social studies chapter 5
Legislative Branch
(Congress makes laws), Checks on the Executive Branch: Can override Presidents veto,Confirms executive appointments,Ratifies treaties,Can declare war, Appropriates money, Can impeach and remove President. Checks on the Judicial Branch: Creates lower federal courts, Can impeach and remove judges, Can propose amendments to overrule judicial descisions, Approves appointments of federal judges.Checks on the Executive,Impeachment power (House),Trial of impeachments (Senate),Selection of the President (House) and Vice President (Senate) in the case of no majority of electoral votes,May override Presidential vetoes,Senate approves departmental appointments Senate approves treaties and ambassadors,Approval of replacement Vice President,Power to declare war Power to enact taxes and allocate funds,President must, from time-to-time, deliver a State of the Union address Checks on the Judiciary,Senate approves federal judges Impeachment power (House)Trial of impeachments (Senate),Power to initiate constitutional amendments Power to set courts inferior to the Supreme Court Power to set jurisdiction of courts,Power to alter the size of the Supreme Court,Checks on the Legislature - because it is bicameral, the Legislative branch has degree of self-checking.,Bills must be passed by both houses of Congress,House must originate revenue bills Neither house may adjourn for more than three days without the consent of the other house,All journals are to be published
Executive Branch
(President carries out laws),Checks on the Legislative Branch: Can propose laws, Can veto laws, Can call special sessions of Congress, Makes appointments, Negotiates foreign treaties.Checks on the Judicial Branch: Appoints federal judges, Can grant pardons to federal offenders.Checks on the Legislature,Veto power, Vice President is President of the Senate,Commander in chief of the military,Recess appointments,Emergency calling into session of one or both houses of Congress May force adjournment when both houses cannot, agree on adjournment,Compensation cannot be diminished,Checks on the Judiciary,Power to appoint judges,Pardon power,Checks on the Executive Vice President and Cabinet can vote that the President is unable to discharge his duties.
Judicial Branch
(Supreme Court interprets laws) Check on the Executive Branch: Can declare executive actions unconstitutional. Check on the Legislative Branch: Can declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.Checks on the Legislature Judicial review,Seats are held on good behavior, Compensation cannot be diminished,Checks on the Executive,Judicial review,Chief Justice sits as President of the Senate during presidential impeachment.
Alexander Hamilton
Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757 - July 12, 1804) was a Founding Father of the United States, chief staff aide to General George Washington, one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the U.S. Constitution, the founder of the nation's financial system, the founder of the Federalist Party, the world's first voter-based political party, the Father of the United States Coast Guard, and the founder of The New York Post. As the first Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton was the primary author of the economic policies of the George Washington administration. Hamilton took the lead in the funding of the states' debts by the Federal government, the establishment of a national bank, a system of tariffs, and friendly trade relations with Britain. He led the Federalist Party, created largely in support of his views; he was opposed by the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, which despised Britain and feared that Hamilton's policies of a strong central government would weaken the American commitment to Republicanism.He led the Annapolis Convention, which successfully influenced Congress to issue a call for the Philadelphia Convention, in order to create a new constitution. He was an active participant at Philadelphia; and he helped achieve ratification by writing 51 of the 85 installments of The Federalist Papers, which to this day are the single most important reference for Constitutional interpretation.[1]Hamilton became the leading cabinet member in the new government under President Washington. Hamilton was a nationalist, who emphasized strong central government and successfully argued that the implied powers of the Constitution provided the legal authority to fund the national debt, assume states' debts, and create the government-backed Bank of the United States. These programs were funded primarily by a tariff on imports, and later also by a highly controversial tax on whiskey. Facing well-organized opposition from Jefferson and Madison, Hamilton mobilized a nationwide network of friends of the government, especially bankers and businessmen. It became the Federalist Party. A major issue splitting the parties was the Jay Treaty, largely designed by Hamilton in 1794.In 1795, he returned to the practice of law in New York. He tried to control the policies of President Adams (1797-1801). In 1798 and 99, Hamilton called for mobilization against France after the XYZ Affair and became commander of a new army, which he readied for war. However, the Quasi-War, while hard-fought at sea, was never officially declared and did not involve army action. In the end, Adams found a diplomatic solution which avoided a war with France. Hamilton's opposition to Adams' re-election helped cause his defeat in the 1800 election. When Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied for the presidency in the electoral college in 1801, Hamilton helped to defeat Burr,
Concurrent Powers
Concurrent powers are powers in nations with a federal system of government that are shared by both the federal government and each constituent political unit (such as a state or province).These powers may be exercised simultaneously within the same territory, in relation to the same body of citizens, and regarding the same subject-matter.[1] Concurrent powers are contrasted with states' rights (not possessed by the federal government) and with exclusive federal powers (possession by the states is forbidden or requires federal permission).[1]In the United States, examples of the concurrent powers enjoyed by both the federal and state governments are: the power to tax, build roads, establish bankruptcy laws, and to create lower courts.[3]Concurrent means "at the same time", in this case concurrent powers are those that both the federal and state governments have simultaneously.
