Sociology 1101 - R
the duration of hunting and gathering as the dominant form of human socio-economic production was conservatively for
200,000 years
the smallest group that can have a coalition is
3
the group that is the smallest likely to need a leader
4
Middle Class
40-45% white collar, non manual jobs above poverty line
Upper Class
5% 300,000+ income, most not super-rich
Latent function
A _________ of schooling is that children are away from the home for seven hours each weekday.
Intergenerational Mobility
A change in social position ACROSS a generation (between our parents and us)
Intragenerational Mobility
A change in social position WITHIN a generation (focused on just us)
subcultures
A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society.
Culture
A set of beliefs, traditions, and practices; the sum total of social categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs, practices, and surroundings; that which is not the natural envirronment around us.
Role
A set of expectations, rights, and duties assigned to a particular status
Sociology
A social discipline committed to the scientific study of society.
Assimilation
Acceptance of minority groups by a majority
Expressive
An _________ leader is concerned with the feelings of group members.
Classical Theory/Scientific Management
An approach to the study of formal organizations that views workers as being motivated almost entirely by economic rewards.
degradation ceremonies
An aspect of the socialization process within some total institutions, in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals
sociological imagination
An awareness of the relationship between who we are as individuals and the social forces that shape our lives
feminization of poverty
An increase in the population of the poor who are female. EXAMPLE: A woman who is divorced and has no skills, works and has to take care of kids
secondary analysis
Analyzing existing data that has been previously collected
3 elements of religion
Cultural system Beliefs - Ritualized practice Sense of purpose
D. Are part of every known culture
Cultural universals are elements of culture that: a. have always been part of U.S. culture b. have diffused from the United States to other countries c. have come to the United States from elsewhere d. are part of every known culture
Secularization
Decline in religious influence
A. Turning theories into hypotheses suitable for testing
Deductive logical thought involves: a. turning theories into hypotheses suitable for testing b. selecting a research method based on available resources c. doing research about the past d. transforming specific observations into general theory
Socialization (Pg. 70-99)
Definition: The lifelong process through which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture. Impact of isolation: Feral children, Primate studies, The self, The Looking-Glass Self (Cooley), Mead: Stages of the Self, Goffman: Presentation of the Self, Psychological approaches to the Self, Agents of Socialization: Family, School, Peer Groups, Mass Media & Technology, The workplace, Religion and the State, Lifecourse.
Hawthorne Effect (pg. 36-37, 39)
Describes the unintended influence that observers of experiments can have on their subjects. Examples: Asshole Effect, Good Guy Effect.
Focused Interaction
Direct interaction with another or multiple people
De Facto Discrimination
Discrimination in fact: schools are segregated due to location
De Jure Discrimination
Discrimination in law aka racial profiling
Institutional Discrimination
Discrimination structured into existing social institutions
Tracking
Dividing students into groups according to ability
Regressive Movements
Dont want to change, counter to social reform or revolutionary movement
family and work: a not so subtle revolution
Dramatic changes in family life since the 1970s -Divorce -Delays in timing (age) of marriage and fertility -Dual-earner families -Increasing rates of nonmarital cohabitation -Nonmarital fertility -Newly recognized family forms
Anomie
During a revolution, norms in a society may be in conflict or entirely absent, causing the society to experience _________.
B. Fostering social conflict (there is: cohesion, control, meaning, & purpose)
Durkheim pointed to three functions of religion for society. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. fostering social cohesion b. fostering social conflict c. providing social control d. providing meaning and purpose
Anomie
Durkheim was concerned that the Industrial Revolution would cause which social condition?
Functionalist Perspective
Durkheim: Religion is Sacred and Profane
Functional Perspective of Religion
Durkheim; Religion gives tradition a moral imperative (social function); Religion provides support, consolation and reconciliation in times of crisis or need (personal function)
Culture Shock
Eating w/chopsticks for first time.
The social institution that is about production and distribution of stuff is
Economy
Enlightenment
Emphasis on reason
Counter-Enlightenment
Emphasis on traditions, emotions, rituals, etc.
Symbolic Interaction Perspective of Sex
Focus on the symbolic representation of gender; boys are often discouraged to play "dress-up", girls are discouraged to run, crawl, spit, play rough etc.
Manifest Functions of education
Formal education Selection and training Socialization Change and Innovation
Crimes
Forms of deviance that violate the law in which formal penalties are set to punish the CRIMinal
Cult
Fragmentary religious grouping to which individuals are loosely affiliated, but which lacks permanent structure
C. Two different questions are being asked, so that a simple "yes" or "no" will distort the subject's actual opinion
From a research point of view, what is the problem with the question, "Do you think that the government should spend less for defense and more for health care?" a. most people will have no opinion on these issues b. the question my spark an emotional response c. two different questions are being asked, so that a simple "yes" or "no" will distort the subject's actual opinion d. the question asks for a personal opinion, which involves a value judgment
Front Stage Behavior
How you act in public
Pre-Modern Societies
Hunters and gathers along with traditional civilizations make up this society.
Melting Pot
Idea that ethnic differences can be combined to create new patterns
C. A variable
Imagine that you were going to measure the age of a number of respondents taking part of a survey. As you record the data, you are using the concept "age" as: a. a theory b. a hypothesis c. a variable d. an axiom
Control Theory
Imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and deterrents
Agents of Gender Socialization
Family, Corporations, Media, education
Major Social Institutions
Family, Religion, Education, Media, and Political/Legal
Agents of Socialization
Family, peers, local groups, education, religion, politics, and media are all forms of what
Total Institutions
Institutions in which people surrender control of their lives, voluntarily or involuntarily, to an administrative staff and carry out daily activities with others required to do the same thing.
participant observation
fieldwork. Critique-hard to be objective when you are with people for a long time. micro
karl marx
first conflict theorist
Feminist Movement 3rd Wave
focus on different effects of inequality among different groups of women.
gilligan
focused on person-based vs rule-based morality (girls are person-based, boys are rules-based)
Broken Window Theory
focused on the realization that any kind of social disorder leads to more social disorder
meade
focuses on The Self (only develops through social experience) Taking the role of the other-imagining how others see us, we become self-aware
interpretive sociology
focuses on the meaning of people's actions. favors qualitative data
critical sociology
focuses on the need for social change. rejects weber's goal that sociology should be value free
positivist sociology
focuses on what people do. done in a lab. favors quantitative data
norms that are enforced without emotionality
folkways
when the poverty line was 1st set _____ made up the largest percentage of household budget. Today _____ makes up the largest % of household budgets
food, housing
For piaget, the stage in which abstract through is activated
formal operational
a theoretical perspective that focuses on various parts of society and how they contribute to its equilibrium is
functionalism
Securalism
general decline in influence of religion in factor of a rational, scientific orientation -separations of church and state but many exceptions -religious attendance and affiliation declining; those with "no religious belief" increasing by 20% -but high level of religiosity compared to other countires
Formal norms
generally are written down and specify strict punishments for violators.
D. All of the above are correct
Karl Marx believed that the industrial-capitalist system was: a. very productive b. concentrating wealth in the hands of a few c. giving rise to two great classes: capitalists and proletarians d. all of the above are correct
A. Irrational; rational (Karl Marx absolutely hated capitalism, and Weber saw it as useful/helpful)
Karl Marx considered capitalism to be ___________, but Max Weber argued that capitalism was very ___________ a. irrational; rational b. rational; irrational c. unproductive; productive d. productive; unproductive
Latent Functions of Education
Keep Children off streets Youth Culture Mate Selection
Organic solidarity
Kevin is a plumber who lives in a complex industrial society. When his car breaks down he seeks the help of a mechanic. According to Durkheim, what connects Kevin to other members of his society?
D. Are sometimes in conflict with one another
Key values of U.S. culture: a. always fit together easily b. change quickly, even from year to year c. are shared by absolutely everyone in a society d. are sometimes in conflict with one another
Internal social control
Kim decided not to steal the shirt because she might be sent to juvenile court. Kim responded to
Church
Large scale, established religious body, a place used to carry out religious ceremonies
Secondary Groups
Larger and less intimate than primary groups; members' relationships are usually organized around a specific goal and are often temporary.
Conflict Perspective
Laws are tools used by the powerful to maintain their position
Religion
Leaned through socialization, linked to processes of social interaction, concepts of norms and deviance, may define and justify various lines of stratification
Nonmaterial culture
Legal codes, worldviews, and language are examples of __________.
Civil Rights
Legal rights
Socialization
Lifelong process of learning to be a member of society
Old Style Terrorism
Local, domestic issues and acts targets federal and state
B. Live spread apart in rural areas
Looking at the United States, high suicide rates are typical of states in which people: a. live densely packed in cities b. live spread apart in rural areas c. have higher incomes d. live in a warmer climate
Low Income Countries
Mostly agricultural economies, 12.1% of the worlds population, less than 1% of worlds wealth, per capita income=$510
social mobility
Movement of individuals or groups between different social positions. A simple example is someone who is born into a lower class and, through hard work, becomes wealthy. EX: Professional athletes use their skills to leave their lower class existence and achieve a high profile lifestyle. But without smart investments, there is the possibility that this newfound life will not last.
Emigration
Movement out of one country to settle in another
intergenerational mobility
Movement up or down the a social stratification hierarchy within the course of a personal career. EX: An example of intragenerational mobility is the movement of a business man up the corporate ladder in either direction. The man could be regional manager and then promoted to the CEO of the company or he can be demoted to general salesman.
Immigration
Movements out of one country for purpose of settling in another. Immigrations Act of 1924 restricted to national origins
Formal and Informal Sanctions (pg. 61-62)
Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. Formal - a speeding ticket. Informal - T-shirt in an interview.
Resource Mobilization
People always have grievances but rarely participate in collective action. Focuses on resources available to act on grievance
Coercive
People are forced to join
Differential Association
People around you influence your level of deviant behavior
Utilitarian
People join for practical reasons
capitalists
People who own companies, land, or stocks and use them to generate economic returns. An example would be someone who buys property at a low price while the market is struggling and then sells it when the market is back to normal or up for a significantly large value
Social Capital
Personal knowledge and networks an individual can draw on as a resource
Genocide
Planned destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group: WWII jews
Political Opportunity
Political allies in an extension of resource mobilization allies in government and a conflict in government that gives an opportunity for the movement to take off
Pluralist Theory
Politics involves negotiation and competition between competing groups
target hardening
Practical measures used to limit a criminal's ability to commit crime. -Examples: Community policies and use of house alarms
D. All of the above are correct
Which of the following is a way in which people can mislead others with statistics? a. people select the data they present b. people interpret the data to lead their readers to a desired conclusion c. people use graphs to "spin" the truth d. all of the above are correct
Symbolic Interactionism
Small group interactions that share meanings of the symbols within a culture
Mechanical solidarity
Small societies have simple divisions of labor. As a result, people participate in the same social life and come to share the same values. These societies are held together by
Émile Durkheim Mechanical solidarity
Social cohesion based on shared experiences, knowledge, and skills in which things function more or less the way they always have, with minimal change.
Formal social control
Social control that is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers
Primary Groups
Social groups, such as family or friends, composed of intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved
C. Situations defined as real are real in their consequences
The Thomas theorem states that: a. a role is as a role does b. people rise to their level of incompetence c. situations defined as real are real in their consequences d. people know the world only through their language
Power
The ability to further individual or group interests even against resistance
B. Horticultural and pastoral
The first type of society to generate a material surplus is: a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural and pastoral c. agrarian d. industrial
C. Moral reasoning
The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was: a. cognition b. the importance of gender in socialization c. moral reasoning d. all of the above are correct
endogamy
The forbidding of marriage or sexual relations outside one's social group. An example would be if Prince William couldn't marry Kate Middleton because one is of the Royal Family and the other isn't
A. Siddhartha Gautama
The founder of Buddhism was which of the following people? a. Siddhartha Gautama b. Muhammad c. Confucius d. Moses
Sandwich Generation (91)
The generation of adults who simultaneously try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children.
B. Cultural relativism
The practice of understanding another culture on its own terms and using its own standards is called: a. ethnocentrism (judging another culture by our standards) b. cultural relativism (judging a country by its own terms) c. cultural diffusion (spreading of a culture) d. cultural integration
Ethnography
The study of an entire social setting through extended systematic observation and is an increasingly popular form of qualitative research
Ethnography (pg. 35-36)
The study of an entire social setting through extended systematic observation. Participant observation - The sociologist actually joins the group to get an accurate sense of how it operates.
B. Dramaturgical analysis
The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance is referred to as: a. ethnomethodology b. dramaturgical analysis c. the Thomas theorem d. the social construction of reality
Sociology is considered a social science
The study of the social features of humans and the ways in which they interact and change.
urban ecology
The study of ubran life based on the basis that neighborhoods and zones within the cities are a result of natural adjustments as people compete for dwindling recourses.
Pluralist Model of Power
The system runs harmoniously; equality; Focus on checks & balances within government. Limits - wealthy "buy" power.
D. Some cultural elements change more quickly than others
The term "cultural lag" refers to the fact that: a. the rate of cultural change has been slowing b. some socities advance faster than others do c. some people are more cultured than others d. some cultural elements change more quickly than others
Spurious Relationships
The third variabel changing independent and dependent variables.
D. Service work and computer technology
The postindustrial economy is defined by: a. the spread of factories b. mass production of goods and services c. manufacturing of raw materials d. service work and computer technology
Poverty as Situational
at the individual level, poverty is widespread but temporary; occurs in response to major life crisis
Political Participation in U.S.
U.S. has lower voter turnout than all industrialized nations -registration and voting easier in other countries and compulsory -some countries have compulsory voting -two party system: people feel they don't have a voice -lots of elections
Sovereignty
Undisputed political rule of a state over a given territory
unemployment and income
Unemployment rate -Twice as high for blacks as for whites (2011) Poverty rate -Nearly 3 times higher for blacks (24.2%) and Hispanics (20.3%) than whites (9%) Income gap gradually diminishing but wealth gap remains large -Black men earn 73.5% of earnings of white men -Black women earn 86.9% as much as white women
Liberal Feminism
Unequal access to resources leads to inequality
Alienation
Unskilled manual laborers may experience _________ if they feel they have lost control over their lives.
Nonmaterial Culture
Values, norms, and languages
Types of Crimes
Violent, Property, Public order, White-collar and organized crime.
Conflict
War is which type of social interaction?
terrorism
can also be described as using terror or violence to force someone into [doing] something. Terrorism can be anything from the Westboro Babtist Church to the attacks of 9/11. Examples 9/11 Piazza Fontana bombing TNT bomb planted in unattended horse-drawn wagon exploded on Wall Street opposite House of Morgan The Klu Klux Klan (aka the KKK) The 1994 Machete Attack in Rwanda Oklahoma City bombing *Boston Marathon bombing
social integration
categories of people with strong social ties had lower suicide rates. more individualistic people had higher suicide rates
the basic unit of the discipline of bio is the
cells
cause
change in one variable causes change in another
A. Singing patriotic song on the Fourth of July
Which of the following is a correct example of civil religion? a. singing patriotic song on the Fourth of July b. tax exemptions for churches c. the sex scandal in the Catholic church d. high religiosity among members of sects
life expectancy
is the number of years the average person can expect to live. Ex: white female life expectancy is 80.8 years Ex: white male life expectancy is 76.1 years. Ex: black female life expectancy is 76.8 years Ex: black male life expectancy is 70.0 years
Innovation
is the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture
Secularization
is the process of transferring objects, ideas, or events from the sacred realm to the non-sacred (secular) realm.
