Social psychology - Prosocial behavior and altruism Ch 11

diffusion of responsibility

The phenomenon whereby each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases.

diffusion of responsibility

Principle acting behind the bystander effect

prosocial behavior

Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person.

planned action

Attributes that define volunteerism: 1) _________, 2) long-term behavior, 3) involves "non-obligated behavior", 4) occurs within an organizational context

60

In Darley & Batson's (1973) "Good Samaritan" study, what percentage of participants that were ahead of schedule, offered to help?

less

there is* [less/more] *likelihood that you will help people with a stigmatized physical condition.

D

A person who believes in a just world would likely believe that a date-rape victim should A) take counseling at a crisis center, B) not date, C) press charges against the alleged rapist, D) have known her date better.

B

Alice Isen and Paul Levin (1972) found that mall shoppers who found dimes were more likely to help a stranger pick up papers he had dropped. These results suggest that A) participants thought the money belonged to the man and wanted to return it. B) finding a dime put people in a good mood and increased their helping, C) finding a dime instead of a quarter disappointed people, and this negative mood increased helping, D) thinking happy thoughts enhances both mood and helping

out-group

Any group with which an individual does not identify.

long-term behavior

Attributes that define volunteerism: 1) planned action, 2) _________, 3) involves "non-obligated behavior", 4) occurs within an organizational context

involves non-obligated behavior

Attributes that define volunteerism: 1) planned action, 2) long-term behavior, 3) _________, 4) occurs within an organizational context

occurs within an organizational context

Attributes that define volunteerism: 1) planned action, 2) long-term behavior, 3) involves "non-obligated behavior", 4) _________

more

Burnstein et al., 1994 found that in every day situations, people tend to help the young and the old* [less/more]* than youthful adults.

less

Burnstein et al., 1994 found that in life or death situations, the older the target person, the*[less/more] *people tend to help them.

B

Bystander effect refers to: a) bystanders will be more likely to help when they feel they are competent, b) The greater the number of bystanders, the less likely that any one of them will help.

reciprocal altruism

Concept: altruistic behavior that increases the likelihood that this other person will help you when you need it.

D

Donald and Max are yelling at each other in a room and are on the verge of a fist fight. What would increase the probability of a fist fight occurring? A) a gun rack on the wall, B) Max taking his shirt off to signal his readiness to fight, C) The heater being on full blast making the room very hot, D) both A and C.

D

Erich Fromm (1955) wrote, "Love is often nothing but a favourable exchange between two people who get the most of what they can expect, considering their value on the personality market." Although a bit cynical, this description of love is most compatible with the ________ theory of attraction. A) comparison level, B) propinquity, C) equity, D) social exchange

genes

Evolutionary factors in helping and altruism emphasize survival of the individual's______ , not the survival of the fittest individual.

A

Excitation transfer theory __________ A) states that misattribution of residual arousal will increase one's tendency towards aggression, B) supports a catharsis explanation of aggressive behavior, C) states that residual arousal will reduce aggression, D) works only when people are aware of their residual arousal.

number of people present

Factors influencing helping behavior: 1) ________, 2) time constraints, 3) modelling behavior, 4) location (city vs town), 5) culture

time constraints

Factors influencing helping behavior: 1) number of people present, 2) ________, 3) modelling behavior, 4) location (city vs town), 5) culture

modelling behavior

Factors influencing helping behavior: 1) number of people present, 2) time constraints, 3) ________, 4) location (city vs town), 5) culture

location (city vs town)

Factors influencing helping behavior: 1) number of people present, 2) time constraints, 3) modelling behavior, 4) ________, 5) culture

culture

Factors influencing helping behavior: 1) number of people present, 2) time constraints, 3) modelling behavior, 4) location (city vs town), 5) ________

good mood makes us look on the bright side of life

Feeling good leads to helping because, 1) ________, 2) helping others can prolong our good mood, 3) good moods increase self-attention and attendance to our own values.

helping others can prolong our good mood

Feeling good leads to helping because, 1) good mood makes us look on the bright side of life, 2) ________, 3) good moods increase self-attention and attendance to our own values.

good moods increase self-attention and attendance to our own values

Feeling good leads to helping because, 1) good mood makes us look on the bright side of life, 2) helping others can prolong our good mood, 3) ________.

