Sociology 1 Final

Intergenerational Mobility:

- movement from one generation to another

Social Mobility:

- movement of individuals or groups between different social positions

Intragenerational Mobility:

- movement within the course of one's personal career

Net Worth:

-(wealth) - (debt) -all assets minus all one owes

Describe the four models of ethnic assimilation.

Assimilation: New immigrant groups would take on attitudes and language of dominant culture Melting pot: Different cultures would merge Pluralism: Ethnic cultures exist separately, but participate in economic and political life Multiculturalism: Ethnic cultures exist separately and equally

Compare and contrast the following three approaches to deviance and social control: Symbolic Interactionist, Functionalist, and Conflict.

Symbolic Interactionist: -Edwin Sutherland -deviance learned behavior through association with others who commit deviant behaviors -some groups define deviant behavior as desirable Functionalist: -derives theories from perspective of society as a whole -crime and deviance are an inevitable part of society (Durkheim) -Anomie Theory: deviance arises when people strive to achieve culturally valued goals but do not have legitimate means Conflict: -deviance is a deliberate and political response to inequalities -members of countercultural groups are engaging in political acts

Family

intimate domestic group of people related by blood, sexual mating, or legal ties

Evaluation Research

seeks to understand the effects of a program, policy, or effort to affect a social pattern

Social Change:

shifts in the characteristics of society

Kinship

those related to you by blood

Discrimination:

-behavior that denies resources or rewards to the members of a particular group that can be obtained by others

Model Minority:

-certain demographic groups perceived as achieving a higher degree of socioeconomic success -downplays racism and prejudice at structural level, dismissed patterns of immigration and variation between groups, ignores barriers to upward mobility

Norms:

-Local Norms: those from our close friends and family -Subcultural Norms: apply to larger groups of people who share some characteristic -Societal Norms: norms dictated by society

Stigma:

-characteristics of people used to discredit

New Social Movements:

-collective activity expressing concern about an activity meant to benefit a large category of people

Debt:

-everything one owes (mortgages, bills, etc...)

Summarize Alexander's primary argument. That is, how is mass incarceration the new Jim Crow and how does it illustrate how institutionalized racism has permeated our society?

-Mass incarceration is caused by the unequal enforcement of the law through things like colorblind racism in order to incarcerate certain groups (like blacks) over other groups -Results in the disenfranchisement of these groups, further perpetuating inequality -No representation in the government, no upward mobility -This is a systematic problem because it happens at such a high rate that it has permeated our society -Mass Incarceration: form of racial caste system; if African-Americans are being incarcerated at a much higher rate than white people they are disadvantaged and cannot move out of this disadvantage -New Jim Crow: how mass incarceration is the new way of disadvantaging black people -Caste System: born into a social class -Class system: flexible to movement between class

Marriage

-Monogamy: A form of marriage in which each married partner is allowed only one spouse at a given time -Polygamy: A form of marriage in which a person may have two or more spouses simultaneously

Compare and contrast David Popenoe and Judith Stacey's views of the changing family dynamics over the past 60+ years.

-Overall: Divorce, nonmarital births, and cohabitation has increased in the past 60 years Popenoe: argues that this is related to underlying social problems - removing men from childrearing is particularly problematic; traditional view of family A mother and a father are necessary for a child's development Suggests gendered socialization is important and inevitable Stacey: Argues that traditionalist view perpetuates segregation of the sexes Post-modern families are better suited to meet the challenges of the current economy and is more appropriate for raising children

Relative Deprivation:

-feeling people get when comparing themselves to others or one's own potential

Minority Group:

-group of people in given society who, because of certain physical or cultural characteristics, experience inequality -not based on numerical distinction, based on distinction in power

Prejudice:

-holding of preconceived ideas about an individual or group -typically resistant to change, even w new info

Real Income:

-income excluding increases due to inflation (allows for comparison over time)

Positionality:

-individual's worldview -the position the researcher chooses to adopt

Nuclear Family

-mom, dad, siblings, pets

Income:

-money received from paid wages or salaries AND earned from investments

Institutional Racism:

-patterns of discrimination based of race/ethnicity that have become structured into existing social institutions

Misrecognition:

-a person assumes an identity that is not really their own -could be due to social pressures, norms, etc...