Causal logic
is the relationship between a variable and a particular event
Gerhard Lenski's industrial society
depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services
Poverty
deprivation due to economic circumstances severe enough that one cannot live with dignity
Poverty
deprivation due to economic circumstances severe enough that one cannot live without dignity
iron law of oligarchy
describes the principle that all organizations, even democratic ones, tend to develop into a bureaucracy ruled by an elite few (an oligarchy).
gender-typing
designation of occupations as either male or female with female jobs receiving lower pay and status than male jobs
Gender-typing
designation of occupations as either male or female, with female jobs receiving lower pay and status than male jobs
invention
new technology and ways of thinking
discovery
new understanding
the name of the estate in power during the age of feudal agriculture
nobility
the name of the estate in the numerical minority in feudalism is the
nobility
folkways
norms four routine and casual interaction. not as big a deal if violated Ex: shaking with right hand, walking on right side of the sidewalk.
the precise manner in which researcher has established for measurement of those rings that can change from case to case is an
operational definition
lateralization
process throughout which brain's right/left hemisphere becomes specialized in certain areas
social cohesion produced by people's interdependence is
organic solidarity
Interest Groups
organization that seeks to gain power in government and influence policy without its representatives seeking election or appointment to office, mainly through lobbying (which often involved fundraising)
Political Parties
organizations of people who seek legitimate control over the government through the electoral process -two party vs. multiparty
Language
organized set of symbols
Social Institution
organized social structures that direct the essential tasks of living to meet basic social needs (ex: family, education, religion, politics, economy, medicine/health care)
nature
our DNA
Control Theory
our connection to other members of society leads us to systematically conform to society's norms
Marx and Conflict Explanation of Inequality
people in power are able to define what is "valuable" in society and structure rewards accordingly in ways that protect their interests (laws, policies, and ideology)
Affinal kin
people related through marriage
Underemployed
people who hold jobs more appropriate for people with fewer skills, or hold part-time jobs only because they can't find full time jobs.
Unemployed
people who lack a job, are available for work and are actively seeking work
Anticipatory Socilization
processes of socialization in which a person rehearses for future posistions, occupations, and social relationships
status
refer to the social positions we occupy relative to others. A person can hold a number of statuses at the same time.
extended family
refers to a familial network consisting of more than two generations of relatives
Gender Roles
refers to normative behaviors for men and women in a particular culture
Ageism
refers to prejudice and discrimination based on a person's age. It is important to consider the impact of social structure on patterns of aging.
Religious Economy
refers to the competition between religious organizations to provide better 'consumer products' thereby creating greater 'market demand' for their own products.
Validity
refers to the degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study
Reliability
refers to the extent to which a measure produces consistent results
Culture lag
refers to the period of adjustment when the nonmaterial culture is struggling to adapt to new conditions of the material culture
Material culture
refers to the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives
Social interaction
refers to the shared experiences through which people relate to one another
Fundamentalism
refers to the strict adherence to a particular theological doctrine.
Ethnocentrism
refers to the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life are superior to all others
Child bearing
relating to or suitable for childbirth, the parturition process in human beings
correlation
relationship in which two variables change together
the extent to which research findings are repeatable is its
reliability
Functionalist perspective on religion
religion proveds social solidarity (unifies groups) by bringing people together to reaffirm their common beliefs and values
concept
represents some part of the world in a simplified form
social category
people who share a common characteristic (ex: gender or occupation) but don't necessarily interact or identify with each other. Example: Doctors share a social category but they do not all interact with one another.
Poverty as Genetic
poverty is caused by low IQ / genetic factors, therefore efforts to improve opportunities for poor children will be unsuccessful
poverty as genetic
poverty is causes by low IQ
poverty as situational
poverty is widespread but temporary
Karl Marx (1818-1883) emphasized the significance of
power and analysis of control over resources. For Marx, social inequality is determined by ownership, or lack thereof, of key material resources.
Authority
power supported by social norms and values.
occupation
prestige
Occupation
prestige (how well regarded it is)
post industrialization
primary function of marriage is self-fulfillment/romantic ideal
pre industrialization
primary function of marriage was economic/practical
The typical size of the hunting and gathering bands persist in modern social behavior in our preference for participation in
primary social groups
Conflict / Feminist Theory
problem is the gendered division of labor, which is devised by men to maintain their privilege and power and/or which devalues work that is done in the home
social construction of reality
process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction
Informal Social Control
social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule
Triad
social group of three people -greater stability - 3rd is a mediator -alliances / coalitions -group has supra-individual power
Primary groups
social groups, such as family or friends, composed of intimate face-to-face realtionships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved.
ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others
social incongruity/inconsistency
State
social institution / political apparatus for ruling over a given territory with authority backed by law and the ability to use force
Dramaturgy
social life viewed as a theatrical performance in which we are all actors on a stage with both front-stage personas (performed role) and back-stage personas (true self)
Dramaturgy (Goffman)
social life viewed as a theoretical performance in which we are all actors on a stage with both front-stage personas (performed role) and back stage personas (true self)
downward mobility
social mobility in which individuals wealth, income or status is lower than what they or their parents once had. EX: parents worked very hard and made a lot of money. Children do not work hard and are in a lower class than their parents. If an individual works as a janitor at a fast food restaurant and his/her parents were both neurosurgeons, the social status and income of that family definitely decreased down a generation.
Functionalism
social patterns exist because of the useful functions they serve
Class Conflict / Marxism
social patterns exist because they serve those with power (and are justified by ideology)
Symbolic Interactionism
social patterns maintained and changed be people interacting
Symbolic Interactionism
social patterns maintained and changed by people interacting, based upon shared meanings and assumptions
status
social position a person holds at one time Ex: boss, friend, teacher, employee, kid
Conflict Theory view of education
social reproduction: educational systems can replicate systems of inequality across generations
Rites of passage
social rituals that mark the transition between developmental stages, especially between childhood and adulthood
Functionalist explanation of stratification
social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society
In Mills' dynamic system of history and biography the effects of history and biography we called
socialization
in mills' dynamic system of history and biography, the effects of history on biography we called
socialization
Social role
socially defined expectations of someone in a given social status
social role
socially defined expectations of someone in a given social status
Positivism
society can be understood by determining the logic or scientific laws governing human behavior
Auguste Comte (1798-1857) coined the term
sociology to apply to the science of society—the study of human behavior
Sacred
something that inspires are or reverence
Beliefs
specific ideas that people hold to be true
in the model of G.H. Mead, Prof Dave refers to the age from 3-6 as taking the role of the
specific other
role performance
stage setting and use of props (costume, tone of voice, etc) Ex: going to the Dr and playing expected role as a patient
pluralism
state of society in which all ethnic groups retain their own separate and unique cultures but still share in equal rights and powers of citizenship. The United States demonstrates pluralism because there are several different ethnic groups represented and able to express their cultures without having their constitutional rights affected. Ex. The Amish in Pennsylvania - who travel by horse and buggy, use no electricity, and run their own schools, banks, and stores.
counterculture
strongly oppose those widely accepted in society Ex: gangsters, hippies, terrorists
State Church
strongly supported or mandated by the government; exists when religion and law are controlled by the same ruling elite.
Church
structure; hierarchy of officials. institutionalized religious organization; have endured for generations; formal bureaucratic
piaget
studied human cognition in stages (how people think and understand)
Ethnography
study based on observations of people in their own environment using participant observing or interviewing
demography
study of population
Disengagement theory
suggests that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships; It emphasizes that passing social roles on from one generation to another ensures social stability.
Activity theory
suggests that those elderly people who remain active and socially involved will be best adjusted
a theoretical perspective that focuses on how words obtain their meaning is
symbolic interactionism
max weber
symbolic-interactionalist. said we shouldn't just see what people do, but also what it means to them
Social Stratification
system by which a society ranks and categorizes people in a hierarchy such that structured inequalities between groups in access to material or symbolic rewards results
institutional racism
system in which bias is built into the operation of society's institutions and produces unequal outcomes for different groups
a norm that is held so strongly that its violation provokes disgust is a
taboo
Cultural relativism
taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgement or assigning value.
G.H. Mead calls the stage after age 6 as
taking the role of the generalized other
the means of accumulation of wealth for the nobility was
taxes
G.H. mead calls the stage after 6
team games
when a society benefits more readily from a new technology because it never adopted the one previous to it
technological leap frogging
Mead argued that there are two core components of the self:
the I (our acting self) and the Me (our socialized self).
Power
the ability to achieve aims of further interests, even in the face of resisitance -at the social level, it is exercised through the state (political system) and the economy
Culture jamming
the act of turning the media against itself.
W. E. B. Du Bois (1868-1963) combined an emphasis on
the analysis of everyday lived experience with a commitment to investigating power and inequality based on race.
Sexism
the belief that one sex in innately superior to the other -justification for gender stratification / patriarchy
sexism
the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other
Sexism
the belief that women and men have biologically different capacities that form a legitimate basis for unequal treatment.
comparable worth
the concept that women and men should receive equal pay for jobs calling for comparable skill and responsibility.
Embeddedness
the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths in a social network.
Relative poverty
the deprivation of some people in relation to those who have more; lacks decent standard of housing and healthy living conditions
Subculture
the distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a paticular group in society; group having social, economic, or ethnic traits distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society.
conflict perspective emphasizes
the distribution of power and the allocation of resources in society. Karl Marx's work fits best within the conflict perspective.
Erving Goffman (1922-1982) popularized a method known as
the dramaturgical approach, which compares everyday life to the setting of the theater and stage and sees people as theatrical performers.
Goffman suggested that face-work
the efforts people make to maintain a proper image and avoid public embarrassment.
Coercion
the exercise of power through force or the threat of force.
Gender
the expected behaviors that are assigned by society; socially constructed
Family of Procreation
the family that an individual initiates through marriage or by having kids (the family you create, not the family you are born into)
the mass media
the means for delivering impersonal communication to a vast audience (powerful; influence is different from family, school, or peers). television effects on children. does the media shape or reflect cultural values/norms
anticipatory socialization
the process of rehearsing for future roles
gender stratification
unequal distribution of wealth, income, and status between men and women
Discrimination
unequal treatment of people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial or ethnic category -behavior / action
discrimination
unequal treatment people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial or ethnic category; behavior/action
latent function
unintended consequence
A latent function of school is represented by
unintended consequences
Sexual Harassment
unwanted sexual attention, often from someone in power, that makes the victim feel uncomfortable or threatened
Norms
unwritten, informal codes of conduct that prescribe how people should act in particular situations and are considered important by most members of a group or organization.
glass escalator
men in traditionally female jobs ride more rapidly to higher levels than women
Glass Escalator
men in traditionally female jobs rise more rapidly to higher levels than women
use of existing data sources
using data collected by others Critique-can't always get exactly what you need. can't control bias in data
secondary group
usually goal oriented. ex: employees
the extent to which a research item or operational definition measures what it is intended to its
validity
the standards by which people define things as desirable or undesirable
values
Nonmaterial cuture
values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms.
a factor of human behavior thought to be significant and changeable from case to case is a
variables
Max Weber (1864-1920) argued that
who has power was determined not only by social class and control of material resources, but also by—among others—social status and organizational resources. These social resources draw their power from people's willingness to obey the authority of another person, which is in turn based on their perception of the legitimacy of that person's right to rule.
State Centered Theory
Government does not interfere with economic development
Authority
Governments legitimate use of power
Role strain
Greg is a single father with two children. Sometimes he experiences stress because, as a father, he must be a disciplinarian, a caretaker, and an educator for his children. Which term best fits Greg's situation?
Religious Pluralism
Having more than one religious affiliation
Much crime goes unreported
The National Crime Victimization Survey was started because:
Nonmaterial culture
The knowledge of how to use computers is an example of:
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
The language a person uses shapes his or her perception of reality and therefore his or her thoughts and actions. Focuses on the whole picture, not just spoken word.
Socialization (70-99)
The lifelong process through which people learn attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture.
Politics
The means by which power is employed to influence government activities
Core Country
The most advanced industrialized countries
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
basic metric of stratification in the modern U.S.
role exit
becoming an "ex". can be traumatic without proper preparation
industrialization
beginning in the 18th century in Britain, mass production, via mechanized factories, rapidly changed the economy. Spread to USA. Affected every major aspect of social life
Self-fulfilling prophecy / Pygmalion effect
behavior is modified to meet preexisting expectations
Gender Roles
behavioral morns assumed to accompany one's status as male or female
gender roles
behavioral norms assumed to accompany ones status as male or female
Sex
biological and anatomical differences that distinguish males from females
sex
biological and anatomical differences that distinguish males from females
nature vs. nurture
biology, culture and socialization, social structure
Macrosociology
broad focus on large social systems and institutions -why social patterns exist - their causes and consequences
Macrosociology
broad focus on large social systems and institutions; why social patterns exists - functionalism, conflict/Marx
Corporations
business firms or companies with a legal existence, including rights and liabilities, separate from that of its members -legally, a corporation is an individual (a kind of juristic person) under the 14th amendment -corporations are fundamentally self-interested only in the pursuit of profits for their shareholders -yet they have influence over aspects of society that pertain to public interests: politics, policy, environment, etc.
New Religious Movements (Cults)
Members choose to join rather than follow parents; Attract people whose needs have not been met by mainstream religions.
social network
Members of different groups make connections through a series of social relationships
midlife crisis
Men and women often experience a stressful period of self-evaluation
Middle Income Countries
Moderately Industrialized, 71.7% of the worlds population, 31% of worlds wealth, per capital income=$3,762
Triad
a group of three or more.
Tie
a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network.
Ferdinand Tönnies used the term Gemeinschaft to refer to
a small, close-knit community, typical of rural life, where people have similar backgrounds and life experiences
Patriarchy
a social arrangement where men have more power
Reference Group
a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions
family
a social institution found in all societies that unties people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including children
Status
a social position that a person holds
race
a socially constructed category of people who share physical characteristics that members of a society consider important
Race
a socially constructed category of people who share physical characteristics that members of a society consider important; imposed, socially constructed, hierarchal, exclusive, and unequal
Master Status
a status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society
Denomination
a subgroup of a church.
Stratification
a system by which a society ranks and categorizes people in a hierarchy such that structured inequalities between groups in access to material or symbolic rewards results
social stratification
a system by which a society ranks and categorizes people in a hierarchy such that structured inequalities between groups in access to material or symbolic rewards results. often with social, economic, political, ideological, dimensions. example: upper middle lower class
Ideology
a system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect.
Bureaucracy
a system of government administration consisting of numerous bureaus or offices, especially one run according to inflexible and inefficient rules; any large administrative system characterized by inefficiency, lots of rules, and red tape
Differential association
a theory of deviance that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts
Harriet Martineau
Stated that the U.S. had a set of core values that concerned human equality and the obligation of human justice, and that social strains result when people behave in ways that are contrary to their core values.
Davis and Moore Thesis
States that positions are neither equally valued nor pleasant and that differential rewards must be offered to motivate individuals
Margaret Mead
Studied Samoan society and emphasized the importance of an open, relaxed view of sex
globalization
drawing together people from around the world with radically different values, political views, and customs, and giving them opportunities to interact. If such interactions are to be meaningful, positive, and respectful, we must learn to use the sociological imagination to better understand ourselves and our culture.
Income
earnings from work or investments
Income
earnings from work or investments -wages, salaries, and investments money
Class system
economically based system of stratification
Gangs
group that is Organized to achieve a specific goal Defined basic structure
Polygyny
having more than one wife at a time
U.S. Health-Care System
health care systems don't strongly influence mortality rates, life expectancy, quality of life -social factors such as nutrition, lifestyle, and social position have a greater influence on your health than health care and health-care systems
anticipatory socialization
helps achieve a desired social position, learn culture of a group you want to be a part of
boy testosterone
higher activity levels
Educational Attainment
highest level of education
if we ask "has it always been so" we are employing the sociological method of
historical comparison
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
holds that the language a person uses shapes his or her perception of reality and therefore his or her thoughts and actions
the form of agriculture that focuses on plants for food
horticulture
Nuclear Family
household made up of a mother, father, and children
symbolic-interactionalism
how are symbols used to communicate meaning? Critique-neglects bird's eye view (micro)
Norms
how values tell us to act.
Epistemology
how we know what we claim to know
the mode of production that saw the emergence of the devision of labor
hunting and gathering
Gerhard Lenski's three types of preindustrial societies
hunting-and-gathering society, the horticultural society, and the agrarian society
a statement about how specific variables are expected t be related is a
hypothesis
for freud, the element of the mind that demands immediate gratification of needs or wants
id
Values
ideals that a society holds about all others (honesty, honor)
diffusion
ideas and thins from other cultures
thomas theorem
if its in our mind, it becomes real in our daily lives (shy and ugly example)
modern industrial societies
in these societies, greater than 90% of the population lives in urban settings. work almost exclusively non-agricultural. such societies are often characterized as impersonal and anonymous, though not all sociologists agree with this representation
achieved status
is a social position that is within our power to change
Language
is a system of shared symbols; it includes speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and nonverbal gestures and expressions. It provides the foundation of a common culture.
Gerhard Lenski's postmodern society
is a technologically sophisticated, pluralistic, interconnected, globalized society
Gesellschaft
is characteristic of modern urban life
Clinical sociology
is dedicated to facilitating change by altering organizations or restructuring social institutions
Hospice care
is designed to allow for death with dignity and comfort. Bereavement practices are becoming increasingly varied and therapeutic.