Constitutional convention
Factors leading to it?Important people in it?Divisions at the Convention?1787 purpose of meeting was revising the articles of confederation and thats why 55 delegates of 12 states showed up except rhode island. George Washington and Ben Franklin were there. they quickly decided to create an entirely new stronger central government. Big issue at the convention was about representation in congress.the convention recommended by the Annapolis Convention did take place. This convention was initially charged with making revisions to the Articles of Confederation -- the first governing document of the United States. Instead, attendees drafted the current U.S. Constitution. Five signers of the Constitution -- John Dickinson, George Read and Richard Bassett of Delaware, Alexander Hamilton of New York and James Madison of Virginia -- attended both conventions. The Constitution was ratified in 1789.chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention.The most contentious disputes revolved around the composition and election of the Senate, how "proportional representation" was to be defined (whether to include slaves or other property), whether to divide the executive power between three persons or invest the power into a single president, how to elect the president, how long his term was to be and whether he could stand for reelection, what offenses should be impeachable, the nature of a fugitive slave clause, whether to allow the abolition of the slave trade, and whether judges should be chosen by the legislature or executive.The Congress was responsible for conducting foreign affairs, declaring war or peace, maintaining an army and navy and a variety of other lesser functions. But the Articles denied Congress the power to collect taxes, regulate interstate commerce and enforce laws. Eventually, these shortcomings would lead to the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. Factors leading to convention:Boundary disputes between states,Poor foreign relations,Unpaid war debts,Falling crop prices, shays rebellion(people were worried of the government ability to maintain order.
George Washington
George Washington (February 22, 1732 [O.S. February 11, 1731][b][c] - December 14, 1799) was the first President of the United States (1789-97), the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He presided over the convention that drafted the current United States Constitution and during his lifetime was called the "father of his country".[4]He oversaw the creation of a strong, well-financed national government that maintained neutrality in the French Revolutionary Wars, suppressed the Whiskey Rebellion, and won acceptance among Americans of all types.[5] Washington's incumbency established many precedents, still in use today, such as the cabinet system, the inaugural address, and the title Mr. President.[6][7]Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of federal government for the United States. Following unanimous election as President in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation. He supported Alexander Hamilton's programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank.[9] In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795, despite intense opposition from the Jeffersonians. Although he remained nonpartisan, never joining the Federalist Party, he largely supported its policies.
Henry Knox
Henry Knox (July 25, 1750 - October 25, 1806) was a military officer of the Continental Army and later the United States Army, who also served as the first United States Secretary of War from 1789-1794.Following the adoption of the United States Constitution, he became President Washington's Secretary of War. In this role he oversaw the development of coastal fortifications, worked to improve the preparedness of local militia, and oversaw the nation's military activity in the Northwest Indian War. He was formally responsible for the nation's relationship with the Indian population in the territories it claimed, articulating a policy that established federal government supremacy over the states in relating to Indian nations, and called for treating Indian nations as sovereign. Knox's idealistic views on the subject were frustrated by ongoing illegal settlements and fraudulent land transfers involving Indian lands. Federalist,
Reserved Powers
In comparative federalism and comparative constitutionalism reserved powers or residual powers are those powers which are not "enumerated" (written down, assigned). In various federal and decentralized political systems, certain subjects are assigned to either the central (or federal) government or the regional (or state or provincial) government; however it is not possible to list all possible subjects that might be legislated on for all time. Therefore, the framers of major constitutional documents tend to assign all other subjects that may arise after the document is enacted to one of the two orders of government. This is considered a major power in its own right.In Canada, for example, the reserved powers lie with the federal government; in the United States, the reserved powers lie with the constituent states. [1],Reserved powers are distinguished from concurrent powers (which are shared by the federal and constituent governments). Reserved powers are also distinguished from exclusively delegated powers, such as the exclusive federal powers in the United States.To reserve is to save, in this case all powers not specifically delegated the Federal Government are to be reserved or saved for the State Governments.
