Sociology 100 Exam 2
micro theory (symbolic interaction)
-Individuals take up social positions through socialization, in whcih they learn the appropriate
meso level stratification
-access to resources -individual status is shaped by access to resources and reinforced by the family through socialization -our treatment by educational, religious, political and other institutions often depends on our status and also reinforces it
feminist theory
-class, race and gender intersect in a way that privileges some women over others, though most women are still subordinate to most men -patriarchy is primary cause of womens oppression
Weber's conflict theory
-critiqued Marx's sole focus on economic factors - theory included power and prestige, as well as property
macro level stratification influences
-economic systems and resources within a particular country -position of that country within world systems of economic stratification
symbolic interaction (race)
-if people believe something in real, its real in its consequences (Thomas Doctrine) -race categories (= real consequences)
Cultural capital
-micro level stratification -knowledge and access to important information
Social capital
-micro level stratification -the networks of relationshops among people who live and wokrnin a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively
managers
-privileged in income, neutral on property
The Davis and Moore Thesis
-some positions are more highly valued because we feel they are very important -rewards for these positions are high because society must motivate talented individuals preparation for them -differential rewards for positions result in unequal distribution of resources; stratification is inevitable
conflict theory (meso macro)
-stratification is the outcome of struggles for dominance and scarce resources -individuals and groups act in their own self-interest, taking advantage of others -conflict between those trying to hold onto existing advantages and those trying to gain new advantages is inevitable
structural-functional theory (meso macro)
-stratification within societies is inevitable -the stratification system provides each individual with a position in the social world -the stratification system motivates individual to carry out their roles -as a result, each individual contributes in some way to the maintenance of society
evolutionary theory of stratification
-to survive people must cooperate, but conflicts occur when important decisions advantage one group over another -valued items are always in demand but short supply; struggle over these scarce items is likely -custom shapes the distribution of scarce resources, but after basic societal needs are met, power determines the distribution of surplus
Marx's conflict theory
2 economic classes: -->bourgeoisie, capitalists, or "haves" -->the proletariat, working class, or "have-nots"
conspicuous consumption
Lindsey needs a car to get back and forth from her home in the city to her university, which are 4 miles apart. When shopping for a car, Lindsey decides to buy a Hummer H3 because she wants a car that her peers will notice and respect. Through this purchase, Lindsey exhibits ______.
shrunk
Since 1969, the middle class in the United States has ______.
-People are divided into ranked categories -Desired resources are unequally distributed -each society determines how individuals are raked, depending on history, geographic location, level of developments, political philosophy, decisions of those in power
What does the concept of stratification assume?
meso-macro theory
What type of theory: -societal costs and consequences -stratification has consequences for all social institutions ----poor educational achievement of female children; loss of talents, resources of half of the population; lack of health care impacts women and their children; social divisiveness can lead to alienation, hostility
micro theory
What type of theory: rigid gender stereotypes are constraining -for women: superwomen image and beauty image can lead to depression and health problems -for men: image of "perfect" male body and unemotional male role can lead to guilt, anxiety, and neuroses
Stratification is the outcome of struggles for dominance amid scarce resources.
Which of the following is a key assumption of a conflict theorist's view of social stratification?
b
Which of the following is a micro-level factor that can shape social stratification? a) religious affiliation b) physical attractiveness c) occupational structure d) access to health care
c
Which of the following is an example of cultural capital? a) relationship with college mentor b) relationship with a neighbor c) college degree d) parents' coworkers
a
Which of the following is an example of social capital? a) country club membership b) professional licensure c) postdoctoral training d) playing the piano
conflict
______ theorists argue that poor women in capitalistic economic systems are used as a reserve labor force that can be called and dismissed as needed.