Social Intervention

-action taken to produce a specific, intended results -Needs-assessment studies: determine the existence of a problem -Cost-benefit studies: whether a program can be justified -Monitoring studies: provides a flow of information over time

Deviance:

-action that does not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a group or society -deviance from statistical norms (one doesn't fit into bell shaped curve of how society behaves statistically) -deviance from social norms (one doesn't act how society expects them to socially)

Active Sociology:

-actively making connections to the public -working with community groups, advocacy organizations, and government agencies -research not passive process -active sociology associated with Public Sociology

Wealth:

-all assets individuals own, including money and material possessions

Racism:

-attribution of characteristics of superiority or inferiority to a population sharing physically inherited characteristics -reflects a system of dominance

Labeling Theory:

-people become deviant because certain labels are put on their actions by others, these labels then become part of their identity -Primary Deviance: the initial act of deviance that leads to an audience labeling an individual or an individual act deviant -Secondary Deviance: when negative reactions result in further deviance -Outsider: individual who becomes actively involved in the deviant role, typically accepting the label

Sex:

-physical differences in the body

Racialization:

-process by which understandings of race are used to classify individuals or groups of people

Glass Ceiling:

-promotion barrier that prevents a woman's upward mobility in an organization

Gender:

-psychological, social, and cultural differences

Reflexivity:

-researchers should acknowledge and disclose themselves in research

Second Shift:

-responsibilities and things that wife/mother do in the household aside from their work shift is known as the "second shift" -add up to 40 hrs or more a week, making it like a second full-time job

Anomie:

-situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior -Anomie Theory: deviance arises when people strive to achieve culturally valued goals but do not have legitimate means (acceptable ways to achieve goals)

Race:

-socially defined category based on real or imagined differences in human characteristics

Ethnicity

-socially defined category referring to cultural characteristics -often based on common language, family names, country or region of origin, or other cultural factors

Intersectionality:

-sociological perspective that holds that multiple group membership affects our lives in ways that are distinct from single group memberships

Differential Association:

-suggests criminal behavior is learned through association with other who regularly commit crimes -law provides uniform set of standards for deviance, but some groups may see this behavior as desirable

Glass Elevator:

-tendency for men to rise higher and faster when working in female-dominated professions

Explain basic sociology, public sociology (include both traditional and organic), and applied sociology (including a discussion of how it may not always have an impact) How we can conceptualize these three forms as existing on a spectrum?

1) Basic sociology Goal: Analyze some aspect of society to gain knowledge Audience: Fellow sociologists and anyone interested Product: knowledge 2) Public sociology Goal: Communicating knowledge to a broader public for their benefit Audience: Policy makers Product: Recommendations Traditional Public Sociology: Includes scholarship and activities driven by the priorities of the discipline; May have results outside of academia but motivated from within Organic Public Sociology: Collaborative approach to public sociology; Boundaries between research/practitioner, scholar/activist, and university/community are permeable; Involves a process of mutual education 3) Applied sociology Goal: Work towards a specific outcome in a given context Audience: Clients Product: Change *Spectrum from most theoretical to most concrete and applicable goes: Basic sociology -> Public Sociology -> Applied Sociology

3. List the six biggest changes in family patterns that have occurred worldwide?

1) Decline of clans and kin groups 2) Trend toward choice of spouse 3) Rights of women increasing 4) Kin marriages less common 5) Higher levels of sexual freedom 6) Rights of children increasing

What is the difference between income and wealth and how have inequalities in these areas changed since the mid-20th century? Which is a better indicator of class and stratification and why? How do race, ethnicity, and education intersect with wealth and income?

1) Income: Money received from paid wages and salaries or earned from investments -"Real income" is income, excluding increases due to inflation - Provides a fixed standard for comparison over time -Americans are more affluent today -Income inequality has increased since 1967 2) Wealth: All assets individuals own, including money and material possessions -Better indication of stratification because it includes all of the valuable things one possesses, not just the amount they make in a certain amount of time -Wealth inequality: whites, then asians, then hispanics, then black; white and asian new worth much larger than hispanics and blacks - tax cuts of corporations don't go to workers

How have the dynamics of families changed in the United States over the past 50 years? Be sure to include information about marriage, childbirth, household dynamics, and cohabitation. What explanations have been offered for these changes?