Election of 1796
It was also the first test of whether the nation could transfer power through a contested election. The Federalists chose Vice President John Adams as their presidential candidate with Thomas Pinckney who in 1795 had negotiated the treaty of Pinckney with spain, which helped western farmers by gaining free navigation of the mississippi river and the right to deposit export goods at new orleans, and the Republicans selected Thomas Jefferson with Aaron Burr. The Republicans railed against the recent Jays treaty and branded the federalists as monocrats, who were determined to establish a monarchy in America; the Federalists labeled their opponents as Jacobins sympathetic to mob rule. They remained home and made no speeches, instead , the thrust and parry of political campaign warfare took place in newspapers,Alexander Hamilton was most prominent federalist. Alexander angered electors by robbing adams of votes and giving them to pinckney. Adams got president, jefferson got vice president , they weren't friends no more not even on speaking terms. the election testified not only to the federalists internal divisions but also to the growing strength of the opposition, especially in the south, the republicans were growing, this election proved to be the federalists last victory.
John Adams
John Adams (October 30 [O.S. October 19] 1735 - July 4, 1826) was an American lawyer, author, statesman, and diplomat. He served as the second President of the United States (1797-1801), the first Vice President (1789-97),[1] and as a Founding Father was a leader of American independence from Great Britain.[2] Adams was a political theorist in the Age of Enlightenment who promoted republicanism and a strong central government. Federalist,He assisted Thomas Jefferson in drafting the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and was its foremost advocate in the Congress. As a diplomat in Europe, he helped negotiate the eventual peace treaty with Great Britain, and acquired vital governmental loans from Amsterdam bankers. Adams signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts, and built up the army and navy in the face of an undeclared naval "Quasi-War" with France. The major accomplishment of his presidency was a peaceful resolution of the conflict in the face of Hamilton's opposition. Due to his strong posture on defense, Adams is "often called the father of the American Navy".[4] He was the first U.S. president to reside in the executive mansion, now known as the White House.[5]
John Jay
John Jay (December 23, 1745 (December 12, 1745 OS) - May 17, 1829) was an American statesman, Patriot, diplomat, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, signer of the Treaty of Paris, and first Chief Justice of the United States (1789-95).Jay served as the President of the Continental Congress (1778-79), an honorific position with little power. During and after the American Revolution, Jay was Minister (Ambassador) to Spain, a negotiator of the Treaty of Paris by which Great Britain recognized American independence, and Secretary of Foreign Affairs, helping to fashion United States foreign policy. His major diplomatic achievement was to negotiate favorable trade terms with Great Britain in the Treaty of London of 1794.Jay, a proponent of strong, centralized government, worked to ratify the U.S. Constitution in New York in 1788 by pseudonymously writing five of The Federalist Papers, along with the main authors Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. After the establishment of the U.S. government, Jay became the first Chief Justice of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1795. As a leader of the new Federalist Party, Jay was the Governor of the State of New York (1795-1801), where he became the state's leading opponent of slavery. His first two attempts to end slavery in New York in 1777 and 1785 failed, but a third in 1799 succeeded. The 1799 Act, a gradual emancipation he signed into law, eventually granted all slaves in New York their freedom before his death in 1829.