scapegoating
a minority group is blamed and victimized for acts carried out by others, as the perpetrator cannot vent frustration on its real target or cause
power
ability to control or influence others
individual discrimination micro level
action against minority members by individual
frustration-aggression theory
acts of prejudice and discrimination are carried out by individuals who cannot achieve their goals, and direct anger at vulnerable minority group
frustration-aggression theory (prejudice and racism)
acts of prejudice and discrimination are carried out by individuals who cannot achieve their goals, and direct their anger and frustration at vulnerable minority groups
preference policies
based on equity, not equality -based on the belief that due to institutional discrimination, sometimes people must be treated differently in order to be treated fairly
intentional discrimination
built into law or explicit organizational policies
intergenerational mobility
change in status compared to parents status, usually resulting from education and occupational attainment
intragenerational mobility
change in status within an individuals life, whether up or down
social class system
defined by property, power, and prestige
de jure discrimination
deliberate discrimination, often justified by beliefs about women's inability to carry out certain tasks
conspicuous consumption
displaying goods in a way that will be noticed and will earn the owner respect
pluralism
each group maintains its culture and institutions but has recognized equality in society
structural-functionlism theory
each sex has a role to play as societies change, so do roles and relationships -different but complementary roles (expressive-female and instrumental-male)
micro factors affecting individual mobility
family background, socialization, and education
assimilation
forced or chosen social and cultural merging of groups in which minority members may lose their original identity
property
income and assets
ascribed stratification systems
individual positions in society are determined by characteristics they are born with
achieved stratification systems
individuals earn their positions through ability and effort
conflict theory
individuals will attempt to control as much wealth, power, and prestige as possible, resulting in potential conflict
institutional discrimination macro level
intentional or unintentional actions by organizations and institutions that restrict minority members
structural-functional theory
minority groups often serve as pools of cheap, marginally employed labor, and this has several functions for society
vertical mobility
movement up or down the stratification hierarchy, sometimes including a change in social class
macro factors affecting individual mobility
national occupational structure and economic vitality
caste systems
one is born into determines ones occupation, potential marriage partners, residence, group memberships, and prestige level -recognized through ones clothing, speech, family name, skin color, etc.
estate systems
one is born into the nobility, the political-military elites, or into the peasantry, whose labor supports the elites
life chances
one's opportunities, which depend on achieved and ascrdibed statuses -education, health, social conditions and life expectancy are important factors that affect this
lifestyle
ones attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns, which depend on socialization into ones culture and status -factors that affect this: attitudes toward achievement, family life and child rearing patterns, religious membership, political behavior, status inconsistency (ex: professors high in prestige and low in income)
rentiers
own property, make modest wealth -ex: apartment building owners (dont produce anything, just extract)
symbolic interaction
physical, biological sex differences act as symbols that differentiate rights and rewards
past-in-present discrimination
practices from the past that may no longer be allowed today but continue to affect people anyway
side-effect discrimination
practices in one institutional area that have a negative impact due to links to other areas
DeBouis
psychological wage
prestige
recognition, esteem, respect given to those whose occupation and lifestyle are socially valued
social stratification
refers to how individuals are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess.
population transfer
removal of minority group from a region or country often forced
quota systems
require employers to hire a certain percentage of minorities
unintentional discrimination
results from policies that have unanticipated consequences favoring one group over another
conflict theory
sees males as "haves" (power, wealth), women as "have nots" -male dominance justified by traditional ideologies
bourgeoisie
small, business owners, neutral on income and property
sticky floor
social forces that keep the majority of the worlds women stuck in low paid jobs
glass ceiling
social forces that keep women from reaching the highest levels of corporate and public responsibility
glass escalator
social forces that push men up the organizational hierarchy even if they don't seek to climb it, especially in female-dominated occupations
subjugation
subordination of one group by another that holds power and authority
genocide
systematic effort by dominant group to destroy a minority group
structural functionalism
talented individual need to be motivated
conflict theory
the dominant group protects its privileges and resources by creating a "lesser" group -example: WW2; Chinese creating railroads and after finished, dominant group went back to discriminating
social mobility
the extent to which people move up and down in the class system
tokenistic fallacy
token doesnt (shouldnt) reflect group
de facto discrimination
unequal treatment that's unintended (side effect discrimination and past in present discrimination)
institutional discrimination
woven into the social structure and taken for granted