaviors B-roles; behaviors C- roles; attitudes D- attitudes; roles

Roles; behaviors

Please list the four ways the text describes that cultures may vary in their norms

Rule breaking, punctuality, personal space, expressiveness

In 1936, the news magazine Litersry Digest obtained the opinions of over two million Americans regarding the presidential election. The results suggested that Landon would win in a landslide over Roosevelt. A few weeks later, FDR won in a landslide. The results of the survey were not valid, and this was due to A- a lack of experimental control B- poor wording of questions' variables C- a lack of random assignment D- a sampling bias

Sampling bias

— are mental templates by which we organize our world Heuristics Concepts Perspectives Schemas

Schemas

A person's answer to the question "who am I?" Compromises his or her Personality Self-concept Self-schema Self-esteem

Self-concept

Brian is nervous about his hockey game, but he still stays out late instead of getting a good night's sleep the night before the match. This could be an example of Impression management Self-presentation Self-serving bias Self-handicapping

Self-handicapping

You are consistently late to your social psychology class, because the pre-calculus class you have immediately before it is in the annex. You are concerned that your teacher does not think that you are a serious student because of your chronic tardiness, so you inform him of why you are always late. You can now safely conclude that your teacher will make what type of attribution about your behavior? Motivational Dispositional Internal Situational

Situational

According to the self serving bias, we tend to attribute our successes to— and our losses to —. Hoped for possible selves; feared possible selves Chance; skill Skill; chance Feared possible selves; hoped for possible selves

Skill; chance

Which of the following maxims best represents the concept of individualism? Father knows best To thine own self be true Two heads are better than one It takes a village

To thine own self be true

When participants in Milgram's experiments wanted to quit, they were given A reward for being one of the few to disobey Up to four verbal prods to keep them going Shocks to keep them going Money as an incentive to keep going

Up to four verbal prods to keep them going

Whether we label a woman as "ambitious" or "aggressive" is a reflection of our Age Culture Values Gender

Values

What are the four potentially biasing influences on surveys?

Wording of questions, response options, ordering of questions, unrepresentative samples

Where did Milgram's study take place?

Yale

When social psychologists try to measure attitudes of people they end up measuring A- behaviors B- expressed attitudes C- people's expectations D- people's true attitudes

expressed attitudes

Those living _______ prefer more personal distance space than those living _______.

farther away from the equator; closer to the equator