Gerhard Lenski's postindustrial society
is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information
Cooley's looking-glass self theory
is that we become who we are based on how we think others see us
crude death rate
is the death rate of a specific group *Scaled to the size of that population per unit of time. Ex: According to the CDC, in 2010 mortality in the U.S. was 2,468,435. Which is approximately 799.5 deaths per 100,000 population.
life span
is the gauge of an individual of one can live. Ex: The life span for humans is 122.45 years. Jeanne Calment died in 1997 at this age, therefore making this age possible to reach. This age differs by species.
Socialization
is the lifelong process through which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture.
fertility
is the natural human capability of producing offspring. is how many live-born children the average woman has
Gerontology
is the study of the sociological and psychological aspects of aging and the problems of the aged
Sociobiology
is the systematic study of how biology affects human behavior, and looks at cultural universals from a biological perspective
Sociology
is the systematic study of the relationship between the individual and society and of the consequences of difference
Culture
is the totality of our shared language, knowledge, material objects, and behavior. We construct culture through which we establish relationships to the natural world and to each other.
Nonverbal communication
is the use of gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images to communicate
Applied sociology
is the use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations
reference group
is used as a standard by which individuals evaluate themselves or their own behavior
Higher Education
job skills vs. intellectual growth
Cultural Relativism
judging other cultures based on their own norms and standards
cultural relativism
judging other cultures based on their own norms and standards
Piaget viewed social interaction as
key to development
Émile Durkheim developed the concepts of mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity to describe
kind of consciousness that develops in societies where there is a simple or complex division of labor, respectively
connections between individuals established through marriage, adoption, or blood relations is _____?
kinship (could be family)
Empiricism
knowledge through evidence gathered from senses
the style of leadership that is most effective when the workers are highly skilled and motivated is
laissez-faire
the means of production of agriculture is
land
the necessity that the land be defended once agriculture has taken root we refer to as the territorial or
land militarian imperative
the first component of culture is
language
Race and Health
large race / ethnic disparities in health at all stages of the life course, especially between African-Americans and Whites -infant mortality -life expectancy
according to Jean Piaget, which of the following characterizes the preoperational stage of cognitive development
lasts from age 2 to 7, and child at this stage is egocentric
norms that are institutionally formalized
law norms
authoritarian
leader makes decisions, compliance of members
Democratic leaders
leaders who encourage group discussion and decision making through consensus building.
laissez-faire
let group function on its own
Absolute poverty
life threatening lack of resources; can't meet minimal requirements to purchase food; uncommon in U.S.
socialization
lifelong experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
a term coined by cooley to refer to the prices by which our self develops through internalizing our perceptions of others' reactions to us
looking glass self
embarrassment
losing face spoiled performance
Alienation
loss of control over our creative human capacity to produce, separation from the products we make, and isolation from our fellow producers
girl's testosterone
lower activity levels
the means of production in industry
machines
situational poverty occurrence
major life crisis
a status that cuts across other statuses that one occupies
master status
Culture consists of both
material and nonmaterial elements
Values
moral beliefs.
norms that are enforced with some emotionality
more
Pluralism
more than 280 denominations in the U.S. encourages high participation (something for everyone) -does this undermine legitimacy of religion?
Capitalism (ideal type)
natural resources and means of producing goods and services are privately owned -private ownership -goal: pursuit of personal profit -competition and consumer choice (laissez-faire) -advantage: higher economic productivity and more personal freedom -critics: leads to inequality and little focus on public good
How we interact with people is shaped by
our perception of their position relative to our own
Reality is shaped by
our perceptions, evaluations, and definitions
cultural transmission
passing culture from on generation to the next (enabled by language and symbols)
institutional racism
patterns of discrimination against certain identifiable groups that are built into society. examples can be in Hollywood films, television broadcasting (negative or limited portrayals of racial and ethnic minorities in programming), and the international modeling industry (industry-wide bias against fashion models who appear to be of non-European ancestry and/or mixed race). Another example is in the 50′s and 60′s when the government was giving out loans to encourage people to buy houses in the suburbs, and for the most part only gave them to white people, leaving minorities in poverty in urban areas.
Conflict explanation of stratification
people in power (capitalists who own the means of production) are able to define what is "valuable" in society and structure rewards accordingly in ways that protect their interests
the sapir-wharf hypothesis says that language creates ways of thinking and
perceiving
If one experiences conflict between expectations within a role, that is called
role strain
Anomie
sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when social norms no longer strongly guide individual behavior and social life is no longer predictable
In the model of Piaget, the period from 0-2 years is called the
sensorimotor stage
minority group
set apart based on distinct physical or cultural characteristics
subculture
set apart from some segment of a society's population Ex:hipsters, stoners
Culture
set of beliefs, values, norms, and material goods shared by a given group -material culture: built environment; physical objects and technology -non-mational culture: includes ideas created by members of a society
social roles
set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position/status
In‐groups
sets of people who share a sense of identity and "we-ness" that typically excludes and devalues outsiders.
the highest dollar value crime ever committed prior to the 1990's was committed by the
six big oil companies
3 basic stratification systems
slavery, caste systems, and class systems
Democracy Elitism (Weber) & Power Elite Theory (Mills)
small networks of individuals hold concentrated power in modern societies -democratic participation in large-scale societies limited to electing political leaders
cultural diversity example
sneeches' star and machine, some have star on belly and some don't (seen as bad)
Cultural Capital
social assets (education, intellectual, experiential) that tend to promote social mobility -class differences in enrichment activities, travel, etc., exposure to dominant cultural practices
cultural captial
social assets (educational, intellectual, experiential) that tend to promote social mobility. Class differences in enrichment activities, travel, etc. exposure to dominant cultural practices
according to henslin, a group of people's who rank close to one another in wealth, power, and prestige
social class
Harriet Martineau (1802-1876) gave special attention to
social class distinctions, such as gender and race
Dyad
social group of two people -intense -mutual dependence -unstable
cultural lag
some cultural elements change faster than others
Belief
specific statements that people hold about what is true and real; influence value
Ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others
status inconsistency
the expectation that someone will behave in a certain way based on what group they are perceived to belong to
stereotype
a "blemish" that discredits one's claim to "normal" identity is a
stigma
Gender and Health
women are sicker but men die quicker -women have higher rates of non-life threatening conditions and men have higher rates of serious illness -women have healthier and less risky behavior (but this may be changing) -women are more likely to seek medical care and to be aware of health concerns
elements of nonverbal communication
words voice body language facial expressions demeanor personal space
Feminist theorists reject the notion that
work and family are separate spheres, and have drawn attention to researchers' tendency to overlook women in sociological studies
scientific management approach
workers in an organization are motivated almost entirely by economic rewards
chromosome pair for female
xx
chromosome pair for male
xy
nurture
the cultural context into which we emerge
Organizatioinal culture
the shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group; often used interchangably with corporate culture.
Sociologists who take a life course approach look closely at
the social factors, including gender and income, that influence people throughout their lives, from birth to death
Politics
the social institution responsible for the distribution of power within a society.
Economy
the social institution that organizes a society's production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services -two general models: capitalism and socialism (no nation in the world is completely one or the other)
Education
the social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, analytic skills, job skills, and cultural norms and values
Socialization
the social process through which culture is learned and individuals develop a district identity (self consciousness / "social self")
socialization
the social process through which: (a) culture is learned and (b) individuals develop a identity, self-conscious. in doing this, socialization reproduces culture across generations
theory of socialization: G.H. Mead
the social self begins to develop by "taking the role of the other", this culminates in awareness of the generalized widespread cultured norms and values
Totalitarianism
the state holds complete power and authority; regulation of public and private life; uses state controlled media to send out message.
adulthood
the time when most accomplishments take place in our lives. even if core values remain the same, socialization can alter norms and behavior
Charles Horton Cooley, George Herbert Mead, and Erving Goffman have furthered what
the understanding about development of the self
Socialization Procedure
the way we begin to socialize
Organizational structure
the ways in which power and authority are distributed within an organization.
Religious Economy
theoretical framework that argues that religion consists of organizations in competition with one another for followers (each group tries harder to win followers) -evidence: more secular activities and pop culture / Biblezines; quick, convenient worship services; megachurches: more practical than spiritual messages -nearly 1/3 of Americans change religious affiliation and nearly 1/3 of those do so more than once
a cogerent system of general statements about how things fit together in the world and how they work is a
theory
Demographic Transition Theory
there is a tendency of population toward equilibrium (there are limits to population growth over time) -Stage 1: high birth and death rates; little population growth -Stage 2: stable birth rates and lower death rates; population grows rapidly -Stage 3: declining birth rates, stable (or lower) death rates (aging) and population stability
Proscriptive Norms
they suggest what a person is expected not to do while performing a particular role.
sandwich generation
those adults who simultaneously try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children
Agents of socialization
those institutions and individuals that shape the core beliefs and attitudes of people --> family , peers, media, schools + others
the basic unit of cognitive psychology are
thoughts
culture values
thrift, family hard work, education
bureaucratization
to refer to the process by which a group, organization, or social movement increasingly relies on technical-rational decision making in the pursuit of efficiency
C. Wright Mills described the sociological imagination as our ability
to see the interaction between history and biography
Goffman identified four common traits of
total institutions
Wealth
total value of money and assets, minus debt
wealth
total value of money and assets, minus debt -cash, savings, investments, property
Wealth
total value of money and assets, minus debts -cash, savings, investments, property
one of the dangers of labeling is that it often leads to
tracking
the means of accumulation of wealth for the bourgeoisie was
trade
operational definition
transforms an abstract concept into indicators that are observable and measurable, allowing researchers to assess the concept
Family
two or more people living in the same household who are related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption -does not equal non-residential step=parent, grandparent, same-sex couples, heterosexual cohabiting couples
Social Groups
two or more people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations and share a sense of common identity
cohabitation
two people living together in a sexual relationship without being married
Cohabitation
two people living together in a sexual relationship without being married -55% of cohabiters marry within 5 yrs., 40% break up; 10% remain in an unmarried relationship for 5 yrs. or more
Émile Durkheim (1858-1917) focused on
understanding behavior within a larger social context, not just in individualistic terms. Additionally, Durkheim suggested that religion reinforces group solidarity
Discrimination
unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice
ethnocentrism
viewing one's own culture as normal and often times superior
evidence of stratification in modern US
-land of the free, home of the poor video -video about experiment that we did with what kink of stratification is in US -warren buffett -Americans don't realize the extent of inequality in America
Tracking and Inequality
-low SES and minority students less likely to be tracked into advanced classes than high SES -most qualified teachers assigned to advanced classes -lower trackers: more emphasis on behavior / obedience than critical thinking and independent learning
tracking and inequality
-low SES and minority students less likely to be tracked into advanced classes than high SES -most qualified teachers assigned to advanced classes -lower tracks: more emphasis on behavior/ obedience than critical thinking and independent learning
Empirical Observations: Methods
-methods of data collection; systematic plan for obtaining observations -Three basic types 1. Survey 2. Ethnography 3. (missed it on slide)
why so much divorce
-Implementation of no-fault laws: made divorce easier, didn't have to -prove infidelity, violence etc -Declining stigma -Less connection to extended family obligations or to property between families -Women's economic independence -Unrealistic expectations / romantic love fades
gender and politics
-Increased representation of women but huge disparities remain 1993: 2 (of 100 seats) in Senate; 29 (of 435 seats) in House 2013: 20 (of 100 seats) in Senate: 77 (of 435 seats) in House 2013: 5 female governors
what is one of the unique characteristics of a dyad
-if one member of the group leaves, the group ceases to exit -for dyads there is an inherent symmetry in the group
Income inequality in the US
-in past 45 years the lowest 20% of households in income never received more than 5.2% of overall US income, while the highest 20% has always received 40% or more -the income gap between high income and low income individuals has increased dramatically over the last 30 years
Gemeinschaft
Small community where people have similar backgrounds and life experiences...like an extended family. Coined by Ferdinand Tonnies
T
F
Name 2 cases of extreme childhood isolation
Isabelle and Genie
Gender Typing
Labor marked discrimination
Secondary Analysis
Using someone else's data for a new analysis
the state (nation-state)
● State - a social institution / political apparatus for ruling over a given territory with authority backed by law and the ability to use force ● Nation-state (kind of state) is now the dominant political system: government has sovereign power within a defined area and citizens have a sense of nationalism / awareness that they are part of a single nation
Herbert Spencer (pg. Notes)
...
the type of leadership that focuses on accomplishing specific goals is
instrumental
Jane Addams (1860-1935) was an early female sociologist who combined
intellectual inquiry with social service work and political activism for the purpose of assisting the underprivileged and creating a more egalitarian society.
Manifest function
intended consequence
focused interaction
interaction between individuals engaged in a common activity or in a direct conversation with one another. ex. anything from talking to a cashier during a transaction to being on a date.
unfocused interaction
interaction occurring among people present in a particular setting but not engaged in a direct face-to-face communication. This typically takes place anywhere large numbers of people are assembled, as on a busy street or a party EX:not being able to maintain eye contact and therefore making the mind wander and not interact fully. Maintaining a conversation between two places and a wall separates you which does not allow you to see the other persons body language.
Peter Principal (???????, pg.102?)
...
How to establish causality (3 steps)
1 - Establish correlation -I and D variable change together -correlation does not equal causation 2 - Establish time order -I variable precedes D variable -still doesn't prove causation 3 - Rule out alternative explanations -spurious correlations, a 3rd variable causes both the I and D variables
Functions of the family
1) Reproduction- families provide the context within which biological reproduction takes place. 2) Socialization- parents and other family members transmit norms, values, and goals of their culture to the child. 3) Protection- family assumes responsibility for upbringing of children. 4) Regulation of Sexual Behavior- standards of sexual behavior are most clearly defined within the family. 5) Affection and companionship- families serve as the primary provider of caring and affection. 6) Provision of social status- we inherit our race, ethnicity, social class, and religion from our parents and this shapes options that we have in life.
The basic steps in the scientific method are:
1) defining the problem, (2) reviewing the literature, (3) formulating the hypothesis, (4) selecting the research design and then collecting and analyzing the data, and (5) developing a conclusion based on the findings of the research.
Child psychologist Jean Piaget identified 4 stages in the development of children's thought processes in his cognitive theory of development:
1) sensorimotor, (2) preoperational, (3) concrete operational, and (4) formal operational.
Explanations of Deviance Theories
1. Biological/ Psychological 2. Functionalist- Anomie/ Durkheim; Strain Theory/ Merton 3. Symbolic Interactionism- laveling 4. Conflict theory 5. Reinforcement- Differential Association; Control theory 6. Broken windows theory
the number of paths of a group of quintet is
20
Working Class
20% blue collar (manual) labor and pink collar (service) above poverty line
Capitalism
Based on competition; Wealth is used by its owners to maximize their own gain; Encourages hard work and innovation; Does not provide for the public good; Those who have neither labor nor capital have no power; Workers earn only a fraction
Black feminism
Based on disadvantages due to gender, RACE, and class
Radical Feminism
Based on males dominating society and holding women down
Ethnocentrism
Belief that your culture is better than others.
The Self (Mead) (Pg. 76-78, 79, 81, 82, 102)
Believed the self to be fundamentally social. Sought to expand on Cooley's theory that we become our self through interaction with others. There are two components to the self: I & Me I: our acting self Me: our socialized self. In all of our interactions, we rely on the feedback loop. Sometimes, it's like a "guess and check". Three stages: Preparatory, Play, and Game stages.
Nature VS Nurture
Biology VS Socialization
Positive philosophy
Both Auguste Comte and Harriet Martineau believed in:
Glass Escalator
Invisible stairs that represent a males ability to succeed quickly in the work place
invention of agriculture was in a place called Mesopotamia now know as
Iraq
Max Weber - Bureaucratization (pg. 118-119, 115-119)
Iron Cage Theory - Each generation becomes more and more enslaved. The process by which a group, organization, or social movement increasingly relies on technical-relation decision making in the pursuit of efficiency. McDonaldization is an example. Predicted that even private spheres would become rationalized. Something humanistic is lost. Depersonalization occurs. Ideal bureaucracy displays five characteristics: division of labor, hierarchy of authority, written rules and regulations, impersonality, and employment based on technical qualifications.
Cultural relativity
Is the result of valuing a familiar culture over an unknown culture.