1) Marriage: Men and women are now getting married older (Men: 22.8 -> 27.1 and Women 20.3 -> 25.3) 2) Childbirth: Women are having children older: 1950: 28; 1970: 26; 2018: 30 3) Household dynamic: Less married couples with children, more men and women living alone, more married couples without children, more "other" family households 4) Cohabitation: Increase of adults living together in sexual relationship without marriage

10. Compare and contrast the four theories of social stratification we reviewed in lecture.

1) Marx: The Means of Production & Class Analysis Class: people with a common relationship to the means of production Surplus value: The value of a worker's labor power left over when an employer has repaid the cost of hiring the worker Industrial capitalism created an increasing gap in wealth between the bourgeoisie and proletariat Conflict would lead to an uprising and the system of communism 2) Weber: Class and Status: Class divisions are derived from economic differences based on resources, such as skills and credentials Status: prestige a group is accorded by society; can include associated lifestyles Power: ability to enact change, command resources, or make decisions All three dimensions overlap 3) Functionalist: Stratification is beneficial to society Certain positions are more important and require special skills Those at the top are there because they are the most qualified and deserve to be rewarded with power, money and prestige 4) Wright 3 Dimensions of Control Control over investments Control over physical means of production Control over labor power Capitalist have control over all; workers have control over none Contradictory class locations: social class comprised of those who share characteristics with the classes above and below them

Explain the politics of research. In your answer, make sure to include an explanation of the way it differs from the ethics of research. Additionally, incorporate the role of the researcher in your answer. Provide an example of the way that politics and research has been controversially intertwined.

1) Politics of Research: Political issues focus on the uses of research (Ex: Miligram study's potential to make people more obedient) 2) Ethics deal with methods employed (Ex: Miligram study's potential harm to subjects) 3) We have clear ethical guidelines, but not clear political guidelines 4) Most acknowledge bias should not guide research or presentation of results

What are the three basic systems of stratification and what are the ways that class systems differ from the other two?

1) Slavery: Form of stratification in which people are owned as property 2) Caste: Social system in which one's social status is held for life 3) Class Systems: A system of social hierarchy that allows individuals to move along classes -Four ways that class systems differ from slavery and castes Income Wealth Education Lifestyle/Occupation

12. According to Ridgeway, what is status? Explain the way that status beliefs shape social relations.

1) Status: Inequality based on differences in esteem and respect 2) Status beliefs shape social relations by: a) Status bias: stereotypes people have about types of people and types of qualities and characteristics they tend to have b) Associational Status biases: those who we associate with gives us certain biases; bias towards those who associate with a high status group c) Reactions to status change: alterations of status biases evoke strong emotions from others; if you try and go higher than your status bias, there will be backlash (ex: Obama as first black president faces backlash)

What does Perrow mean when he says that organizations are absorbing society and how does this occur? You should include both the three phenomena that constitute the basis of his argument and the additional processes that occur outside of the "'pure' case of absorption.

By "large organizations absorbing society" he means that activities that once were performed by relatively autonomous and usually small, informal groups (ex: family neighborhood) and small autonomous organizations (small businesses, local governments, church) are now performed by large bureaucracies Wage dependency: made citizens available for organizations; for a good part of society to disappear into organizations it was important that a high proportion of the economically active have no other economic opportunities than employment in an organization Externalization of social costs: hid the costs from the citizens; costs of "bigness," of economic activity on a grand scale, had to be disguised and dispersed to the weaker parts of society to insure the legitimacy of large organization; "society of organizations" theme is not limited to large factories or distributors, but includes government, services, and voluntary organizations Bureaucracy: made controls unobtrusive; organizations are above all devices for controlling and coordinating the activities of many more or less unwilling employees Additional Processes: Satellites: small organizations that are quite dependent upon one or a few large employing organizations. Instead of being brought into the large organization, the functions are left outside and the satellites cluster about the large organization, dependent upon it for their existence Branches: chapters of national non-profit organizations such as Mothers Against Drunk Drivers, the Red Cross, ACLU, political parties, and fraternal and religious denominational groups. Absorption takes place insofar as the headquarters, which may itself be a large employer providing services similar to large corporations, controls or shapes the service policies of the branches

According to Weber, what are the three pure types of authority? What is the most rational and why?