43

In Darley & Batson's (1973) "Good Samaritan" study, what percentage of participants who were on time offered to help?

10

In Darley & Batson's (1973) "Good Samaritan" study, what percentage of participants who were running late offered to help?

less

In non-emergencies and in a non-valued domain, possibly *[less/ more]* likely to help.

D

In the Good Samaritan study involving seminary students who were supposed to record a talk, which of the following factors affected participants' helping behavior: A) mood, B) subject of the talk, C) bystanders, D) time.

D

In the US, when times are hard economically and jobs are scarce, realistic conflict theory would predict that, A) there will be less prejudice against minorities, B) There will be more cooperation among minorities and the majority group, C) minorities will benefit more from affirmative action than is really fair, D) there will be more prejudice against minorities.

15

In the study of helping behavior, what percentage of people in the city helped?

50

In the study of helping behavior, what percentage of people in the small town helped?

pluralistic ignorance

In uncertain situations, people look to the actions of others (but others aren't doing anything)

C

In which of the following cases would stereotype threat NOT be likely to occur? A) a black male taking a difficult and presumably diagnostic test of intellectual ability, B) a white female taking a difficult and presumably diagnostic test of mathematical ability, C) a white male taking a difficult and presumably diagnostic test of verbal ability, D) a white male taking a difficult and presumably diagnostic test of mathematical ability in competition with a group of Asian Americans.

D

In which situation will the victim most likely get help? a) lying unconscious in a crowded street, b) lying unconscious on a street and only 1 or 2 people present, c) yelling for help on a crowded street, d) Yelling for help on a street with only 1 or 2 people

A

Juanita sees a crowd of people gathered around a man lying on the ground. She thinks about whether to call an ambulance, but then reasons that somebody else has probably already done so. this is an example of A) diffusion of responsibility, B) pluralistic ignorance, C) the empathy-altruism hypothesis, D) social exchange theory.

B

Men become most upset by ________ infidelity. Women become most upset by ________ infidelity. A) emotional; sexual, B) sexual; emotional, C) Both men and women are most upset by sexual infidelity, D) both men and women are most upset by emotional infidelity.

chivalrous or heroic, nurturing style

Men usually help in a scenario where they have to be___________. Women do more ___________ help

Negative State Relief Model

Model that explains altruistic behavior in terms of reducing negative arousal associated with witnessing another's suffering

values (helping people)

Omoto & Snyder (1995) identified five categories of motivations underlying peoples decisions to become volunteers to help people with AIDS: 1) _________, 2) for understanding, 3) personal development (experience), 4) community concern, 5) esteem enhancement

for understanding

Omoto & Snyder (1995) identified five categories of motivations underlying peoples decisions to become volunteers to help people with AIDS: 1) values (helping people), 2) _________, 3) personal development (experience), 4) community concern, 5) esteem enhancement

personal development (experience)

Omoto & Snyder (1995) identified five categories of motivations underlying peoples decisions to become volunteers to help people with AIDS: 1) values (helping people), 2) for understanding, 3) _________, 4) community concern, 5) esteem enhancement

community concern

Omoto & Snyder (1995) identified five categories of motivations underlying peoples decisions to become volunteers to help people with AIDS: 1) values (helping people), 2) for understanding, 3) personal development (experience), 4) _________, 5) esteem enhancement

esteem enhancement

Omoto & Snyder (1995) identified five categories of motivations underlying peoples decisions to become volunteers to help people with AIDS: 1) values (helping people), 2) for understanding, 3) personal development (experience), 4) community concern, 5) _________

small town

People in *[small town/ city]* are more likely to help

out-group members

People in interdependent cultures are less likely to help ________ than people in individualistic cultures.

in-group members

People in interdependent cultures are more likely to help ________ than people in individualistic cultures.

kinship selection

Preferential helping of genetic relatives, so that genes held in common will survive. Strongest with genetically closer relatives.