Social reform movements
Issues in society change only a part of society not the whole society
Folkway
Jane wore shorts to school during a snow storm. She violated a:
D. Cognition, or how people think and understand
Jean Piaget's focus was on: a. how children develop their motor skills b. how children are stimulated by their environment c. the role of heredity in shaping human behavior d. cognition, or how people think and understand
The Big Six Institute that is about morals and ethics among other things is
Religion
Religious Economy
Religion can be viewed as organizations competing for followers
Sect
Religious movement that breaks away from orthodoxy
Sects
Religious organizations that arise in opposition to a church; smaller and less organized; aim to change society.
Denomination
Religious sect that has lost is revivalist dynamism and become an institutionalized body, commanding the adherence of significant numbers of people
quantitative research
Research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form; Observation is a qualitative research method, which allows researchers to collect data through direct participation and/or by closely watching a group or community
Social rights
Right of social and welfare provision
Iron Law of Oligarchy (119, 221)
Robert Michels originated the the principle that all organizations, even democratic ones, tend to develop into a bureaucracy ruled by an elite few.
Norms
Rules that are established as "appropriate" behavior
Expressive Movements
Save people from themselves, prevent corrupt lifestyles
Coercive
Schools are ________ organizations because children must attend whether they want to or not.
Conflict Perspective on education
Schools are a way to discipline and train kids to be obedient workers
Downey and Gibbs perspective
Schools are not the source of inequality. If anything that bring the gap closer. Its the child's life outside of school and summer setback that causes inequality
A. A logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation
Science can be defined as: a. a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation b. belief based on faith in ultimate truth c. belief based on a society's traditions d. a logical system that bases truth on political goals
Sexual Identity
Self-recognition of one's sexual orientation and sexual behaviors and the meanings given to them.
Reproductions of class
Sending kids to school reproduces educated and possibly wealthy citizens
Nationalism
Set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community
Social Construction of Gender
Sex and Gender help construct the roles or statuses we have in society
gender inequality in earnings: explanations
Sex-segregated Occupations -Gender-typing: Designation of occupations as either male or female, with female jobs receiving lower pay and status than male jobs Discrimination -Overt: Illegal but some evidence it persists -Glass ceiling: promotion barrier preventing women from rising to high levels in their career -Glass escalator: men in traditionally female jobs rise more rapidly to higher levels than women Housework & Family Responsibilities -Time pressures due to gender gap in housework (approx. 4.5 hours per week) -United Nations estimates that, EXCLUDING CHILDCARE, women work 6% more than men (including both market and nonmarket/housework) and most of this is uncompensated work -Consequences: -Second shift -Opting Out:choose to take jobs that have less opportunites
Structural Functionalism
Shared norms and values that hold a society together
Expressive vs Instrumental Roles
Women are more expressive and males are the bread winners of the family
Conflict Theory Perspective of Sex
Women's disadvantages benefit men and the capitalist class.
World Systems Theory
World is made up of core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral nations
The power elite
Wright Wills: small networks of individuals that hold power in society
Harriet Martineau
Wrote first English Sociology book on sociology theory. Introduced the significance of inequality and power into the discipline.
Ethnocentrism
Yasmeen engaged in _________ when she judged the United States by the standards of her own culture.
Informal Deviance
________ is designed to define and control divergence from commonly accepted customs, practices, and appearances. Informal norms are NOT codified, they are informally understood and agreed upon.
A. Mores; folkways
____________ distinguish between right and wrong; ____________ distinguish between right and rude a. mores; folkways b. taboos; mores c. folkways; mores d. prescriptive norms; proscriptive norms
Sex
a biological characteristic. (male or female)
Isomorphism
a constraining process that forces one organization to resemble others that face the same set of environmental conditions.
Religion
a cultural system of beliefs, symbols, and ritual practices about the sacred that provides a sense of purpose -sociologists don't focus on whether religious beliefs are true or not -see religion as a part of culture and argue that the inversity of religious beliefs around the world shows how religion is a social construction -focus on social organization of religion -influence of social forces and change on religious belief and participation
Extended family
a familial network consisting of more than two generations of relatives
nuclear family
a family consisting of an adult or adult couple and their dependent children
Matrilocal family
a family system in which the husband is expected to live near the wife's parents
Patrilocal family
a family system in which the wife is expected to live near the husband's parents
Bureaucratic ritualism
a focus on rules and regulations to the point of undermining an organization's goals
Polygyny
a form of marriage in which a man may have two or more wives simultaneously
Polygandry
a form of marriage in which a woman has more than one husband at a time
Monogamy
a form of marriage in which each married partner is allowed only one spouse at any given time
racism
a form of prejudice based on the belief that one racial category in innately superior or inferior to another
Racism
a form of prejudice based on the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another
patriarchy ("rule of fathers")
a form of social organization in which males dominate females
the peer group
a friendship group composed of members of a similar age and social status, anticipatory socialization
Structural hole
a gap between network clusters, or even two individuals, if those indiviuals (or clusters) have complementary resources.
Small group
a group characterized by face-to-face interaction, a unifocal perspective, lack of formal arrangements, and a certain level of equality.
Large group
a group characterized by the presence of a formal structure that mediates interaction and, consequently, status differentiation.
society
a group of people who share a culture
Dyad
a group of two.
Reference group
a group that helps us understand or make sense of our position in society relative to other groups.
Party
a group that is similar to a small group but multifocal.
Hegemony
a historical process in which a dominate group, by virtue of its moral and intellectual leadership in a society, secures the voluntary "consent" of the masses.
Child Free
a marriage where partners choose to not have children
Divide et impera
a member of a triad who intentionally drives a wedge between the other two actors of the group.
Role Set
a number of roles attached to a single person.
Social network
a set of relations - essentially, a set of dyads - held together by ties between individuals.
Religion
a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny; involves a set of beliefs in which symbols are used to invoke feelings of reverence; involves rituals practiced by a community of believers.
Oligarchy
a system of government in which a small group holds power
shaming
a way of punishing criminal and deviant behavior based on rituals of public disapproval rather than incarceration. The goal of shaming is to maintain the ties of the offender to the community. One example could be how sexual offenders need to register with a service and alert their neighbors when they move. Examples: Shows like Dateline's, "To Catch a Predator.
interactionist perspective generalizes
about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole.
Dictatorship
absolute power and rule by an individual or small group.
Status Set
all the statuses a person holds at a given time
impression management
altering presentation of self based on who you are around
Goffman suggested that many of our daily activities involve impression management
altering the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences
Labeling theory
an approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not
ascribed status
involuntary position. you don't choose them, you don't change them. Ex: white, black, man, woman, daughter
Discovery
involves making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality
Content analysis
involves the systematic coding and objective recording of data, such as newspapers, periodicals, the Internet, scripts, diaries, songs, folklore, to interpret and test the significance of data.
Technology
is "cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires." Sometimes technological change outstrips our capacity to interpret and understand the impact of such changes
bureaucracy
is a component of a formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency
research design
is a detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically
self
is a distinct identity that sets us apart from others. It continues to develop and change throughout our lives
racism
is a form of prejudice based on the belief that one racial category in an innately superior or inferior to another
correlation
is a relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other
sample
is a selection from a larger population that is statistically representative of the population
social role
is a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status
primary group
is a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation
coalition
is a temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal. Some coalitions are intentionally short-lived
sick role
is a term used in sociology regarding sickness and the rights and obligations of the affected.It is a concept created by American sociologist Talcott parsons. Rights: The sick person is exempt from normal social roles The sick person is not responsible for their condition Obligations: The sick person should try to get well The sick person should seek technically competent help and cooperate with the medical professional. example: when somebody is sick they refuse to be around any children or babies in fear of spreading their cold to the child.
Role strain
is a term used to describe the difficulty that arises when the same social status imposes conflicting demands and expectations
hypothesis
is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more factors known as variables; to assess data must be collected
group
is any number of people with shared norms, values, and goals who regularly interact. Groups play a vital part in a society's social structure. Much of our social interaction takes place within groups and is influenced by their norms and sanctions.
ascribed status
is assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics, generally at birth
infant mortality rate
is the number of babies per thousand births in any year who die before reaching age one. Ex. According to the CDC, in 2009 the U.S. Infant Mortality Rate was 6.39
crude birth rate
is the number of births per 1,000 people per year. It shows whether a population is growing or shrinking. this is a very GENERAL, they do not tell us what proportions of a population are male or female, or what the age distribution of a population is, making this only useful for crude population rate observations, but not usually used in sociological studies.
fecundity
is the number of children women are biologically capable of bearing
tact
saving face. audience overlooks flaws
development of hairiness, muscles mass, and breasts are examples of
secondary sexual characteristics
Sociology perspective
seeing the strange in the familiar (makeup). seeing the general in the particular (asthma).
Sick Role (functionalist perspective on health care)
set of cultural expectations that define rights, obligations, and expected behavior of people with a health problem; function to control the negative effects of illness on society -exempt from usual roles and responsibilities -not held accountable for illness -duty to get well and cooperate with medical professionals
Genie
severe case of child isolation. She became a case that many sociologists wanted to see if they could resocialize her
the origin of tasks for different people in a group we referred to as the
sexual division of labor
the part of the meaning of a symbol that most people in a society readily understand is its
shared associations
the model of G.H. mead refers to the stage from birth to age 3, in which imitation is the primary socialization activity, as taking the role of the
significant other
Nature versus nurture (Pg. 50 & 75)
"Are our actions shaped by biology, or are we free to construct culture as we might choose?" Sociobiology - The systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior. There is an interdependent relationship between genes and environment. Researchers discovered that identical twins raised in similar environments scored similarly on intelligence tests, whereas identical twins raised in different environments did not.
Much of the material evidence of the origin of religion during hunting and gathering takes the form of
"Goddess figures" artefacts
Patriarchy
"rule of fathers"; a form of social organization in which males dominate females -special form of gender stratification
Feminist Movement 2nd wave
'liberal feminist' issue was equal rights; (example: Title IX); 'radical feminist' issue was violence - war protests, violence against women, rights of woman's own body.
Max Weber 5 ideal types
(1) division of labor, (2) hierarchy of authority, (3) written rules and regulations, (4) impersonality, and (5) employment based on technical qualifications
social structure can be broken down into six elements
(1) statuses, (2) social roles, (3) groups, (4) social networks, (5) virtual worlds, and (6) social institutions
Mead described a three-stage process of self-development:
(1) the preparatory stage, (2) the play stage, and the (3) game stage.
Instrumental to Mead's view are significant others
(the individuals most important in the development of the self).
Measuring Poverty: Official Measure
- Poverty formula developed in the 1960s -3x the cost of a nutritionally adequate diet -$22,350 a year for a family of four -49% of children / young adults (under 25) Criticisms
patriarchy
-"rule of fathers" -a form of social organization in which males dominate females -specific form of gender stratification
same sex marriage
-1996 Defense of Marriage Act: no state is required to treat as a marriage a same-sex relationship considered a marriage in another state; the federal government defines marriage as a legal union between one man and one woman; Current Supreme Court challenge -Same-sex couples can marry in New York, Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, and the District of Columbia. Others offer civil unions or domestic partnerships. -Thirty states have restrictions limiting marriage to one woman and one man (including Ohio) -more than 1/3 of adults in US support same sex marriage -more than 1/2 support civil unions
social group
-2 or more people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations, and share a sense of common identity, more than just a "social aggregate" -key element in determining the form of social relations in a group is the size of the group (Simmel). In general, the larger the groups the less intense but the more stable and exclusive it is
race and education
-84.1% of African Americans have high school degrees, (only 20% in 1960) compared to 87.1% of whites -29.9% of whites graduate from college, but only 19.3% of African Americans do. -Only 13.2% of Hispanics hold a college degree
sanction
-A mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior. Ex: Tickets, jail time, or city awards.
basic forms of family
-A nuclear family is a family consisting of an adult or adult couple and their dependent children -traditional nuclear family: working father, stay at home mom -May be embedded in a larger extended family -Extended family refers to a familial network consisting of more than two generations of relatives. -after industrialization extended family became less significant and nuclear family become more important -in urban areas especially we are seeing rise of the importance of extended family -Family of orientation is one you're born into -Family of procreation is one you create via marriage, childbearing
are we a post racial society
-Although overtly racist beliefs may not longer be socially acceptable, to what extent does race continue to influence our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors? -Video - non scientific experiment -Race IAT
timing of marriage and parenthood
-The average age at marriage and parenthood has increased over the past 50 years -Median age at first marriage -1960: 20 for women; 23 for men -2009: 26 for women: 28 for men -Average age at birth (women only) -1970: 21.4 -2010: 25.4 -Singlehood on the rise
WHAT ARE THE SEVEN STEPS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS
-Although there are seven determined steps of the research process, there is room for variation, and researchers rarely follow the steps in the same way as others. 1. Define the research problem -The problem may be suggested by holes in existing research, hypothetical debates, or real-world social issues. Often times is the most important part of the research process 2. Review the evidence -By reviewing the evidence, the researcher avoids copying other research, and builds more knowledge on the subject. 3. Make the problem precise -At this point a hypothesis is formed, a specific statement that narrows the research topic and can be tested. 4. Work out a design -There are several methods of research design ranging from simple to complex. Choosing the appropriate design is essential to the research. 5. Carry out the research -Next, researchers proceed to carry out the plan developed in step 4. Sometimes difficulties can arise and researchers may have to rethink their initial strategy. 6. Interpret the results -In this step the collected data is analyzed; it is organized, compared, and conclusions are drawn. The results must meet certain standards to show validity. 7. Report the findings -Researchers share their methods and conclusions with the scientific community. For example, they may publish findings in scientific journals.
single parent families
-Approximately half of children in the United States spend part of their childhood in single-parent families. -41% of all births are to unmarried mothers. There is a small movement of "single mothers by choice" made up of affluent, never-married women. -For most, though, single parenting is related to divorce or factors related to poverty and deprivation. There are striking race / ethnic differences in nonmarital fertility.
single and unequal
-Are class-based inequalities reproduced and widened by family structure and, if so, what should be done about this?
culture and "model minorities"
-Argument that culture and values explain why some racial ethnic groups (Asian, Jews, Cubans) are less disadvantaged than others (African-Americans) -Values: Thrift, family, hard work, education -But: likely that class background upon arrival in the U.S. is more important than culture and values -jewish immigrants had advantage when they immigrated because they were already skilled professionals, where as italians for example were peasants -not so much about will but class status
Interaction of biological and social
-Biology is not destiny and the extent to which gender role socialization produces gendered behavior may depend on the strength of individual biological predispositions -Biology can not explain why the strengths, skills, and preferences that are more typical of men are more strongly valued and rewarded than are those are more common among women
biological/ psychological theory
-Caesar Lombroso (1911) "observed" physcial characteristics of criminals -shifty eyes, receding hairline, red hair, strong jaws, wispy beards -yet, non-criminals may have these same features -more recent work: Psychopaths---gene X, environment interactions
non marital cohabitation
-Cohabitation - two people living together in a sexual relationship without being married -About half of all people between the age of 25-44 years have combined -About 75% of cohabitors plan to marry their partner -55% of cohabitors marry within 5 years; 40% break up; 10% remain in an unmarried relationship for five years or more -Debate about its consequences
Survey Research
-Data collection through questionnaires (large population) -Random sample -Advantages (high generalizability - when based on random sample) -Disadvantages (may not measure what you think you are measuring - low validity)
summary: biology ans ex differences
-Differences in hormones and brain development lead men and women to develop different skills (sex differences) and these may produce some differences between men and women's roles in society (gender differences) -Critiques of biological argument: Neither the brain or hormone levels are fixed at birth. They change in response to the social environment. -Animal evidence that providing monkeys with opportunities to be in a dominant position increases their testosterone levels
social groups-Simmel
-Dyad is a social group of 2 people= intense, mutual dependence, unstable -triad is a social group of 3 people=greater stability, 3rd is a mediator; alliances/ coalitions; group has supra-individual power
summary and policy
-Economic inequality and poverty are inherent class stratified status hierarchy social systems like the U.S. -There are many competing explanations of poverty and, to a large extent, opinions about how to address poverty depend on what one believes the explanation to be
gender role socialization
-Gender roles are learned through gender role socialization -Family -Boys and girls treated differently -Children observe parents enacting gender roles -Schools: Teachers interact more boys than girls -Media -gender roles translated from generation to generation -boys and girls steered into different roles in education--> girls=secretary, boys=auto
international policy on child care
-Government supported comprehensive day care program -U.S. is one of the few industrialized nations that doesn't have one -U.S. has less control over quality of care than other countries -Mandated paid maternity / parental leave -U.S. = none (only FMLA, which allows 12-weeks of nonpaid leave) -Most other developed countries offer from 10 months to 3 years leave, with some salary and universal benefits (to all parents)
who should care for kids
-High quality day care can benefit children, but only 40% of children have access to it. -More than ½ of child care settings have poor or fair quality of care -Only 14% of U.S. child care centers provide good quality care -Child care workers rank among the lowest 10% of wage earners (make less than parking lot attendants)
gender and employment
-Huge increases in women's labor force participation especially among married mothers of young children -1960: 38% of women employed -2010: 58.1% of women employed (3/4 full time) -Ratio of men's earnings increased from 62% (1970) to 77% (2008) but inequality remains
do kids suffer when Mom works
-In general, maternal employment doesn't harm children but low-quality day care does. -Amount of time U.S. mothers spend with their kids is no different than it was several decades ago. -Spend as much "quality time" directly interacting with kids as in the past -American fathers have tripled the time they spend with their children over the past 40 years.