Jays treaty
John Jay's Treaty, 1794-95,On November 19, 1794 representatives of the United States and Great Britain signed Jay's Treaty, which sought to settle outstanding issues between the two countries that had been left unresolved since American independence. The treaty proved unpopular with the American public but did accomplish the goal of maintaining peace between the two nations and preserving U.S. neutrality.Tensions between the United States and Britain remained high after the Revolutionary War as a result of three key issues. British exports flooded U.S. markets, while American exports were blocked by British trade restrictions and tariffs. The British occupation of northern forts that the British Government had agreed to vacate in the Treaty of Paris (1783) as well as recurrent Native American attacks in these areas also frustrated Americans. Finally, Britain's impressments of American sailors and seizure of naval and military supplies bound to enemy ports on neutral ships brought the two nations to the brink of war in the late 1700s.The Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, Between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, commonly known as the Jay Treaty, and also as Jay's Treaty, the British Treaty, and the Treaty of London of 1794,[1][2] was a 1795 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that is credited with averting war,[3] resolving issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris of 1783 (which ended the American Revolutionary War),[4] and facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the United States and Britain in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars, which began in 1792.,The terms of the treaty were designed primarily by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, strongly supported by the chief negotiator John Jay, and also by President George Washington.
Noah Webster
Noah Webster, Jr. (October 16, 1758 - May 28, 1843), was an American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English-language spelling reformer, political writer, editor, and prolific author. He has been called the "Father of American Scholarship and Education". His blue-backed speller books taught five generations of American children how to spell and read, secularizing their education. According to Ellis (1979) he gave Americans "a secular catechism to the nation-state."[3] Webster's name has become synonymous with "dictionary" in the United States, especially the modern Merriam-Webster dictionary that was first published in 1828 as An American Dictionary of the English Language.He was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.[4]Born in Connecticut. Educated at Yale. Lived 1758-1843. Called "Schoolmaster of the Republic." Wrote reading primers and texts for school use. He was most famous for his dictionary, first published in 1828, which standardized the English language in America.opposed slavery,Webster dedicated his Speller and Dictionary to providing an intellectual foundation for American nationalism.[citation needed] From 1787 to 1789 Webster was an outspoken supporter of the new Constitution.
Pinckneys Treaty
Pinckney's Treaty, known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795 and established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. It also defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River. The treaty's full title is Treaty of Friendship, Limits, and Navigation Between Spain and the United States. Thomas Pinckney negotiated the treaty for the United States and Don Manuel de Godoy represented Spain. Among other things, it ended the first phase of the West Florida Controversy, a dispute between the two nations over the boundaries of the Spanish colony of West Florida.[1],The treaty was presented to the United States Senate on February 26, 1796 and after debate was ratified on March 7, 1796. It was ratified by Spain on April 25, 1796 and ratifications were exchanged on that date. The treaty was proclaimed on August 3, 1796.Prior to the treaty, the western and southern borders of the United States had been a source of tension between Spain and the United States. The U.S. border extended to the Mississippi River, but its southern stretch remained in Spanish territory, and Spanish officials, reluctant to encourage U.S. trade and settlement in a strategic frontier area, kept the Mississippi River closed to American shipping. Moreover, both Spain and the United States claimed portions of the present-day states of Alabama and Mississippi, and earlier negotiations to resolve the territorial disputes had broken off inconclusively.
Alien and sedition acts
The Alien and Sedition Acts were four bills passed by the Federalist dominated 5th United States Congress, and signed into law by Federalist President John Adams in 1798.[1] They made it harder for an immigrant to become a citizen (Naturalization Act), allowed the president to imprison and deport noncitizens who were deemed dangerous (Alien Friends Act) or who were from a hostile nation (Alien Enemies Act), and criminalized making false statements that were critical of the federal government (Sedition Act).The Federalists argued that they strengthened national security during an undeclared naval war with France. Critics argued that they were primarily an attempt to suppress voters who disagreed with the Federalist party, and violated the right of freedom of speech in the First Amendment.The Naturalization Act increased the residency requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years. At the time, the majority of immigrants supported Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans, the political opponents of the Federalists.[
Delegated Powers
The Delegated Powers, also called the Enumerated Powers, are the powers of Congress established in section eight of Article I of the US Constitution. There are nineteen such powers.That last section, on the Supreme Court, is one of the few places where the Constitution's ambiguity is pretty pronounced (it doesn't even, for example, list how many justices should be on the Court). In the first two sections, however, the Constitution spells out what powers each branch gets; in other words, it enumerates them.Many presidential powers are delegated powers that Congress has accorded presidents to exercise on its behalf, and that it can cut back or rescind. The delegated powers are a list of items found in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution that set forth the authoritative capacity of Congress. In summary, Congress may exercise the powers that the Constitution grants it. To delegate means to specifically assign, in this case delegated powers are those powers specifically assigned to the Federal Government. The founding fathers feared a national government that would overstep its bounds, so they took care to only allow the national government very specific powers. These are also referred to as enumerated powers.