Charismatic Authority: -based on unique personalities -often reject the established rules and routines -achievements of leader short-lived because next regime rejects them Traditional Authority: -based on long-standing, unquestioned principles -great stability -limited because leaders not based on qualifications or effectiveness (family businesses) Bureaucratic (RATIONAL) Authority: -most efficient and rational -governed by universally applied rules and procedures -use qualified experts in logical division of labor -reliable but have dehumanizing potential (IMPORTANT THAT HE ACKNOWLEDGES THIS) -could accomplish many tasks, but spread into social life inevitable (HAS HAPPENED IN US CULTURE)

Explain the problems with colorblind racism. Make sure to include a discussion of the history of African Americans in the US, the four tropes described by Bonilla-Silva, and how they contribute to colorblind racism.

Colorblind racism refers to the use of race neutral principles to defend the racially unequal status quo Perpetuates inequality: people use neutral terms while supporting policies that are potentially racist to treat groups unequally Racial bias occurs: in policing, decisions to try in state or federal court, jury selection, sentencing Ignores barriers to upward mobility Four tropes identified by Bonilla-Silva: "The past is the past" "I didn't own any slaves" "The Jews, Italians, and Chinese made it why can't you?" "I don't have a job (or admission to college) because of a minority"

How are gender inequalities visible in education, the workplace, and politics? Provide an example in each context to show how inequalities are present and how we can see women making strides in each.

Education: school uniforms, attention from teachers Facing backlash in recent years by mothers, social media, etc Workplace: many more men with higher positions than women Increase in women CEOs, doctors, lawyers, etc Politics: many more men hold public office than woman; no woman present Hillary Clinton

How has gender been approached by functionalists (make sure to include their views on gender socialization) and the four branches of feminism? What are the primary critiques of each perspective?

Functionalist Gender differences are functional and beneficial Gender specialization of tasks contribute to a stable society Based on a conservative worldview, popular in the 1950s Talcott Parsons: families are most efficient with a clear-cut division of labor Feminism Liberal feminism: Gender inequality is produced by unequal access to civil rights and social resources; seek solutions through changes in legislation to ensure equal rights are protected (Equal Pay Act & Sec Discrimination Act) Primary critique: Do not deal with the root cause of gender inequality Radical Feminism: Gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social and economic life Patriarchy: Systematic dominance of men over women; extsts in varying degrees Believe the personal is political Primary critique: Patriarchy alone cannot explain women's oppression; does not leave room for historical and cultural variation Black Feminism: Highlights the multiple disadvantages of gender, class, and race that shape the experiences of non-white women Unified form of gender oppression neglects the concept of intersectionality. Emphasizes aspects of the past to inform current forms of gender inequality. Frameworks offered by white feminists may not apply to other communities. Postmodern Feminism: Challenges the idea of a unitary basis of identity and experience shared by all women Encourages the acceptance of multiple standpoints representing different experiences Do not believe it is possible to provide a single, overarching explanation for women's oppression

Compare and contrast the functionalist view of the family (this should include an explanation of what functions the family serves) and the feminist approaches to the family (this should include the three topics this approach emphasizes). Explain the primary critiques of the functionalist view and how they are addressed by feminist perspectives.

Functionalist Theory of Family: Families perform important tasks that contribute to society's needs and help perpetuate social order. According to Talcott Parsons, the family serves two primary functions: Primary Socialization: Process whereby children learn the cultural norms and expectations of society Personal Stabilization: The role of the family in assisting adult members emotionally Feminist approaches: Feminism challenges view of families as protective and harmonious Isolation of housewives, trapped in endless cycle of childcare and housework Directed attention inside family dynamics and women's experience Unequal power relations means some benefit more than others 1) Domestic Division of Labor: unequal task allocation in the household; sharper divide between domestic and work realms 2) Unequal power relations: Families as cites of gender oppression and abuse 3) Caring activities: may involve spells of unpaid labor; may diminish ability to work outside the home

What are the ways in which activists during the three different cycles of protest examined by Ghaziani and Taylor emphasize similarities or differences to heterosexuals? Make sure to explain all three cycles and provide direct comparisons between them.