supplemental poverty measure (2011)
-Includes government benefits such as food stamps as well as household expenses like taxes, medical costs, housing, and regional differences in the cost of living -Family of four - $24,343 -16% of U.S. population in poverty (record high) -Poverty rates higher for the elderly, Asians, and Hispanics higher than previously estimated; child poverty rates lower.
sexism in the media: Miss Representation
-Is mass media sexist? -Do media portrayals of women that focus on their physical appearance and suggest subordination reinforce gender stratification? -Recent example: Seth McFarlane's "Boobs, boobs, boobs" song - funny, satirical, or sexist?
family concepts
-Kinship: network of relationships in family -Marriage: relationship between usually 2 indiviuals, social and legal status -Nuclear vs Extended Family: people we live with and nearby, extended goes beyond mom and dad -Family of orientation vs procreation -Monogamy vs Polygamy -Polygyny (multiple women) and Polyandry (multiple men)
brain lateralization
-Lateralization: process through which brain's right/left hemisphere becomes specialized in certain areas -Earlier in females than males -Visual-spatial and mathematical reasoning develop later than verbal skills so females don't develop these to the fullest potential, but develop stronger verbal skills.
theories of population growth
-Malthus -demographic transition
strength of weak ties
-Mark Granouetter: weak ties (infrequent contcts) are often valuable because they produce new info -benefits are greater for those with more resources/ SES (socio-economic status) -weak ties also reproduce inequalities
the chore wars
-Married women in dual-earner couples perform a disproportionate share of domestic duties -More stress; Penalized in the labor force -A more equal distribution between men and women of the responsibility for domestic chores makes for happier and more stable marriages.
colonization/discrimination
-Most disadvantaged arrived in U.S. as colonized people, rather than willing immigrants -This brings with it racism and discrimination
social structure and gender inequality
-Patriarchy: dominance of men over women -Gender Inequality: difference between men and women in power and prestige in groups and societies, also monetary resources, work/income
dual earner families
-Percentage of wives employed outside home increased from 58% to 75% between 1980 and 2000 -60% of mothers with children under 6 are now employed (compared to only 12% in 1950) -1980: wife's employment associated with more marital conflict, but by 2000 wife's employment associated with less marital conflict
what causes poverty?
-Poverty as Cultural - culture of poverty -Poverty as Biological / Genetic - Bell Curve -Poverty as Structural -Poverty as Situational
power and authority
-Power is the ability to achieve aims or further interests, even in the face of resistance. -At the social level, it is exercised through the state (political system) and the economy -Authority is the legitimate use of power (VERSUS Coercion/force) -dictators use coercion, authority is voluntary compliance, willing to be obedient to entity with power
the meaning of family
-Pre-Industrialization: Primary function of marriage (and children) was economic / practical -Post-Industrialization: Primary function of marriage (and children) is self-fulfillment / romantic ideal. Romantic love becomes more imporant, independent of economic or practical function -this shift is said to be partly responsible for divorce rates being high because self-fulfillment is a shakey foundation
prejudice and discrimination
-Prejudice: rigid generalization about an entire category of people; an attitude or opinion -Product of culture; stereotypes are common -Discrimination: unequal treatment people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial or ethnic category; Behavior/action -By definition, it is enacted against a minority group: group that, because of its distinct physical or cultural characteristics, is set apart and subordinated -doesn't always derive directly from prejudice (ex: white homebuyers that don't buy in a predominately black neighborhood because they are worried about property value)
conflict and feminist theory
-Problem is the gendered division of labor, which is devised by men to maintain their privilege and power and/or which devalues work that is done in the home -work in home should be equal to that outside the home
functionalist- strain theory
-Robert Merton -anomie is built into the structure of modern society -strain theory: argues that anomie and deviance occur when a society does not give all its members equal means to achieve socially acceptable goals
same sex marriage: same sex and heterosexual couples
-Same levels of relationship satisfaction -Same-sex: More likely to evenly distribute household labor between partners -Same-sex: Higher levels of education -Research limited but suggests a few differences between same-sex versus heterosexual parents in raising well-adjusted offspring, although debate continues.
conflict: SEGREGATION
-Segregation is the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity; maintains position of dominant group -apartheid south africa -Official U.S. policy until the 1960s -De facto residential & educational segregation still exist (could be due to preferenceces, ppl prefer to live with thier own race; blacks prefer to live in black neighborhoods because theya re afraid of encountering hostility in a white neighborhood) -Preferences of minority groups vs discrimination
3 Basic Stratification Systems
-Slavery, Caste system, gender and race
institutional racism
-System in which bias is built into the operation of society's institutions and produces unequal outcome for different groups, even if actual policies are race-neutral -Produces inequality in outcomes even if there is no overt racial equality in opportunity -what if racial groups didn't have same opportunities to reach those requirements?
functionalism and gender inequality
-Talcott Parsons: nuclear family and fixed gender roles perform complementary functions necessary to small group functioning Gendered division of labor tied to biology Critiques: -Why have these roles changed so much over time? -Socialization not biology -Other patterns are also functional
social construction of the family
-The traditional nuclear family (breadwinner husband, homemaker wife) is not a timeless and universal concept, but a social construction -Influenced by the industrial revolution post WWII economic boom -The traditional nuclear family with breadwinner husband and homemaker wife raising children represents only 20% of American households. -industrial rev. changed because people were going to work in factory so greater variance btwn home and work -The Way We Never Were: book that suggests this reallyisn't perfect family
divorce: effects on children
-There is disagreement on this topic among scholars -Parental conflict is bad for children -Some research suggests that a period of initial trauma followed by adjustment is the norm. some evidence of deficits in education, occupation, and marital success -The cause of these differences appears to be due to economic deficits and lack of stability -Divorce may have benefits in situations of high conflict
race and political power
-Tremendous gains but huge disparities remain -Number increased from 40 in 1960 to 9,101 in 2000 (all elected public offices) -But Blacks account for <2% of elected offices in the U.S. -Very underrepresented in congress
nature v. nurture
-What causes differences between men and women in behavior, attitudes, preferences, and social structural position? -Biology - Essentialist explanation -Culture and socialization -Social structure -some call them men sex roles inferring that they are more biological
race v. class
-William Julius Wilson: old racial barriers are less important than class in explaining the persistence of race/ethnic inequality -Economic gap between affluent and poor African Americans has grown over time -Critique: Wilson's perspective does not give enough attention to ongoing discrimination and racist beliefs -with emergence of black middle class has shown the gap btwn the affluent and the poor
after divorce
-Women and children often experience a significant decline in economic status -Men often experience an improved financial situation -The majority of divorced individuals will remarry
future? gender differences in education
-Women now outperform men academically at nearly all levels of school, are more likely to obtain college degrees and enroll in graduate school. -men more likely to not finish degree -women have superior academic performance
census definition of FAMILY
-a family is 2 or more people living in the same household who are related to the housholder by birth, marriage, or adoption -in 1950, 90% of groups would have fit this -in 2009, only 60% would fit the definition -non-residentional step parent, grand parent, same sex couples, heterosexual cohabiting couples (people not included in census definition) -the point: definiton of the family is a social construction that varies across time and place and yet has both symbolic and legal importance
race
-a socially constructed category of people who share physical characteristics that members of a society consider important -imposed socially constructed, hierarchical, exclusive, and unqual
sexual orientation as a civil rights issue
-anti discrimination laws -marriage rights: recent supreme court arguments -adoption rights: widespread, only one state blocks gay couples adopting
The culture of poverty
-argues that poor people adopt lifestyles and beliefs which differ from those of middle class, "mainstream" society, in order to adopt and survive in difficult economic circumstances and these help keep them in poverty -dependency culture: argument that providing welfare erodes people's desire to work -but critics say: most poverty is situational and most poor have same values as non poor
poverty as situational
-at the individual level, poverty is widespread but temporary -occurs in response to major life crisis -2/3 of americans btwn age 20 and 65 will use a welfare program at some point and 90% of those who do use it only once -only 3% of families are persistently poor over multiple years
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
-basic metric of stratification in modern US -income, wealth, educational attainment, occupation
audience segregation
-because we all play different roles and these different roles require different forms of impression management, we often attempt to keep our audiences segregated -in certain types of online communication (ex: facebook) this is more difficult
poverty as genetic
-bell curve thesis -poverty is caused by low IQ/ genetic factors -therefore, efforts to improve opportunities for poor childrm will b unsuccessful -critics: social experiments show that changes in the social environment can improve outcomes for children -even if IQ plays a role it likely interacts strongly with the environment to influence outcomes
sex
-biological and anatomical differences that distinguish males from females
3 things defining population
-birth, death, migration
broken windows theory
-chicago school of sociology is, most, broadly a kind of urban sociology -in dealing with deviance, broken windows theory is the best known example -BW theory is focused on the realization that any kind of social disorder leads to more social -NY example of mass crime in 1990s
Characteristics of a bureaucracy
-clear divisions of labor -clear hierarchy of authority -formal rules and procedures -impersonality -careers based on merit
Impression Management (Goffman)
-controlling how we present our front stage, performed role -used to present ourselves to others in a particular way (to "make a good impression")
Middle class
-creativity and curiosity -independent -ambition
ethnicity
-cultural practices and attitudes that set people apart -volntary, self-defined, nonhierarchical, cultural, and not so closely linked with power differences, not solely visibly by physical features
foundations of society
-culture, socialization, social interaction, groups & organizations, deviance
does the threat of punishment deter crime
-much debate, particularly with respect to capital punishment -no clear evidence that it does but difficult to study
sexual orientation
-definition: who you are romantically/sexually attracted to, interaction of biological and social factors -there are many possibly sexual orientations (not just heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual) -homosexuality (sexual or romantic attraction to persons of one's own sex) was once viewed as mental illness, now viewed as resulting from a combination of biological and social factors -homophobia and discrimination persist but cultural attitudes changing rapidly
why is population aging concerning
-dependency ratio
definitions of poverty
-deprivation due to economic circumstances severe enough that one can't live with dignity -absolute poverty: life threatening lack of resources; can't meet minimal requirements to purchase food; uncommon in US -relative poverty: deprivation of some people in relation to those who have more; lacks decent standard of housing and healthy living conditions
Fuctionalist-Durkheim
-deviance is inevitable and performs some useful functions 1. force for innovation and change 2. can bring people together (group solidarity) -anomie -dealt and studied suicide
reinforcement theory
-deviant behavior is learned (rewards and punishments) -differential association: learned by association with others who engage in crime -control theory: crime results from lack of social or physcial controls/ deterence
key feature of statuses and roles
-distinct from the people who occupy them -this is one reason we can't explain social phenomena solely in terms of individuals -statuses and roles place constraints on behavior
income
-earnings from work or investments, examples are wages, salaries, investments, property
class system
-economically based system of stratification -relative categorization of somewhat loose social boundaries (social mobility is possible, system is fluid) -based on both ascribed (born into) and achieved statuses (social mobility common) -large scale and impersonal -more likely to be based on achieved statuses
Functionalism: Functions of Education
-education: social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge including basic facts, analytic skills, job skills, and cultural norms and values -main functions of schools are to educate students (overt curriculum) -latent function: socialization (hidden curriculum), child care, promoting marriage (college), social integration, cultural innovation (universities) -will instill certain amount of patriotism among students
how race matters: inequality
-educational attainment -employment, income and wealth -political power -family -health
the US census definition of family
-emphasize the importance of household residence and legal arrangements
Symbolic- Interactionism (SI)- Labeling
-explains how people define deviance and the role of power in defining it -labeling: debiance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others (in power) define their actions -primary deviance: initial act that gets you labeled as a delinquent -secondary deviance: what results from the primary
Sociology of the Body
-explores the relationship between society and the subjective experience of the body (the cultural meanings and interpretations assigned to the body and conditions of the body) -about the subjective experience of the body
Coleman Report
-family and SES matters more than school environment/ funding to academic success -family educational resources (money, help with hw) -family, cultural capital, cultural resources associated with social class/ parental involvement, and interaction with schools, verbal ability, breadth of experience with the...
broader definition of family
-family is a social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including children
Amir has 2 biological brothers that he grew up with. His 2 brothers are members of his ______?
-family of orientation
the school
-formal curriculum -hidden curriculum: nonmaterial culture= bureaucracy; values, beliefs
which sociological perspective sees the family as performing important tasks like primary socialization and personality stabilization, which contribute to society's basic needs and perpetuate major social institutions and practices?
-functionalism
Theories of Stratification
-functionalist (Davis-Moore) -conflict (marx) -Weber's contributing to a more expansive notion of class than Marx's
gender roles and differences
-g.r.: behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as a male of female -all societies/cultures differentiate between men's and women's roles -examples: women responsible for housework, childcare
group conformity
-groups influence the behavior of their members (promoting conformity) -Solomon Asch and Stanley Milgram (even strangers can encourage group conformity)
educational attainment
-highest level of education someone has
divorce
-increasing divorce rates, although now on the decline -spikes in 40s after war and from 60s to 80s with the social cultural change
Neighborhood, Poverty, Crime, & Education
-it is difficult for even well-funded high quality schools with committed staff to overcome the consequences of urban poverty and the social disorganization and crime that accompanies it -school resources themselves are not a panacea for socioeconomic and educational inequality but it would likely be much worse if not for schools
According to lecture, which of the following describes current health care system?
-it is primarily a disease cure system based on desire to prolong life/ cure disease at all costs
social Conflict Theory
-new criminology ~those with power protect their own interests and define deviance to suit their own needs ~affects what gets defined as deviant (prostitution and not pollution) -white collar crime example ~corporate crime, security scams, failed pensions, fraud ~3x as costly as street crime, but more likely to go unpunished -argues that people commiting white collar crimes are the ones in power so they aren't sentanced as often -differential justice -examply: "cracked" justice ~differential sentencing for crack versus powder cocaine ~federal sentencing: possession of 5 grams of crack cocaine given same mandatory sentence as trafficking of 500 grams of powder cocaine
sustainable development and change
-new sustainable development policies seek equilibrium between environmental concerns and the economy -such policies tend to work well for wealthy countries at the expense of poorer countries
which of the following statements accurately apply to the concept of culture
-non of the above -not primarily inherited/ instinctual -changes often
what is deviant behavior
-nonconformity to a set of cultural norms -varies across cultures/ sub cultures and often defined by those in power -examples: public urination, public nudity, picking nose
2 adults who live together with their 2 biological kids and one adopted child. This is an example of _____?