The Electoral College
The Electoral College is a process, not a place. The founding fathers established it in the Constitution as a compromise between election of the President by a vote in Congress and election of the President by a popular vote of qualified citizens.The Electoral College process consists of the selection of the electors, the meeting of the electors where they vote for President and Vice President, and the counting of the electoral votes by Congress. The United States Electoral College is the institution that elects the President and Vice President of the United States every four years. Citizens of the United States do not directly elect the president or the vice president; instead, these voters directly elect designated intermediaries called "electors," who almost always have pledged to vote for particular presidential and vice presidential candidates (though unpledged electors are possible) and who are themselves selected according to the particular laws of each state.The Electoral College was created for two reasons. The first purpose was to create a buffer between population and the selection of a President. The second as part of the structure of the government that gave extra power to the smaller states. The first reason that the founders created the Electoral College is hard to understand today. The founding fathers were afraid of direct election to the Presidency. They feared a tyrant could manipulate public opinion and come to power.Those who object to the Electoral College system and favor a direct popular election of the president generally do so on four grounds: the possibility of electing a minority president the risk of so-called "faithless" Electors, the possible role of the Electoral College in depressing voter turnout, and,its failure to accurately reflect the national popular will.
Federalists
The Federalists were originally those forces in favor of the ratification of the Constitution (text) and were typified by: A desire to establish a strong central government (unlike that which existed under the Articles of Confederation) A corresponding desire for weaker state governments.Fostered friendly relationships with Great Britain, as well as opposition to revolutionary France. The party controlled the federal government until 1801, when it was overwhelmed by the Republican opposition led by Thomas JeffersonThe only Federalist president was John Adams; although George Washington was broadly sympathetic to the Federalist program, he remained officially non-partisan during his entire presidency.[4] Leaders $$$Alexander Hamilton$$$,George Washington,John Jay,$$$John Adams$$$,Charles Cotesworth Pinckney,DeWitt Clinton,Rufus King,A desire to establish a strong central government (unlike that which existed under the Articles of Confederation) A corresponding desire for weaker state governments The support of many large landowners, judges, lawyers, leading clergymen and merchants The support of creditor elements who felt that a strong central government would give protection to public and private credit.
The Great Compromise
The Great Compromise saved the Constitutional Convention, and, probably, the Union. Authored by Connecticut delegate Roger Sherman, it called for proportional representation in the House, and one representative per state in the Senate (this was later changed to two.) bicameral legislature, upper house(senate) 2 representatives per state,lower house(house of reps) based on population. the Connecticut compromise.was an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787.Edmund Randolph of the Virginia delegation proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature.James Madison and Alexander Hamilton were two of the leaders of the proportional representation group. Madison argued that a conspiracy of large states against the small states was unrealistic as the large states were so different from each other. Hamilton argued that the states were artificial entities made up of individuals, and accused small state representatives of wanting power, not liberty.Delegates to the Constitutional Convention came from different backgrounds and held different political views. For example, they argued about how many representatives each state should be allowed. The larger states favored the Virginia Plan. According to the Virginia Plan, each state would have a different number of representatives based on the state's population. The smaller states favored the New Jersey Plan. According to the New Jersey Plan, the number of representatives would be the same for each state.A delegate from Connecticut, Roger Sherman, proposed a two-house legislature, consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Senate would have an equal number of representatives from each state.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (or Resolves) were political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional.The resolutions argued that the states had the right and the duty to declare unconstitutional acts of Congress that were not authorized by the Constitution. In doing so, they argued for states' rights and strict constructionism of the Constitution. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 were written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively.The principles stated in the resolutions became known as the "Principles of '98". Adherents argue that the states can judge the constitutionality of central government laws and decrees. The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 argued that each individual state has the power to declare that federal laws are unconstitutional and void. The Kentucky Resolution of 1799 added that when the states determine that a law is unconstitutional, nullification by the states is the proper remedy. The Virginia Resolutions of 1798 refer to "interposition" to express the idea that the states have a right to "interpose" to prevent harm caused by unconstitutional laws. The Virginia Resolutions contemplate joint action by the states.