Gay liberation and lesbian feminism Emphasized similarity prior to Stonewall rebellion; among the earliest articulations of sexual difference by activists; gay liberationists advocated coming out, authenticity, and pride; while lesbian feminists promoted social and cultural separatism; ). The convergence of lesbian separatism and a growing women's counterculture spawned cultural feminism, a strand of feminist thought that valorized women's difference from men, critiqued heterosexuality as a form of internalized male domination, and promoted separation from men and relationships with women as a political strategy; In a similar way, the chant "out of the closet, into the streets" ) illustrates how gay liberationists smashed open the doors of secrecy and silence to dispel stereotypes, assert a public identity and normalize homosexualit Queer activism: Queer activists aim to bring together individuals who feel perverse, odd, deviant, and different while affirming a common identity on the fringes of the mainstream. These boundaries have frequently marginalized those who fail to conform, a contradiction codified in the very name of the activist group Queer Nation. Whereas the word "queer" denotes difference, "nation" emphasizes sameness. Queer nationals are "torn between affirming a new identity—'I am queer'—and rejecting restrictive identities— 'I reject your categories,' between rejecting assimilation—'I don't need your approval, just get out of my face'—and wanting to be recognized by mainstream society—'We queers are gonna get in your face'" Marriage equality:the fight for marriage symbolized to queer critics the movement's desire to normalize gay and lesbian identity and fit into, rather than change, US society; Los Angeles-based organization fighting for legal recognition for gay partners, organized The Wedding, a ceremony celebrating gay relationships and demanding that gay partnerships receive the same legal rights as married heterosexual couple

According to Lamont, what are the different ways that people evaluate those above them? How does his argument challenge previous studies that argue that the American working class identifies with middle class values?

Lower-Class Whites: -value hard work and ambition -define success with financial gain -people are at the top because they deserve to be there, worked for it Lower-Class Blacks: -value things like morals and putting food on table for the family -define higher classes with "whiteness" -recognize systematic barriers that prevent blacks from reaching higher class status -people above: tend to dissociate moral value from economic status - able to put themselves on equal footing or higher than people with higher status; just focusing on the moral value it is accessible to everyone and they can put themselves on a lower status -people below: equity socioeconomic status with moral value - they are there because they are lazy; their socioeconomic status is related to their morals -intersectionality: also talks about race

Explain the myth and dangers of the model minority.

Model minority: Certain demographic groups perceived as achieving a higher degree of socioeconomic success Downplays racism and prejudice at the structural level Dismisses patterns of immigration and variation between groups Ignores barriers to upward mobility

According the Collins, how does objectification and the use of controlling images further subordinate black women? What were the controlling images used? How does this relate to the dominant group's perceptions of black women?

Objectification: Through the use of binary thinking, one element is objectified as the other, and is viewed as an object to be manipulated and controlled (black women are viewed as other) US black women domestic workers exemplified objectification - black women work as if they were the mule of the world - referring to black workers as "girls" enable employers to treat their employees as children, less capable human beings Controlling images Image of the "mammy": faithful, obedient, domestic servant; used to justify economic exploitation of house slaves and used to justify why black women were restricted to domestic servants - ideal black relationship to elite white male power

According to Gamson, what are the conditions that must be met for a pluralist political institution to operate properly? In the context of social protest, how does Gamson measure outcomes?

Pluralist Political Institution must have: Procedural Consensus Acceptance of 'culture' of constitutional democracy One operates within the rules, the rules considered generally fair, defeats accepted because of the legitimacy attached to the manner of resolving conflicts Cross-Cutting Solidarities Individuals have strong identifications with solidarity groups at different levels below the total society (primary group, community, formal organization, religious group...) These solidarities overlap forming multiple memberships that associate them with many different people Open Access to the Political Arena No barriers to a group getting a hearing Dissatisfied groups encouraged to translate dissatisfaction into political demands, finding coalition partners, creating political reform movements Balance of Power or Countervailing Power Operation There exists a sufficiently large number of groups that no one group can dominate Coalitions are fluid and impermanent Issues partition groups in different ways so that many groups not in a present coalition are potential coalition partners on subsequent issues Measuring Outcomes in Context of Social Protest: Acceptance (did the relationship between challenging group and antagonists change from beginning to end of the challenge to a more positive relationship?) Consultation Must involve some sort of initiative by the antagonists Implies acceptance Negotiations Willingness of antagonists to enter negotiations implies acceptance Outcome of negotiations irrelevant Formal Recognition Form of acceptance where antagonists makes explicit (usually in writing) recognition of the challenging group as a legitimate spokesperson for a designated constituency Nothing needs to be implied about general mutuality of interests or approval of challenging groups actions Inclusion Form of acceptance where there is inclusion of challenging group leaders or members in positions of status or authority in the antagonist's organizational structure Key to note that these members or leaders must NOT sacrifice membership of challenging group to gain authority positions

What is a resistance identity and how does it relate to crimes of resistance? Explain how stealing a bag of chips is a crime of resistance and the way it provides a sense of agency.