-nuclear family
Working class
-obedience -neatness -cleanliness -good behavior
Doug Downey's research
-on summer bs. school year academic skill acquisition
formal deviance
-or crime, violation of normsthat have been codified into law -not all crime is deviant---examples are speeding, underage drinking
social institution
-organized social structures that direct the essential tasks of living to meet basic social needs -family, education, religion, politics, economy, medicine/ health care
Marx and Conflict explanation of inequality
-people in power (capitalists who own the means of production) are able to define what is "valuable" in society and structure rewards accordingly in ways that protect their interests (laws, policies, ideaology) -stratification is not functional but leads to conflict and social tension -evidence?---we need job creaters, taxes--> new taxes among wealthy will cut down on investments, making economy decrease
population aging
-percent of the population that is age 65 and older rising in all developing countries and many developing nations -due to greater longevity and declines in birthrate -Japan: 21% of population over age 65 -US: 12% but expected to rise to 19% by 2030 -central and southern Europe birthrates decreasing, avg is a little over 1 child per woman per year -today about 5 working age adults for every older person in US, this will drop by 3 by 2030
gender
-personal traits, behavior, and social positions that are expected or regarded as appropriate for members of each sex; socially constructed, hierarchical
race refers to _______ considered important by members of a society and ethnicity refers to _____
-physical characteristics, attitudes
review in text: majority-minority group relations (4 categories)
-pluralism, assimilation (integration) -segregation, genocide (conflict)
key issues in contemporary demography
-population aging -population growth (especially in developing countries, but declines in Europe)
Malthus (population growth)
-population grows faster than the ability of the earth to "produce subsistence for man" resulting in famine which limits further growth -not supported by recent evidence (in terms of food and resource supply) at least in developed world but some evidence for it in developing world currently *biggest problem in modern world is effect of population growth on the environment
social status
-position that a person occupies in the social structure -example: family= son, mom, dad; occupation=lawyer, student
poverty as structural
-poverty as the result of a lack of income producing employment for all sectors in a capitalist society -capitalism needs "reserve army" of workers who can be fired in economic stagnation and rehired in prospering -often happens with minorities
types of social groups
-primary groups= intimate, smaller; end in themselves -secondary groups= more formal, impersonal; statuses more important than personal characteristics; means to an end
Group conformity= Group Think
-process in which members of a group ignore was of thinking and plans of action that go against the group consensus -examples: bay of pigs, Iraq war
the myth of race
-race -ethnicity -racial distinction not biologically significant, they contribute to inequality
4 basic principles of Social Stratification
-rankings apply to social categories of people who share a common characteristics (ex: class, status, power, race, gender) -people's life experiences and opportunities depend heavily on how their social category is ranked (stratification is universal but variable) -a trait of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences; cultural beliefs motivate the rankings (***added by prof) -ranks of social categories change slowly over time
gender inequality, income, and work
-ration of women's to men's earnings increased from 62% (1970) to 77% in (2008) but inequality still remains
Conflict perspective on religion
-religion reinforces and exacerbates inequality -religion creates alienation: attributing human abilities, values, and norms to divine forces or gods -religion as the "opium of the people" (Marx): delay rewards / happiness to next life -sexism, racism, heterosexism -but it can also be agent of social change: liberation theology
future of race/ethnicity
-resegregation -multiracial identities -white statistical minority population by 2050 -will racial boundaries continue to erode, will things keep moving forward
critiques of functionalist theory
-rewards don't always reflect contribution to society ex: teachers -some people have more power to define what is "valueable" and structure rewards accordingly
school funding and "savage inequalities"
-schools in more affluent areas offer better schooling than poor communities -how schools are funded -mainly state and local funds (not federal) -property taxes -creates inequality -answers? -state equalize the funding -vouchers, though many say they weren't helpful
School funding & "Savage Inequalities"
-schools in more affluent areas offer better schooling than poor communities -schools are funded in the U.S. by state and local funds (not federal) property taxes (creates inequality)
anomie
-sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when social norms no longer strongly guide individual behavior and social life is no longer predictable -a concept first brought into wide usage in sociology by Durkheim, referring to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior. It generally happens in periods of fast paced changes, when norms cannot keep up with the pace of life.
social networks
-set of informal and formal ties that link people to each other -a "social web" -all networks are NOT groups -different chapeters of sororities, diocese of Catholic church -miligram: 6 degrees of separation? of Kevin Bacon? 4 for Facebook
Sex and sexuality
-sex norms vary considerable across cultures -there are great variations in norms of sex practice as well as sexual attractiveness -for example pedophilia is horrible now, but renowned in ancient Greece -skinny women v. full figured women
is there more crime today in the US than there was 10 yrs. ago or less?
-slight decline
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development
-social interaction key to development -studied human cognition= how people think and understand, social and biological psychological -sensorimotor stage= first two years, experience the world only through senses -preoperational stage= age 2-7, language and symbols for specific things; egocentric -concrete operational stage= age 7-11, casual connections; multiple symbols; kids don't understand metaphors, concrete language -formal operational= 12+, abstract/ critical thought
Conflict Theory view of Education
-social reproduction: educational systems can replicate systems of inequality across generations -tracking: dividing students into groups according to ability or future plans. -intention: tailor a student's educational experience to his or her particular goals -frequent consequences: reinforces and perpetuates stratification -helps teachers better direct their effort -self-fulfilling prophecy/ Pygmalion effect: behavior is modified to meet pre-existing expectations -those in lower tier, kids could have worse educational resources (teachers, etc)
how does our society survive economically and provide care for a rapidly increasing dependency ratio
-social security/ medicare/ health care crisis -will adult children have to provide care (physical and economic) to parents? How will this work given that families are increasingly geographically dispersed
functionalist explanation of stratification: Davis and Moore Thesis
-social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society, necessary that people do a good job -the greater the funct. importance of a position, the more rewards a society attaches to it (ex. doctors)---important in society, so make a lot of $ -any society can be egalitarian, but only if people are willing to let anyone perform highly skilled jobs and rewards are not based on quality -social position based entirely on innate talent and efforts -some argue that hard work, intelligence, opportunity, etc. is why we have stratification
socialization and identity
-socialization involves not only the internalization of culture but also the construction of self-identity. -charles Horton cooley theorized that the "self" emerges from our ability to assume the point of view of others and imagine how those others see us (looking glass self) -reference group
Research Methods
-sociology as a social science, takes an empirical approach to answering questions about the world -4 primary types of questions -Factual - what happened? -Comparative - does it happen everywhere? -Developmental - how did it happen? -Theoretical - consequences? Example: gender differences in opposite gender friends
sexism
-the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other -justification for gender stratification/ patriarchy
The Family & Educational Inequality
-the family and SES matters more than school environment / funding to academic success -family educational resources (money, help with homework) -family cultural capital: cultural resources associated with social class (parental involvement and interaction with schools, verbal ability, breadth of experience with the world)
history of Education in U.S.
-the industrial revolution was an important influence on modern educational systems -mass education at first emphasized specialized work-related skills but gradually expanded to include more generalist abstract learning like math, science, literature, and critical thinking -education at all levels (particularly college) is being pressured to revert back to a more skills-based education and away from broader education that teaches students critical thinking and how to learn new information
environment and society
-the way of life in western societies creates major environmental challenges -massive amounts of non recyclable waste -pollution, depletion of resources and biodiversity -global warming also a human product, affects us all -energy consumption may outstrip certain resourcessustainable development -in 2010, China outpaced the US in energy consumption for the first time. even so, individuals in the US are more than individuals in other countries, china has five times more people
demographic transition
-there is a tendency of population toward equilibrium. There are limits to population growth over time 1. high birth and death rates; little population growth 2. stable birth rates and lower death rates; population grows rapidly 3. declining birth rates, stable (or lower) death rates (aging), and population stability
US class structure
-upper class: wealthiest 5%; approx. $300,000 or more in income per year; most not super-rich. Large homes, private schools, staff in home -middle class: (40-45%) white collar, non-manual jobs that pay significantly above poverty line working class: (20%) blue collar (manual) labor and pink collar (sales people, day care coordinator, service) labor that pay above the poverty line -lower class/poor: (15%) income based
matrilocal v. patrtilocal family
1. a family system in which the husband is expected to live near the wife's parents. 2. a family system in which the wife is expected to live near the husbands parents.
Establish Causality
1. establish correlation (note: correlation does not equal causation) 2. establish time order (still does not prove causation) 3. rule out alternative explanations
Research question
1. factual - what is happening? 2. comparative - happens everywhere? 3. developmental - has phenomenon changed? 4. theoretical - why is it happening?
Stages of Cognitive Development
1. sensorimotor stage (1st two years): experience the world only through senses 2. preoperational stage (2-7): language and symbols for specific things; egocentric 3. concrete operational stage (7-11): casual connections; multiples symbols 4. formal operations (12+): abstract, critical thoughts
the invention of agriculture took place about
10,000 years ago
the number of paths of affect of a quartet is
12
Chris Pittman
12 year old who killed his grandparents and was sentenced to 30 years in prison as a result of his act. He was being treated for depression
Lower Class/Poor
15% income based
social group
2 or more people who identify and interact with one another. typically share similar norms and values
underclass
A class of individuals situated at the bottom of the class system, normally composed of people from ethnic minority backgrounds. Located in the highest-poverty neighborhoods of the inner city, sometimes referred to as the "new urban poor." Deemed the poorest of the poor, these people are very disadvantaged, dependent on welfare, and typically live in areas to high drug abuse, violence and gangs. Examples: the homeless, or those that have been long-term unemployed, especially those on welfare.
Émile Durkheim Organic solidarity
A collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence, characteristic of societies with a complex division of labor
Status Set
A combination of statues that one can hold (student and employee)
B. Ignores how structural factors such as class affect people's experiences
A criticism of the symbolic-interaction approach is that: a. calls attention to major social institutions b. ignores how structural factors such as class affect people's experiences c. paints a very positive picture of society d. all of the above are true
Emotional Labor
A form of emotional regulation in which workers are expected to display certain emotions as part of their job, and to promote organizational goals.
slavery
A form of social stratification in which some people are owned by others as their property.
Functional Perspective of Sex
A gendered division of labor is functional because it will: (1)Increase the expertise of each sex. (2)Segmented labor market - prevent competition between men and women that might damage the family. (3)Strengthen family bonds by forcing men and women to depend on each other.
Subculture
A group that exists within mainstream culture. Not at odds with mainstream.
Race
A group within the human species that is identified as a society
transactional leader
A leader who is concerned with accomplishing the group's tasks, getting group members to do their jobs, and making certain that the group achieves its goals. ex: A teacher who simply gets through the lesson plan each day-rather than making the classroom a place where students explore new ways of thinking and behaving-is exercising transactional leadership. EX: Another example of a transactional leader is a boss (for example the owner of a restaurant) who's biggest concern is running the restaurant as efficient as possible. Their goal isn't to inspire their customers to change the world, or to motivate their workers to become more positive and effective citizens of society. They are simply concerned with running their business and accomplishing daily tasks (e.g. workers are being productive, quality of food , restaurant is clean) to ensure the success of their restaurant.
Gender Identity
A personal conception of oneself as male, female both or neither.
medicare
A program under the U.S. Social Security Administration that reimburses hospitals and physicians for medical care provided to qualifying people over 65 years old. EXAMPLE: Someone turns 65 is healthy and maintains stable lives can enroll in Medicare Advantage Plan
kinship
A relation that links individuals through blood ties, marriage, or adoption. These relationships extend more broadly then just the family and through marriage. Few social obligations are involved in kinship beyond the family in most modern societies. Whereas in other cultures kinship is of vital importance to social life. An example of kinship is a mother and her biological son.
Power Elite Model
A relatively unified elite group makes all major decisions based on its own interests; Military leaders. Industry/Corporations. Executive branch of government.
Community policing
A renewed emphasis on crime prevention rather than law enforcement to reintegrate policing within the community ex. More crime watch programs in neighborhoods; Proactive rather than reactive measures in order to stop crime
Rites of Passage (88-89)
A ritual marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another.
law
A rule of behavior established by a political authority and back by state power/Norms defined by government as principles that their citizens must follow; sanctions are used against people who do not conform to them. Ex: Prohibit U.S. citizens from enlisting in the services of any foreign power and prohibit the fitting out of foreign vessels in U.S. ports
caste system
A social system in which one's social status is given for life. A caste system is a type of social structure which divides people on the basis of inherited social status. Although many societies could be described in this way, within a caste system, people are rigidly expected to marry and interact with people of the same social class. A society in which different social levels are closed, so that all individuals must remain at the social level of their birth throughout life. ex.) India USED to operate under the Caste system.
psychopath
A specific personality type; such individuals lack the moral sense and concern for others held by most normal people Examples: serial killers, serial rapist, child molester
countercultures
A subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture.
Society
A system of interrelationships that hold people together.
Looking Glass Self
A term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us.
life chances
A term introduced by Max Weber to signify a person's opportunity for achieving economic prosperity. This can be influenced by country of residence, gender, class, educational opportunities, and governmental systems, among others. Weber explained that the best chance an individual has at being wealthy is to be born into wealth, and that people from more humble backgrounds have less of a chance at becoming wealthy.
dependency of culture
A term popularized by Charles Murray. Describes people who rely on welfare instead of entering the workforce.
Hypothesis (pg.27-31)
A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables.
Deviance
A violation of socially appropriate behavior"
Organic Solidarity
According to Emile Durkheim, organic solidarity is the social cohesion that results from the various parts of society functioning as an integrated whole. An example as said in the book is the human body has many smaller parts that work together to make the whole body function. This is how society works, a lot of smaller things work and come together to make society.
Imitation
According to George Herbert Mead, the stage in which children do not have an independent identity and are not capable of taking any roles is called:
materialist conception of history
According to Karl Marx's view, it was not the ideas or values human beings hold that are the main sources of social change. Rather, social change is prompted primarily by economic influences.
According to Karl Marx, what are the two main classes and how do they relate to one another
According to Karl Marx, the two main classes are Labour and Capital. Labour includes anyone who earns their livelihood by selling their labor power and being paid a wage or salary for their labor time. Capital, on the other hand, includes anyone who gets their income from a surplus value. They relate to each other because they are both a general form of wealth.
Alienation
According to Marx, assembly line workers see their job as repetitive and boring, and they feel a lack of control over their work. This is known as:
Social bond
According to _________ theory, we must understand why people conform to conventional norms, values, and laws in order to understand deviance.
personality stabilization
According to the theory of functionalism, the family plays a crucial role in assisting its adult members emotionally. Marriage between adult men and women is the arrangement through which adult personalities are supported and kept healthy. a function of family according to functionalist view
Labeling Theory
Acting deviantly due to the label placed upon them due to a committed act
Individual Discrimination
Actions on part of an individual against a racial or ethnical minority
Liberation Theory
Activist catholic movement with emphasis on social justice
Participatory Democracy
All citizens participate equally
Merton's Theory of Deviance
Anomie theory of deviance: five basic forms of adaptation to cultural expectations Conformist Innovator Ritualist Retreatist Rebel 1. Conformity - Accepts approved goals, pursues them through approved means 2. Innovation - Accepts society's goals, uses non-normative means 3. Ritualism - Abandon's society's goals, conforms to approved means (caught up in process of reaching goal but fails) 4. Retreatism - abandons approved goals & approved means 5. Rebellion - Challenges approved goals & approved means (seeks to create change)
Prescriptive Norms
Are those in which members treat each other politely and reflect desirable behaviors for the group members.
D. All of the above are correct
As a social institution, the economy: a. produces and distributes goods and services b. guides the consumption of goods and services c. operates in a relatively predictable manner d. all of the above are correct
A. Farms
As societies industrialize, a smaller share of the population works in which of the following locations? a. farms b. factories c. assembly lines d. all of the above are correct
Ascribed Status
Assigned at birth, permanent
D. Status set
At a given time you occupy a number of statuses. These statuses make up your: a. master status b. role set c. achieved statuses d. status set
Uninformed Interaction
Aware that someone is there but no direction interaction occurs
Argot
Can be represented differently in Subculture. Slang. Punch Arm. Specialized Language.
B. Private ownership of property
Capitalism is an economic system in which there is: a. government control of production b. private ownership of property c. pursuit of collective interests d. all of the above are correct
A. Girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards
Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg's research, showing that: a. girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards b. girls are more interested in right and wrong than boys are c. boys are more interested in right and wrong than girls are d. the ability to assess situations as right and wrong typically develops only as young people enter the teenage years
Difference between Causal Logic and Correlation (pg. 28-30)
Causal Logic - A relationship exists in which change in one brings about change in the other...a change in one causes a change in the other. Correlation - A relationship between two variables in which change in one coincides with change in another. Things that are correlated are not necessarily causal.
Correlation
Cause and effect relationships
Gesellschaft
Characteristic of modern urban life, people are strangers and feel little in common with other residents. Coined by Ferdinand Tonnies.
Achieved Status
Chosen or earned, temporary or permanent
A. Monotheism
Christianity is one example of which of the following types of religions? a. monotheism b. ploytheism c. animism d. all of the above are correct
Content Analysis
Collecting new data - could be anything for analysis.
