Sociology 101: Exam #3

__________ is often hidden from sight and more difficult to prove.

Subtle or Covert racism

__________ is a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or arbitrary physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes.

A racial (minority) group

Race is:

A social construct

__________ refer(s) to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity."

Gender

_________ is defined as extreme prejudice directed at gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and others who are perceived as not being heterosexual.

Homophobia

__________ is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that is used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.

Racism

__________ is the movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to another. This movement can be either upward or downward.

Social mobility

__________ refers to the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on the control over basic resources.

Social stratification

A study by Kathleen Gersen found that both men and women prefer an egalitarian marriage. If that were not possible, what were the fallback preferences of these men and women?

Women preferred to go the self reliant route (divorce) while men preferred to resort the the neotradtional model (breadwinner/homemaker)

Sexual orientation

__________ refer(s) to an individual's preference for emotional-sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality).

While skin color variations are often used to signify essential and natural differences between racial groups (e.g. intelligence, superiority), these skin color variations:

are actually adaptive in nature and exist to provide protective mechanisms such as protection from harmful UV rays

Race is:

based on phenotypical or physical differences (e.g. skin color)

Prejudice is a(n) _______________ whereas discrimination is a(n) ______________.

belief; action

The Brady Bunch, which was comprised of parents with children from two previous relationships (e.g. woman with children from a previous marriage remarried to a man with children from a previous marriage), is an example of a(n):

blended family

Both social scientists Karl Marx and Max Weber identified ___________ as an important determinant of social inequality and social change.

class

When couples share a home and a bed without being legally married, they are practicing:

cohabitation

From birth, parents act differently toward children on the basis of the child's sex. For example, parents tend to engage in more rough and tumble play with their boys and are more likely to perceive their female children as fragile. The different perceptions and ways of treating and interacting with children on the basis of the child's sex is what sociologists describe as.

gender socialization

Race continues to be a significant and important aspect of life because:

important meanings and beliefs about racial superiority or inferiority lead to inequalities in social, political, economic, and legal aspects of life

Family as a social institution:

is one of the most central social institutions affecting our lives, and as an institution, is continually changing

Sociologist Max Weber's term, __________, addresses how much access individuals have to important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care, which can then impact their chances to experience upward mobility.

life chances

In our everyday language, social stratification is often referred to as inequality. In class I provided an acronym, OWIE, to describe the types of resources that are unequally distributed across society and lead to inequality. OWIE stands for:

occupation, wealth, income, education

Class stratification is different than slavery and caste systems because a class based system of stratification is:

open

In sports, calling a player of color a derogatory name, participating in racist chanting during a sporting event, and writing racist graffiti in a team's locker room are all forms of __________ racism.

overt

______________________ is the concurrent marriage of a person of one sex with two or more members of the opposite sex.

polygamy

Systems of stratification are characterized by different hierarchical structures and varying degrees of mobility. All of the following are systems of stratification EXCEPT:

power

Arlie Hochshield coined a term to describe the _____________________ of domestic labor (cleaning, caring for children, household chores) that women begin after a full day at work.

second shift

The biological and anatomical differences between females and males refers to ________________ differences.

sex

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the changes that have taken place over the years in regards to the family household?

the percentage of two parent households increased between 1970 and 2014

Some people may be genetically of one sex, but have a gender identity of the other. This is true for a ___________ person - an individual whose gender identity does match the person's assigned sex.

transgender

__________________ makes a significant difference in perpetuating class inequalities because it gives some people an advantage over others by allowing them to start out with the benefit of extra resources in the form of inheritance.

wealth