New Jersey plan
The New Jersey Plan proposed a single-chamber legislature in which each state, regardless of size, would have one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation .presented by William Paterson.The plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan.The New Jersey Plan was opposed by James Madison and Edmund Randolph (the proponents of the Virginia state Plan). the plan was favored by the small states, unicameral (1 house) legislature. each state would have equal representation.
Indian Intercourse act
The Nonintercourse Act (also known as the Indian Intercourse Act or the Indian Nonintercourse Act) is the collective name given to six statutes passed by the Congress in 1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834. The Act regulates commerce between Americans and Native Americans.The most notable provisions of the Act regulate the inalienability of aboriginal title in the United States, a continuing source of litigation for almost 200 years.During this time, federal officials favored efforts to "civilize" the tribes, a sentiment that would later influence removal.
Proclamation of Neutrality
The Proclamation of Neutrality was a formal announcement issued by U.S. President George Washington in May 1793, declaring the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain. It threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war. Cabinet debate[edit] Washington's cabinet members agreed that neutrality was essential; the nation was too young and its military was too small to risk any sort of engagement with either France or Britain.The United States could declare its neutrality for a price, Jefferson intimated, "Why not stall and make countries bid for [American] neutrality?"[1] In response, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton declared that American neutrality was not negotiable. Jefferson eventually resigned from his duty as Secretary of State in disagreement with the Proclamation of Neutrality.
3/5ths compromise
The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise reached between delegates from southern states and those from northern states during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention. slaves should be counted 3/5 of a person when deciding representation in the house of reps, helped southern states. it was debate over whether slaves should be counted in state population?or legislative representation and taxing purposes. The issue was important, as this population number would then be used to determine the number of seats that the state would have in the United States House of Representatives for the next ten years.The compromise was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman.However, since slaves could not vote, white leaders in slave states would thus have the benefit of increased representation in the House and the Electoral College. Delegates opposed to slavery proposed that only free inhabitants of each state be counted for apportionment purposes, while delegates supportive of slavery, on the other hand, opposed the proposal, wanting slaves to count in their actual numbers.
Election of 1800
The United States presidential election of 1800 was the 4th quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Friday, October 31 to Wednesday, December 3, 1800. In what is sometimes referred to as the "Revolution of 1800," Vice President Thomas Jefferson defeated President John Adams. Federalists warned that jefferson would reverse federalists initiatives, destroy hamiltons fiscal system, ruin the economy, and cripple federal strength by remanding authority to the states, They called jefferson a jacobin and charged that he was a radical who would promote social bedlam in America, bringing the same havoc to this country the the french revolution had brought to france. the republicans blasted adams policies such as the alien and sedition acts of 1798, burr and jefferson tied but burr got vice but didn't want it so in a event of a tie the house of representatives would decide. Alexander hamilton bad talked burr and got jefferson elected.
Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion, also known as the Whiskey Insurrection, was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791, during the presidency of George Washington. The so-called "whiskey tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. It became law in 1791, and was intended to generate revenue to help reduce the national debt.[3] Although the tax applied to all distilled spirits, whiskey was by far the most popular distilled beverage in the 18th-century U.S. Because of this, the excise became widely known as a "whiskey tax". The new excise was a part of U.S. treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton's program to fund war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War., The tax was resisted by farmers in the western frontier regions who were long accustomed to distilling their surplus grain and corn into whiskey. In these regions, whiskey was sufficiently popular that it often served as a medium of exchange. Many of the resisters were war veterans who believed that they were fighting for the principles of the American Revolution, in particular against taxation without local representation, while the U.S. federal government maintained the taxes were the legal expression of the taxation powers of Congress.