Economic Deprivation
Collective action takes off when people feel that their is a grievance
Social Movement
Collective attempt the further a common interest through actions of an established institution
understanding racial inequality
Colonization rather than willing immigrants -Role of racism / discrimination Race versus class Values and the case of "model minorities"
National Culture
Common values and beliefs that hold the citizens together (freedom)
Cohabiters
Compared to couples who are married, cohabiters have higher rates of aggression and abuse, lower rates of relationship happiness and fairness, higher rates of depression, and less commitment to the relationship. Those who cohabitate before marriage report less satisfying relationships after marriage and are more likely to have an extramarital affair.
Harry Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys. (Pg. 74)
Concluded that Early isolation had long-term damaging effects on the monkeys. Used artificial mothers and discovered that the infant monkeys developed greater social attachments than their need for food.
Social interactions
Conducted by 2 or more people that share a common goal and social context is involved
B. China
Confucianism is closely linked to the traditional culture of: a. India b. China c. Japan d. Iran
Culture Definition (46-49)
Consists of everything humans create in establishing our relationships to nature and with each other. It includes language, knowledge, material creations, and rules for behavior. It encompasses all that we say, know, make, and do in our efforts to survive and thrive.
Society Definition (49, 13)
Consists of the structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction.
Ray Carruth
Conspiracy to commit 1st degree murder, shooting into an occupied vehicle, using an instrument to destroy an unborn child Had son's mother killed because he did not want the responsibility of being a father. By doing he caused injury to his son, which caused his son to be without oxygen to his brain.
Social Networks
Contact and exchanges between one another
Peripheral
Countries that depends of the core countries
Semi-peripheral
Countries that supply the source of labor and raw materials to the core countries, but they themselves are not fully industrialized
Victimless Crimes
Criminal acts in which no other party is immediately involved, such as possession of illegal drugs
Karl Marx: Bourgeoisie, Proletariat, and "opiates" (pg. 13, 14, 17, 62, 116, 123)
Emphasized the role that power and control over resources played in how social order is established and maintained. Social Inequality. Alienation. Conflict Perspective: Macrosociology. In a capitalist society, there is a dominant ideology that serves the interest of the ruling class. Wrote The Communist Manifesto, charged that capitalism's inherent drive toward increased efficiency and productivity reduces workers to a mere part of a machine. Creates, alienation. Conflict between social classes will continue in the postindustrial society. Bourgeoisie - Higher ups, own the means of production. Haves. Proletariat - The working class. Have nots. Opiates - related to the working class during the industrialization time period. False Consciousness - Used to describe an attitude held by members of a class that doesn't accurately reflect their objective position. Via opiates. Religion and drugs can be interchangeable in peoples' testimonies. Religion could be the opiate of the masses. Everyone was a slave in this two-class system. Promoted Class consciousness and revolution.
Stigma (pg. 136-137 & notes)
Erving Goffman coined this term, it's a label used to devalue members of certain social groups. Former gambler, ex-convict, wedding bands, etc.
Pluralism
Ethnic group retains their own independent and separate identities
Patterns of Social Interaction
Exchange—most basic form of social interaction. Maintains that our interactions with others are guided by profit motive. We seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs. Cooperation—a pattern of interaction in which individuals, groups, and societies work together to achieve shared goals. Competition—individuals and groups strive to achieve a shared goal—but compete to achieve the goals rather than working together. Conflict—a pattern of interaction in which people or groups struggle to achieve a commonly prized object or goal. Coercion—when people or groups are compelled to interact with each other coercion is the glue that binds them together.
Counterculture
Expectations that contrast with the mainstream society (skin heads)
Roles
Expected behavioral obligations within each society (professors are obligated to teach, while students are obligated to be prepared)
Social Development include:
Gender, Race, Schools, Religion, Media, Peer groups
A. That part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image
George Herbert Mead considered the self to be: a. that part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image b. the presence of culture within the individual c. basic drives that are self-centered d. present in infants at the time of their birth
A. Technology
Gerhard Lenski claimed that which of the following has the greatest power to shape a society? a. technology b. social conflict c. human ideas d. human desire for change
Gender Privileges
Glass ceiling, glass escalator, better opportunities, better positions
D. All of the above are correct
Globalization of the economy means that: a. world religions specialize in one sector of economic economic activity b. more and more products pass through several nations c. a small number of businesses represent a large share of the planet's economic output d. all of the above are correct
Ethnomethodology
Harold Garfinkel's term for the study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings
Official Crime Reports
Has been significant decline in violent crime nationwide Statistics include only crimes reported to law enforcement agencies Victimization survey: questionnaire or interview given to sample of population to determine whether people have been victims of crime
High Income Countries
Heavily industrialized, 15.3% of the worlds population, 65% of worlds wealth, per capita income=$40,120
C. Freedom of the marketplace where a person can follow self-interest
In a capitalist economic system, "justice" amounts to: a. doing what is best for society's poorest members b. everyone being more or less socially equal c. freedom of the marketplace where a person can followi self-interest d. all of the above are correct
Mechanical solidarity
In small farming villages the division of labor is simple and the residents share similar values. This is an example of:
Theory (pg. 10-12)
In sociology, a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior.
D. All of the above are correct
In the United States, the Muslim population includes which of the following? a. mostly Arab Americans b. many Asian Americans c. some African Americans d. all of the above are correct
Game
In the _________ stage, children play at activities that require multiple roles and complex behaviors that depend on the actions of other children.
D. Whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results
In the process of measurement, reliabilty refers to: a. whether you are really measuring what you want to measure b. how dependable the researcher is c. whether or not everyone agrees with the study's results d. whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results
Supplemental Poverty Measure (2011)
Includes government benefits such as food stamps as well as household expenses like taxes, medical costs, housing, and regional differences in the cost of living
components of social class
Income, wealth, education, and occupation.
Sociological Imagination
Individual forces are opposing structural forces.
Market oriented Theories
Individuals need to be free to make their own economics decision
Authoritarian leaders
Individuals who prefer to exercise a high degree of control over their subordinates; tend to see themselves as the sole source of authority.
Modern Societies
Industrialized Societies (USA) and developing Societies (Southeast Asia) make up this society
Iron Law of Oligarchy
Inevitable, a small group of people will come to power and rule
Goffman: dramaturgical approach, facework, impression management and degradation ceremonies. (Pgs. 15,17,39,78-79,90)
Interactionist: Microsociology: popularized the dramaturgical approach: people are performers in a movie. Using Content Analysis, this sociologist conducted a test to see how advertisements portrayed women. Jean Kilbourne affects. Presentation of the Self: Dramaturgical Approach: Studies the interactions as if we were all actors on a stage trying to perform well. Impression Management: Altering the presentation of the self to satisfy specific audiences. Face-work: To maintain proper images and avoid public embarrassment, we initiate this behavior when feeling flustered or rejected. Believes that the self is fundamentally social. Coined the term Total Institution: Refers to an institution that regulates all aspects of a person's life under a single authority. Deference - Amount of respect someone deserves. Demeanor - How we act appropriately to Deference.
New Style Terrorism
International connections, targets are bigger and more abstract
Glass Ceiling
Invisible "ceiling" that represents females inability to succeed in the work force
C. Mechanical solidarity; organic solidarity (Mechanical solidarity shifts into organic solidarity)
Looking over the long course of history, Durkheim claimed that societies change as __________ gives way to ___________ a. Gesselschaft; Gemeinschaft b. individualism; collective conscience c. mechanical solidarity; organic solidarity d. organic solidarity; mechanical solidarity
C. Wright Mills
Macrosociologist (all the way) Social Imagination - Awareness of relationship between who we are as individuals and the social forces that shape our lives. Protects sociology from being abused. Pointed out the difference between Private and Public issues.
Code of Ethics (40-41, 132)
Maintain objectivity and integrity. Respect the subject's right to privacy and dignity. Protect subjects from personal harm. Preserve confidentiality. Seek informed consent when data is collected. Acknowledge research collaboration and assistance. Disclose all sources of financial support.
Sex
Male or female designation according to biological criteria
Conflict Perspective
Marx: Religion is alienation meaning that our own abilities as humans are controlled by other entities, projecting human powers to gods Weber: Protestant Ethic and Capitalism meaning a concentrated link between religion and social change. Religion is a catalyst for change
Conflict Theory of Religion
Marx; interested in how religion may serve as a source of ideological conflicts; Environmental Degradation
Dependency Theory
Marxist: Poverty in low income nations results from being exploited by the wealthy
Material and Nonmaterial Culture
Material travels faster than nonmaterial culture. Church and internet as an example.
ideal type
Max Weber constructed an ideal type to help him identify its core components. He proposed that the ideal bureaucracy displays five basic characteristics
Max Weber argued that researchers should use value neutrality in their research; which is
Max Weber's term for objectivity of sociologists in the interpretation of data
Jessica Hall
McMissile mom who threw a cup of ice through a cars window when they cut her off twice Angered, she flung a McDonald's cup of ice into the other car, where it flew across the driver and landed all over his girlfriend. The couple said they hadn't even noticed Hall's car until the cup landed faced between two and five years in prison after she was convicted last month of maliciously throwing a missile — the cup of ice — into an occupied vehicle. No one was injured in the incident last summer.
C. Social experience
Mead placed the origin of the self in: a. biological drives b. genetics c. social experience d. the functioning of the brain
Mores (pg. 59)
Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society. (Honesty) Formal norm - a norm written down, specifies strict punishment to violators (rules of a game, laws) Laws - formal norms enforced by state. Informal norm - Norm that is generally understood, but not recorded precisely.
Folkways (pg. 59, 63)
Norms governing everyday behavior, whose violation raises little concern. (Dinner Table Etiquette)
Ethnocentrism
Norms, languages, and foods that may be viewed as abnormal in other cultures
Culture Relativism
Objectively learn the purposes of practices within other cultures
Material Culture
Objects we can see or touch (weapons, technology, clothes)
Qualitative Research
Observing, but not participating. Not necessarily ethnography.
Goffman's Types of Stigmas
Of the body (Objective-such as deformity) Of the character (Mental Illness) Of the Social Collective (Race)
Secondary Deviance
One accepts the "label" and acts deviantly
Communism
One party rules the government directs the economy
Counterculture
Opposing mainstream culture. Hippies. Terrorists.
Manifest function
Originally, the purpose of summer break for school children was to allow them to help on the family farm. Which term is best described by this situation?
C. id
Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of: a. superego b. ego c. id d. generalized other
criticisms of measuring of poverty
Overestimates poverty - doesn't include food stamps, Medicaid, public housing Underestimates poverty - because housing is so expensive now, people spend <30% of income on food (should be based on housing costs or the multiplier should be reduced)
Liberal Democracy
Parliamentary/Presidential government coupled with the free market
Segregation
Practice of keeping racial and ethnic groups separate
Anticipatory Socialization (89-90)
Processes of socialization in which a person rehearses for future positions, occupations, and social relationships.
Socialism
Productive tools (land, labor and capital) are owned and managed by the workers and used for the collective (public) good; Absence of personal economic incentive; Production is usually lower
Reference group
Professor Lee is not a member of the American Sociological Association, but she uses the organization as a standard for her research. In this case, the organization is a:
Role strain
Professors often experience _________ because they are expected to balance teaching and research.
D. Accepting religious pluralism
Read the four statements below. Which of the four is NOT a trait of religious fundamentalism? a. endorsing conservative political goals b. seeking the personal experience of God's presence c. interpreting religious texts literally d. accepting religious pluralism
Civil Society
Realm of activity between state and market including family, community, etc
Social Stratification
Refers to the social rankings between individuals and groups
Symbolic Interaction
Social patterns manifested and changed by people interacting based upon shared meanings and assumptions produce and guide social order Example: "drink the Kool-Aid", Seinfeld when George is divided against himself ... social construction of reality; influence of shared meanings and interactions on individualism identity formation and maintenance
Life Chances
Social positions shape this. blank = opportunities
Subculture
Social units that have different norms than that of the majority
A. Collective control of production
Socialism is an economic system in which there is: a. collective control of production b. private ownership of property (capitalism) c. pursuit of individual profit (capitalism) d. all of the above are correct
Gender
Socially constructed values, meanings, expectations, and practices associated with being male or female
agrarian societies
Societies whose means of subsistence are based on agricultural productions. (crop growing)
pastoral societies
Societies whose subsistence derives from the rearing of domesticated animals.
Social Conflict Perspective
Society is made up of groups and each group is trying to dominate and persuade subcultures and outside groups the join them
biology and psychology
Some differences -M > visual-spatial ability -M > aggression -M > motor-skill performance -M > mathematical reasoning -F > verbal ability Boys: > Testosterone -> higher activity levels -Select gross motor activites and "active toys" (blocks, vehicles, outdoor games") that just happen to be those that develop visual spatial skills and are also less structured -Less structured activities -> independence Girls: < Testosterone -> lower activity levels -More structured activities, which foster more cooperation and conforming, but less independence
Emile Durkheim (pg. 10-12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 27, 39, 42, 121)
Sought out to discover the Social Laws/Common denominator. Suicide? Influenced by the lack of social connections and obligations. Established Europe's first department of Sociology in 1895. We cannot consider what it means to be an individual apart from our position in society. Emphasized the significance of social order. Coined the term anomie, which is the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective - normlessness. Functionalist: Macrosociology Theorized that social integration shapes individual action. Wrote The Division of Labor in Society - as jobs became more specialized the shared sentiments that united communities grew weaker. Minimal division of labor - Mechanical solidarity. Amish. Mechanical solidarity would give way to Organic Solidarity. A type of social cohesion based on our mutual interdependence in the context of extreme division of labor.
August Comte (pg. 13 & 50)
Sought to discover whether there are fundamental laws of society equivalent to the laws of nature. Cultural Universals - Common denominators shared by all cultures. Coined the term sociology.
Structural Functionalism in Deviance
Stability and order in society; helps define the boundaries for acceptable and unacceptable behavior (provides jobs to those who deal with deviance)
Global Culture
Standards and values that are common throughout the globe
D. Values
Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called: a. folkways b. norms c. mores d. values
C. Cultural patterns that set off a part of a society's population
Subculture refers to: a. a part of the population lacking culture b. people who embrace popular culture c. cultural patterns that set off a part of a scoiety's population d. people who embrace high culture
Revolutionary Movements
System as a whole is broken and needs to be fixed
Definition of Sociology
Systematic Study of the relationship between individual and society and the consequence of their differences.
Content Analysis (pg. 39)
Systematic coding and objective recording of data, guided by a given rationale.
Role Conflict
Tension BETWEEN statuses (work hours are interfering with study time)
Role Strain
Tension WITHIN a status (choose to study more for one class than another)
B. Social-conflict approach
The "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change" is the: a. structural-functional approach b. social-conflict approach c. symbolic-interaction approach d. all of the above are correct
Compulsive Heterosexuality
The "social" attitude that heterosexuality is the preferred orientation. Alternatives are considered to be taboo.
racialization
The Process by which understandings of race are used to classify individuals or groups of people These racial distinctions do more than just describe physical human differences, they are also important factors in the reproduction of patterns of power and inequality. Racialization has been used for a multitude of discriminatory purposes across history, and in more developed modern civilizations can be used to determine social class, job availability, and many other economic and social factors.
Second Shift
The burden of homework that falls on the women
Independent Variable
The causal variable that brings about change. Cause. Beginning Change.
B. The Hindu belief in the progress of the human soul
The concept "karma" refers to: a. the Christian belief in salvation b. the Hindu belief in the progress of the human soul c. the Muslim desire to do God's will d. the first five books of the Jewish Bible
Validity (pg. 30-31)
The degree to which a measure or scale TRULY reflects the phenomenon under study.
B. Social conflict between classes
The driving force of social change, according to Marx, is: a. advancing technology b. social conflict between classes c. dominant ideas d. the way in which society is held together
Reliability (pg. 30-31)
The extent to which a measure produces consistent results.
The most important Social Agent
The family
Marriage
The institution that joins a man and a woman by agreement for the purpose of creating and maintaining a family
means of production
The means whereby the production of material goods is carried on in a society, including not just technology but the social relations between producers.
Ideal Culture
The most desired type of culture (no sex before marriage)
Culture
The mutually shared products, knowledge, and beliefs of a human group or society is known as:
Social bond
The name of the theory that focuses on why people don't commit crimes is:
Explain the nature/nurture debate.
The nature/nurture debate centers on whether human development is contributed to genetic inheritance vs. environmental factors as we learn through life's experiences. Social scientists argue that many traits and learned experiences are a result of both nature and nurture. The debate of whether nature or nurture shapes human behavior has been gone on for centuries. In the early 20th century, psychologists would have agreed that nature does this, while sociologists would argue nurture. Today it is not a debate whether which is a bigger impact, but more so how they impact each other to shape behavior and development.