Resistance identity: Identities created by those in a subordinate population in response to oppression Those with resistance identity led to commit crimes of resistance in order to feel a sense of agency and control over their actions Stealing a bag of chips is a crime of resistance as it is breaking the law, but it provides a sense of agency because in a society where some individuals feel they have no control over their life because of systematic problems and barriers, stealing provides them a feeling of agency (that they are able to make their own choices and do what they want to)

Explain the three primary approaches to social movements and mobilization.

Resource Mobilization Theory: The emergence of movements is largely dependent upon the availability of resources Tangible resources: money, facilities, a communication network Intangible resource: labor and legitimacy The best way to acquire and utilize resources is through existing organizations - make resources easier to acquire and use - may provide guidelines to new movements Political Processes Moel/Political Opportunity Structure: decentralized institutions with separation of power - provides opportunity to act because state is less well suited to respond Mobilization may still occur in a closed opportunity structure Repressive events (and closed POS) can lead to backfire - audience must know about events and perceive actions as unjust Activists may determine cost of inaction is higher than cost of action - current threat, repressive threat Framing Processes Frame: A schema that simplifies a situation and encodes objects within it Identity fields: place actors in context of movement (protagonist, antagonist, audience) Framing tasks: necessary to mobilize activists, both protagonists and audience Diagnostic Framing: Identifying problematic conditions and agents responsible Prognostic Framing: Plan for changing existing conditions Motivational Framing: A call to arms to encourage action

According to West & Zimmerman, how are sex categorization and the accomplishment of gender different? Make sure you define your terms clearly in your explanation. - pg 127 (4)

Sex categorization: Sex: determination made through the application of socially agreed upon biological criteria for classifying persons as females or males placement in a sex category is achieved through application of the sex criteria, but in everyday life, categorization is established and sustained by the socially required identificatory displays that proclaim one's membership in one or the other category. One's sex category presumes one's sex and stands as a proxy for it in many situations, but sex and sex category can vary independently Accomplishment of gender: The activity of managing situated conduct in light of normative conceptions of attitudes and activities appropriate for one's sex category. Gender activities emerge from and bolster claims to membership in a sex category

Describe the social psychological, structural (include theory of racial formation), and processional theories (both versions) of race and ethnicity. Compare and contrast the three approaches.

Social Psychological: Emphasize how social meanings assigned to groups shape attitudes, behaviors and outcomes for individuals Look at individual beliefs and potential to manifest in behaviors Examine how racial/ethnic differences are expressed and sustained through individual attitudes, perception, and beliefs Structural: Race and racism are embedded into institutions Race is more important for determining life chances of individuals than other social identities Systemic racism maintains white privilege beyond individual attitudes Examine how systems of inequality came to be and are sensitive to histories of colonial conquest and slavery Theory of racial formation (Omi and Winant): Race is a social convention that various political forces try to interpret for their advantage Racial formation is the socio-historical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed Macro-level changes inform individual experiences of racial identification Processual: Ethnicity without Groups (Brubaker): We should see race and ethnicity as categories that individuals use tp interpret the world Ethnic Boundary Making (Wimmer): Some ethnic categories are durable, others are largely inconsequential Ethnic and racial groups result from the interaction between individuals and groups in an effort to maintain an advantage

What is the difference between statistical normality and social normality? Define both and provide an answer or each. Explain how both conceptualizations relate to our understanding of deviance and why the statistical conception of deviance—and normality—is problematic.

Statistical normality: Behavior that is put into the context of the statistical frequency or characteristic of that behavior; being like the mass of the population, there are outliers (normal curve) Ex: Talking more than other people Statistical conception of deviance is problematic because who determines how far from the norm is too far from the norm; behaviors are considered "abnormal" if they occur in less than 5% of the population (1.645 standard deviations from the mean), but this is an entirely arbitrary cutoff; doesn't account for cultural differences Social normality: The social norms we have Asking a stranger to rub your back Deviance: Action that does not conform to the norms or values held by society

Explain the process of scapegoating and how it is related to stereotypes. Provide an example to illustrate your point.

Stereotyping: thinking in terms of fixed and inflexible categories Scapegoats: INdividuals or groups blamed for wrongs that were not of their doing Ex: Middle class workers blame immigrants for stealing their jobs - use them as a scapegoat due to the stereotype that they are taking over our society

Extended Family

grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, etc