D

Research has indicated that although Southerners are not more likely than Northerners to endorse aggression in general, __________. A) the "culture of honor" in the North encourages alternatives to aggression, B) Southerners are less likely to endorse aggression for self-protection, C) the availability of handguns in the South produces more homicides there, D) southerners are more prone to aggress in response to insults.

the same

Reviewing across many research studies about the likelihood of helping others, people with high scores on personality tests of altruism help *[less/more/the same]* as people with low scores.

bystander effect

Term for when you know there is an emergency occurring but you think someone else has done something.

pluralistic ignorance

Term for you're not sure if there is an emergency or not.

empathy

The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions (e.g., joy and sadness) the way that person experiences them.

pluralistic ignorance

The case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way when in fact they are not.

C

The concept of _________ refers to the idea that when no bystanders to a possible emergency appear to be concerned, other bystanders assume that nothing is wrong. A) the bystander effect, B) diffusion of responsibility, C) pluralistic ignorance, D) evaluation apprehension.

altruism

The desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper

norm of reciprocity

The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future.

bystander effect

The finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help

in-group

The group with which an individual identifies as a member.

kin selection

The idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favoured by natural selection.

empathy-altruism hypothesis

The idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain.

bystander effect

The more people present at an emergency, the less chance any one person will help.

increases

The presence of someone that is modelling helping behavior *[increases/decreases]* helping behavior.

decreases

The presence of someone that is modelling not-help behavior *[increases/decreases]* helping behavior.

altruistic personality

The qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations.

D

The same act may be considered aggression or not depending on A) whether physical harm was actually done, B) whether physical or psychological harm was done, C) whether the act was due to anger or was a means to an end, D) whether the physical/psychological harm was intended.

B

The tendency to make a dispositional attribution about an entire group of people is called the A) fundamental attribution error, B) ultimate attribution error, C) out-group homogeneity bias, D) actor/observer effect.

A

The tendency to perceive a relationship where none exists, or to overestimate how often things go together is called: A) illusory correlation, B) automatic priming correlation, C) out-group homogeneity, D) self-fulfilling prophecy.

urban overload hypothesis

The theory that people living in cities are constantly being bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it.

egoistic perspective

Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism which say that people help others to reduce their own distress that is caused by the other's distress.

negative state relief model (Egoistic perspective)

Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism: 1) _________, 2) empathic joy hypothesis, 3) empathic altruism theory, 4) kinship selection, 5) reciprocal altruism

empathic joy hypothesis (Egoistic perspective)

Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism: 1) negative state relief model, 2) _________, 3) empathic altruism theory, 4) kinship selection, 5) reciprocal altruism

empathic altruism theory

Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism: 1) negative state relief model, 2) empathic joy hypothesis, 3) _________, 4) kinship selection, 5) reciprocal altruism

kinship selection (Evolutionary perspective)

Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism: 1) negative state relief model, 2) empathic joy hypothesis, 3) empathic altruism theory, 4) _________ , 5) reciprocal altruism

reciprocal altruism (Evolutionary perspective)

Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism: 1) negative state relief model, 2) empathic joy hypothesis, 3) empathic altruism theory, 4) kinship selection, 5) _________

Empathy-Altruism Theory

Theory of altruistic behavior that states that it is the nature of the helper's motives that counts, not whether or not the helper receives benefits or costs for the helping.

Empathic Joy Hypothesis

Theory that altruism makes people feel better about themselves (raises self-esteem). That is, we receive (vicarious) pleasure from other people's happiness through empathy.