XYZ Affair
The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the administration of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to an undeclared war called the Quasi-War. The name derives from the substitution of the letters X, Y and Z for the names of French diplomats Hottinguer (X), Bellamy (Y), and Hauteval (Z) in documents released by the Adams administration.,An American diplomatic commission was sent to France in July 1797 to negotiate problems that were threatening to break out into war. The diplomats, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry, were approached through informal channels by agents of the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand, who demanded bribes and a loan before formal negotiations could begin.The XYZ Affair was a diplomatic incident between French and United States diplomats that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War. U.S. and French negotiators restored peace with the Convention of 1800, also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine.
Federal System of Government
The federal government is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the federal courts, including the Supreme Court, respectively.The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court.
Separation of powers
The separation of powers, often imprecisely used interchangeably with the trias politica principle,[1] is a model for the governance of a state (or who controls the state). The model was first developed in ancient Greece. Under this model, the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches. The typical division of branches is into a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in a parliamentary system where the executive and legislature (and sometimes parts of the judiciary) are unified.an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances.
Checks and balances
The system of checks and balances is used to keep the government from getting too powerful in one branch. For example, the Executive Branch can veto bills from the Legislative Branch, but the Legislative Branch can override the veto.
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson (April 13 [O.S. April 2] 1743 - July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Father who was principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776). He was elected the second Vice President of the United States (1797-1801) and the third President (1801-09). Jefferson was a proponent of democracy, republicanism, and individual rights, which motivated American colonists to break from Great Britain and form a new nation.He became the United States Minister to France in May 1785, and subsequently the nation's first Secretary of State in 1790-1793 under President George Washington. Jefferson and James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party during the formation of the First Party System. In 1796, he was elected vice president. With Madison, he anonymously wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798-1799, which sought to embolden states' rights in opposition to the national government by nullifying the Alien and Sedition Acts.Jefferson was elected President of the United States in 1800, and pursued the nation's shipping and trade interests against Barbary pirates and aggressive British trade policies respectively. During his presidency he organized the Louisiana Purchase almost doubling the country's territory. As a result of peace negotiations with France, his administration reduced military forces. He was reelected in 1804. Jefferson's second term was beset with difficulties at home, including the trial of former Vice President Aaron Burr. American foreign trade was diminished when Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act of 1807, responding to British threats to U.S. shipping. In 1803, Jefferson began a controversial process of Indian tribe removal to the newly organized Louisiana Territory, and, in 1807, signed the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves.
Democratic republicans
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison,Other leaders Henry Clay,Andrew Jackson,The Democratic-Republican Party was the American political party in the 1790s of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison formed in opposition to the centralizing policies of the new Federalist party. It came to power in 1800, and dominated national and state affairs until the 1820s, when it faded away.The term "Democratic-Republican" is used especially by modern political scientists for the first "Republican Party" (as it called itself at the time), also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans. Historians typically use the title "Republican Party". The party adopted the label Democratic-Republican in 1798.[2] It was the second political party in the United States, and was organized by then Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, and his friend James Madison in 1791-93, to oppose the Federalist Party run by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. Starting about 1791 one faction in Congress, many of whom had been opposed to the new constitution, began calling themselves Republicans in the Second United States Congress. It splintered in 1824 into the Jacksonian movement (which became the Democratic Party in the 1830s) and the short-lived National Republican Party (later succeeded by the Whig Party).The organization formed first as an "Anti-Administration" secret meeting in the national capital (Philadelphia) to oppose Hamilton's financial programs, which Jefferson denounced as leading to aristocracy and subversive of Republicanism in the United States. Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to challenge the Federalists, a nationwide party organized by Hamilton. Foreign affairs took a leading role in 1794-95 as the Republicans vigorously opposed the Jay Treaty with Britain, which was then at war with France. Republicans saw France as more democratic after its revolution, while Britain represented the hated monarchy. The party denounced many of Hamilton's measures (especially the national bank) as unconstitutional.The party was strongest in the South and weakest in the Northeast. It demanded states' rights as expressed by the "Principles of 1798" articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions that would allow states to nullify a federal law.[4] Above all the party stood for the primacy of the yeoman farmers. Republicans were deeply committed to the principles of republicanism, which they feared were threatened by the supposed monarchical tendencies of the Hamiltonians/Federalists.