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Theory that says if you have high enough empathy, you're more likely to help.

personality, mood, gender, interpersonal factors

What are four personal variables that influence helping behavior?

A

What are the three components of Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love? A) intimacy, pasion, commitment, B) comfort, intimacy, passion, C) similarity, compatability, commitment, D) ecstasy, intimacy, similarity.

D

When it comes to group attitudes the affective component is _______, the behavioral component is _______, and the cognitive component is _______. A) stereotyping; prejudice; discrimination, B) stereotyping; discrimination, prejudice, C) prejudice; stereotyping; discrimination, D) prejudice; discrimination; stereotyping.

d

When it comes to helping behavior: a) men are more helpful than women, b) women are more helpful than men, c) no difference between the genders, d) either gender might be more helpful depending on the help needed

high self esteem

When might receiving help be perceived as threatening? 1) when an individual has _________, 2) when being helped by a similar other, 3) When a significant other helps on a task that is highly relevant to self-concept, 4) When the help isn't asked for or expected (e.g. "overhelping")

a similar other

When might receiving help be perceived as threatening? 1) when an individual has high self esteem, 2) when being helped by _________, 3) When a significant other helps on a task that is highly relevant to self-concept, 4) When the help isn't asked for or expected (e.g. "overhelping")

relevant to self-concept

When might receiving help be perceived as threatening? 1) when an individual has high self esteem, 2) when being helped by a similar other, 3) When a significant other helps on a task that is highly _________, 4) When the help isn't asked for or expected (e.g. "overhelping")

isn't asked for or expected (e.g. "overhelping")

When might receiving help be perceived as threatening? 1) when an individual has high self esteem, 2) when being helped by a similar other, 3) When a significant other helps on a task that is highly relevant to self-concept, 4) When the help _________

much more

When people are in a good mood, they are *[much less/ less/ just as/ more/ much more]* likely to be helpful.

Empathy-Altruism Theory

Which altruism theory says that if empathy is high enough, we'll help out because of true altruism?

C

Which is NOT a reason discussed in lecture about why the media perpetuates stereotypes? A) Illusory correlations linking black people and poverty, B) face-ism in print ads, C) Black people being more likely to be heard using statements in their own defense on the news, D) All of the above were discussed.

B

Which of the following is NOT one of the three reasons why being in a good mood would make someone more likely to help another person? A) Good moods help us look on the bright side of life, B) Being in a good mood increases empathy, C) Helping others can prolong a good mood, D) Good moods increase self-attention.

A

Why would something as apparently innocuous as a defendant's name influence the inferences and decisions of mock jurors in the experiment by Galen Bodenhausen (1988)? A) Negative out-group stereotypes were activated, and they biased information processing, B) Group polarization during deliberations made stereotypes more extreme, C) Groups were more likely than individuals to commit the ultimate attribution error, D) Names are often a criterion used to establish minimal in-groups and out-groups.

B

Women are more likely to help than men in situations A) that are dangerous, B) that require long term care, C) in which an authority figure is present, D) in which an audience is present.

more

You are *[less/more]* likely to help people of similar race.

more

You are *[less/more]* likely to help someone you've just said hello to

A

_____ can be defined as an action intended to hurt another person without any other goal, and is usually accompanied by feelings of anger: A) Hostile aggression, B) instinctive aggression, C) instrumental aggression, D) Displaced aggression.

C

_______ refers to our tendency to view members of ________ as more similar to one another than they really are. A) in-group bias; our in-group, B) in-group heterogeneity; our in-group, C) out-group homogeneity; an out-group, D) out-group heterogeneity; an out-group.

A

_________ concerns being motivated by the desire to increase one's own welfare. ___________ concerns being motivated by the desire to increase another's welfare. A) egoistic, altruistic, B) altruistic, egoistic, C) kinship, egoistic, D) none of the above fit here.