Anti-federalists
Thomas jefferson, wanted weak govt, didn't like constitution, guarantee of a bill of rights helped achieve ratification, bill of rights- enumerates individual rights and explicity restricted the power of the federal govt.The ANTIFEDERALISTS were a diverse coalition of people who opposed ratification of the Constitution. Although less well organized than the Federalists, they also had an impressive group of leaders who were especially prominent in state politics.They believed that the greatest threat to the future of the United States lay in the government's potential to become corrupt and seize more and more power until its tyrannical rule completely dominated the people.To Antifederalists the proposed Constitution threatened to lead the United States down an all-too-familiar road of political CORRUPTION. All three branches of the new central government threatened Antifederalists' traditional belief in the importance of restraining government power.,The President's vast new powers, especially a veto that could overturn decisions of the people's representatives in the legislature, were especially disturbing. The court system of the national government appeared likely to encroach on local courts. Meanwhile, the proposed lower house of the legislature would have so few members that only elites were likely to be elected.$$$$Thomas jefferson$$$$$$Patrick Henry$$$[5],Samuel Adams[6],George Mason[5],Richard Henry Lee[7],Robert Yates[citation needed],James Monroe[5],Mercy Otis Warren[8],$$$George Clinton$$$,Melancton Smith[5],Arthur Fenner,James Winthrop[5],Luther Martin[9], Anti-Federalism refers to a movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution. The previous constitution, called the Articles of Confederation, gave state governments more authority. Led by Patrick Henry of Virginia, Anti-Federalists worried, among other things, that the position of president, then a novelty, might evolve into a monarchy.The Federalists wanted a strong government and strong executive branch, while the anti-Federalists wanted a weaker central government. The Federalists did not want a bill of rights—they thought the new constitution was sufficient. The anti-federalists demanded a bill of rights.
Virginia Plan
Virginia plan was a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch. The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787.The Virginia Plan was notable for its role in setting the overall agenda for debate in the convention and, in particular, for setting forth the idea of population-weighted representation in the proposed national legislature.The Constitutional Convention gathered in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. The Virginia delegation took the initiative to frame the debate... However, it was Edmund Randolph, the Virginia governor at the time, who officially put it before the convention on May 29, 1787, in the form of 15 resolutions.[4The Virginia Plan proposed a legislative branch consisting of two chambers (bicameral legislature), with the dual principles of rotation in office and recall applied to the lower house of the national legislature.It called for a national government of three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. Members of one of the two legislative chambers would be elected by the people; members of that chamber would then elect the second chamber from nominations submitted by state legislatures. The executive would be chosen by the legislative branch.
Washington's farewell address
Washington wrote the letter near the end of his second term as President, before his retirement to his home Mount Vernon.As it was Washington's valedictory after 20 years of service to the new nation. It is a classic statement of republicanism, warning Americans of the political dangers they can and must avoid if they are to remain true to their values .The first draft was originally prepared in 1792 with the assistance of James Madison.Washington revisited the letter and, with the help of Alexander Hamilton, prepared a revision of the original draft.Main topics:Unity and sectionalism,The Constitution and political factions and parties, Checks and balances and separation of powers,Religion, morality, and educationForeign relations and free trade
Annapolis convention 1786
in Annapolis, Maryland, in which twelve delegates from five states-New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia-gathered to discuss and develop a consensus about reversing the protectionist trade barriers that each state had erected. At the time, under the Articles of Confederation, each state was largely independent from the others and the national government had no authority to regulate trade between and among the states.discuss trade and commerce, Alexander hamilton and James Madison agree to meet up again in Philadelphia in 1 year which is the constitutional convention.It is unclear how much weight the Convention's call carried, but the urgency of the reform was highlighted by a number of rebellions that took place all over the country. While most of them were easily suppressed, Shays' Rebellion lasted from August 1786 until February 1787. The rebellion called attention to both popular discontent and government's weakness.[3]The direct result of the Annapolis Convention report and the ensuing events was the Philadelphia Convention of 1787, during which the United States Constitution was drafted. to discuss recommending changes to the Articles of Confederation.