Ethnicity
The origin of which a person relates to
Social Exclusion
The outcome of multiple deprivations that prevent individuals or groups from full participation in economic, social, and political life (homeless people or poor education)
social exclusion
The outcome of multiple deprivations that prevent individuals or groups from participating fully in the economic social, and political life of the society in which they live. EX: An example of social exclusion would be immigrants, and their struggle to integrate in a community and society with different races, culture, languages, etc. EX: Japanese detainment in the U.S. during the 1940′s
primary socialization
The process by which children learn the cultural norms of the society into which they are born. Occurs largely in the family Ex: A child will spend a grand majority of their time in the house with the parent/parents and possibly other siblings. From these social agents, he/she will learn through observation and other techniques the accepted norms and values of the family and most likely, the culture they are surrounded in a function of family according to functionalist view
Primary socialization
The process by which children learn the cultural norms of the society into which they are born. Primary socialization occurs largely in the family.
socialization of nature
The process by which we control phenomena regarded as "natural," such as reproduction. (Phenomena that used to be "natural," or given in nature, have now become social- they depend on our own social decisions.) Ex) In the early 1900′s the governement enacted laws that called for the sterilization for people with low IQ's so we could grow our IQ as a nation
Resocialization (90)
The process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life.
role exit
The process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity
Sociological Theory
The purpose / goal is to explain and predict a phenomena and it is the building block of understanding it.
status
The social honor or prestige that a particular group is accorded by other members of society. -It may also refer to a rank or position that one holds in a group, for example son or daughter, playmate, pupil, etc. -According to the book, status groups normally display distinct styles of life- patterns of behavior that the members of a group follow. Status privilege may be positive or negative.
D. Diffusion
The spread of cultural traits from one society to another is called: a. immigration b. cultural transmission c. popular culture d. diffusion
What are the three shared characteristics of socially stratified systems
The three shared characteristics of socially stratified systems are 1)The rankings apply to social categories of people who share a common characteristic, such as gender or ethnicity. 2)People's life experiences and opportunities depend heavily on how their social category is ranked. 3)The ranks of different social categories tend to change very slowly over time.
B. Without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action
The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that: a. humans have most of the same instincts found in other animal species b. without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action c. personality is present in humans at birth d. many human instincts disappear after the first few years of life
Back Stage Behavior
The true you
REal Culture
The type of culture that actually happens (sex before marriage)
independent variable
The variable that brings about change
dependent variable
The variable that is affected
Dependent Variable
The variable that is affected. Effect. End Result.
Culture
The way of life shared by people within a society
Looking glass self
The way we imagine that other people see us is called
pluralist
Theory of democracy which states that government policies are influenced by bargaining among many groups representing different interests is:
transformational leader
These leaders go above and beyond to make a change in the way their followers believe. They give their followers a sense of higher purpose, consequently changing the nature of the whole group. An example of this would be Gandhi, who demonstrated civil disobedience by fasting in protest against the Indian caste system. Gandhi inspired people with his cause because of his dedication and action, instead of merely preaching or by obligation. Another example would be Martin Luther King Jr. He was inspired by Gandhi's work and used methods developed by Gandhi to overcome the prejudice times of American segregation. Martin Luther King Jr. inspired the African American's of the time to protest segregation through non violent approaches. This was uncharacteristic of the feelings many African Americans felt towards their white suppressors. Malcolm X was one example of civil rights activists who didn't take King's approach. King changed the nature of his group, however, and led them away from violent tactics and towards a non- violent approach.
Culture Relativity
Things mean different things. Unique to own history. Driving on left side or right side.
Herriet Martineau
This person explained gender and equality and had a comprehensive approach
W.E.B. Du Bois
This person explained race and class and approach it in a critical and applied traditon
Auguste Come
This person explained what held society together and what made change in society (the founding father of sociology)
George Herbert Mead
This person sought to explain the development of self (Nature VS Nurture)
Class Systems
This system is based on achieved status
Caste Systems
This system is based on ascribed status
Latent function
Though most American children no longer live on farms, schools continue to be closed in summer. One result of this is that millions of American families plan their yearly vacations in the summer. This is an example of:
Social Networks
Total web of an individual's relationships and group memberships
3 sources of educational inequality
Tracking School funding Family background
Hidden Curriculum
Traits and behaviors learned in school not part of the curriculum
Operational Definition of Defining the Problem Within The Scientific Method
Transformation of an abstract concept into indicators that are measurable and observable. Makes it repeatable.
The looking-glass Self (Cooley) (Pg. 76-77, 79, 81, 108)
We become ourselves through our interactions with others. This theory describes that we become who we are based on how we think others see us. Three stages: 1: We imagine how others see us. 2: We imagine how others evaluate what they see. 3: We define ourselves as a result. Imagine a first date or job interview, everything seemed to go well, but no call back...is something wrong with me? Primary & Secondary groups: Prim: small (more intimate) group with face-to-face interaction and cooperation. (Baseball team). Sec: A formal impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding (college classmates).
Value Neutrality
Weber's term for objectivity of sociologists in the interpretation of data.
Democratic Elitism
Weber: Large scale democratic participation by voting, ruled by the elites is inevitable
D. Personality
What concept refers to a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling? a. socialization b. behavior c. human nature d. personality
C. Ascribed status
What concept refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily assumed later in life? a. passive role b. master status c. ascribed status d. achieved status
A. Operationalization
What process involves deciding exactly what is to be measured when assigning value to a variable? a. operationalization b. reliability c. conceptualization d. validity
A. Primary sector
What sector of the economy generates raw materials directly from the natural environment? a. primary sector b. secondary sector c. tertiary sector d. none of the above is correct
structural-functionalism
What's the function? Critique-neglects smaller groups, neglects things that divide people
Role taking
When Kim asks herself, "If I steal that shirt, I wonder what my parents will think of me," she is engaging in
Crime rates drop sharply after people reach their mid-thirties.
When sociologists use the term "aging out," they are referring to:
Peer group
Which agent of socialization becomes more important during adolescence and less important during adulthood?
B. Social construction of reality
Which concept is used to designate the process by which people creatively shape reality as they interact? a. status interaction b. social construction of reality c. interactive reality d. role reality
B. Role strain
Which concept refers to the tension among roles connected to a single status? a. role conflict b. role strain c. role ambiguity d. role exit
They are acting in the front region
Which of the following best describes the situation of teachers interacting with each other in the classroom?
A. Totem
Which of the following concepts was used by emile Durkheim to refer to an object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred? a. totem b. idol c. profanity d. symbol
B. Keeping young people out of the labor force, which may not have jobs for them
Which of the following is the best example of a latent (unintended, unnoticed, and hidden) function of going to college? a. providing skills needed for later jobs b. keeping young people out of the labor force, which may not have jobs for them c. gaining the knowledge required for them to be an active and thoughtful citizen d. giving young people experience living on their own
A. Hinduism
Which of the following is the oldest of the world religions discussed in the text? a. Hindusim b. Judaism c. Christianity d. Islam
C. The United States
Which of the following nations stands out as the most religious of all high-income countries? a. Japan b. Sweden c. the United States d. France
D. All of the above are correct
Which of the following religious organizations began as a cult? a. Islam b. Christianity c. Judaism d. all of the above are correct
C. Participant observation
Which sociological research method provides the best chance to understand social behavior in a natural setting? a. the experiment b. the survey c. participant observation d. secondary analysis
Weber
Which sociologist warned that the cost of increased rationality in society included bureaucracies' inability to replace the warmth of an extended family?
Ethnomethodology
Which technique do sociologists use to study everyday life?
Cultural relativity
Which term describes the view that each culture is unique and valid?
Cultural transmission
Which theory argues that deviant behavior is learned through interaction with others?
social-conflict (gender, race, etc)
Who benefits? focuses on how inequality and power are linked Critique-neglects smaller groups, neglects recent improvements of less powerful groups
Weber's Theoretical Perspective of Religion
Who is among the chosen? (Calvinism); Hard work, rationalism, and plain living are moral virtues; Saving and reinvesting stimulates the economy.
Democracy
a political system in which: the majority prevails; there is equality before the law; decisions are made to maximize the common good; regular constitutional opportunities for a change in leadership according to the will of the majority.
Peter Principle
a principle of organizational life according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence
Life Course
a process in which individuals move from one biological and social stage to another as they grow and develop
Kinship
a relation that links individuals through blood ties, marriage, or adoption
social structure
a series of predictable relationships composed of various positions that people occupy
the U.S. American value that includes getting ahead at work or school is
achievement and success
validity
actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure
a useful function of the traditional community (neighborhood) was that it providing a variety of
adult role models
Piaget's formal operational stage
age 11 and up-more abstract than concrete operational thought, increased verbal problem-solving ability, increased tendency to think about thought itself, thoughts of idealism and possibilities, more logical thought. Children can now conjure up make-believe situations, abstract propositions, and events that are purely hypothetical, and can try and reason logically about them. can now hear something and solve it in their head whereas concrete operational needed to see the problem on paper. hypotheses about ways to solve problems then systematically dedude the best path to follow.
Ida Wells-Barnett (1862-1931) was
an early feminist. She argued that societies can be judged on whether the principles they claim to believe in match their actions, and found that America came up short regarding principles of equality and opportunity for women and African Americans.
Norms (Pg. 59-61)
an established standard of behavior maintained by society. (All of the rules, etiquettes big and small, laws)
Religiosity
an individuals level of commitment to religious beliefs and acting on those beliefs.
total institution
an institution that regulates all aspects of a person's life under a single authority
experiment
any differences in outcomes is because of what the 2 groups are doing Critique- done in lab, so may not have accurate results
Media
any formats or vehicals that carry, present, or communicate information.
Organization
any social network that is defined by common purpose and has boundary between its membership and the rest of the world.
Symbol
anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
symbols
anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
Surveys
are a common method of quantitative research used by researchers to collect data; Surveys may consist of oral interviews or written questionnaires
Experiments
are artificially created situations that allow researchers to manipulate variables. Typically, an experimental group is exposed to the independent variable and the control group is not.
Values
are collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper—or bad, undesirable, and improper—in a culture
Cultural universals
are common practices and beliefs shared by all societies. Some common cultural universals include athletic sports, cooking, funeral ceremonies, medicine, marriage, and sexual restrictions.
Control variables
are factors that are held constant to test the relative impact of an independent variable.
Laws
are formal norms enforced by the state
Secondary groups
are formal, impersonal groups in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding
informal norms
are generally understood but not precisely recorded
In-groups
are groups to which people feel they belong
out-groups
are groups to which people feel they do not belong
Variables
are measurable traits or characteristics that are subject to change under different conditions
Mores
are norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society, and each society demands obedience to its mores
Folkways
are norms governing everyday behavior; their violation raises relatively little concern
Social institutions
are organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs. How we organize social interaction within these institutions helps contribute to social order.
Sanctions
are penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm
Rites of passage
are rituals that mark the symbolic transition from one social position to another, dramatizing and validating changes in a person's status. Such transitions mark stages of development in the life course.
Norms
are the established standards of behavior maintained by a society. Norms are classified as either formal or informal.
Dependency Culture
argument that providing welfare erodes people's desire to work
dependency culture
argument that providing welfare erodes people's desire to work
One way to develop a sociological imagination is to view your own
as an outsider might
A position that one inherits or receives involuntarily
ascribed status
Mead used the term generalized other to refer to
attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior
the style of leadership appropriate for the battlefield
authoritative
Monarchy
authority by an individual who holds a position that has been passed down by hereditary.
quantitative data
averages/numerical measurements
in dramaturgy, the place where one rests from performing a role
back stage
Microsociology
close-up focus on everyday face to face interaction: how do social patterns come to exist?
Microsociology
close-up focus on everyday face to face interaction; how social patterns come to exist? Symbolic interaction
Social Structures / Systems
collection sof statuses, roles, and shared ideas that tie these statuses and roles together into relationships
The Big Six institution that provides a variety of adult role models
community
besides polity, the Big Six Institutions that does not appear in the chart Henslin text and which prof dave said is still needed by humans
community
qualitative research
complex feeling people have.
Obedience
compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure
variable
concept that changes from case to case
variable
concept whose value changes case to case
environmental ecology
concern with preserving the integrity of the physical environment in the face of the impact of modern industry and technology. Ex: stopping pollution Ex: The EPA testing on manufacturing facilitie
piaget's stage in which a child can likely master multiplication tables is the
concrete operation
Focusing on their role as legitimizing power represents the
conflict sociological theoretical perspective on institutions
A theoretical perspective that focuses on groups' competition for scarce societal resources is
conflict theory
in the means-end schema, a person who does "do the right thing" and does accomplish socially valued ends is a
conformist
we can transcend being "prisoners of socialization" to the extent to which we are
conscious
"if people define situations as real, they are real in their
consequences
reliability
consistency in measurement
Nuclear family
consisting of an adult or adult couple and their dependent children
Impression Management
controlling how we present out front stage, performed role -used to present ourselves to others in a particular way (to "make a good impression")
the monarchs of the warring nations of Europe during WW1 were relatives, namely
cousins
socialization and social class: middle class
creativity and curiosity, independence, ambition
If weak "is it so elsewhere?" we are employing the sociological method of
cultural comparison
ethnicity
cultural practices and attitudes that set people apart
Ethnicity
cultural practices and attitudes that set people apart; voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchical, cultural, and not so closely linked with power difference
Medicalization
cultural process of defining behavior or bodily processes as illnesses to be cured -ex: homosexuality, ADHD, alcoholism, women's reproductive functions -form of social control: leads to medical or, in some cases, legal social control
cultural relativism
cultural relativism Viewing people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture is referred to as
social norms
cultural rules about behavior
causes of poverty
cultural, biological/genetic, structural, situational
values
culturally defined standards that establish what is desirable, good, beautiful, etc
Subculture
culture within a culture -group whose beliefs, norms, and values differ from those of the "mainstream"
the manifest function of school is represented by the
curriculum
Executions
death penalty, increased in several states, lethal injection
the shaving of the head at the beginning of boot camp was offered in class as an example of
degradation ceremony
the style of leadership that sociologists have observed is most likely to endure
democratic
the kind of variable we said is an "effect" is a
dependent
Tracking
dividing students into groups according to ability of future plants -intention: tailor a student's educational experience to his or her particular goals -frequent consequence: reinforces and perpetuates stratification
Labeling
deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others (in power) define their actions
"it is not that act itself, but the reactions to the act, that makes something
deviant
gender inequality
difference between men and women in power and prestige in groups and societies
the symbolic interactionist theory that refers to deviance as a result of who you hang out with is
differential association theory
role strain
difficulty that arises when same social position imposes conflicting demands Ex: mother who needs to comfort and discipline her child
cultural expressions and practices are crossing national borders through a process known as
diffusion
resocialization
discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones
the first domesticated animal was the
dog
patriarchy
dominance of men over women
master status
dominates other statuses and shapes your life. Ex: Kardashian, Kennedy, Doctor
master status
dominates other statuses and thereby determines a person's general position within society
The Global Economy
economic activity that crosses national borders -transnational corporations are more than 1/2 of the world economy -consequences of global economy: global divisions of labor, national governments don't control their won economic activity / their currency, concentration of world wide wealth / corporate power, concerns about worker rights
for freud, the element of mind that balances our drive for immediate gratification with our conscience
ego
Underground Economy
exchanges of goods and services that are not reported to the government and thereby escape taxation
Iron Law of Oligarchy
elite rule in inevitable, especially in large groups and complex organizations
human relations approach
emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy
10 core values of US culture
equal opportunity achievement and success material comfort activity and work practicality and efficiency progress science democracy and free enterprise freedom racism, sexism, classism, group superiority
the use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of others of another group is
ethnocentrism
participant observation
ethnography in which the researcher both observes and becomes a member of a social setting
random sample
every member of the population being studied has the same chance of being selected for the study.
Profane
everyday mundane things
Material culture
everything that is part of our consturcted environment, including technology.
culture
everything that makes up a way of life (functionalist may say culture brings people together and keeps society running smoothly. conflict theorist may say culture enforces inequality within a society)
the part of the meaning of the symbol that is unique to an individual is its
experiential associations
the type of leadership that focusses on enhancing group communications
expressive
agents of socialization
families, school, peers, the media, and work are all important socializing agents or environments. most people family is greatest agent, especially early in life
the initial agency of socialization
family
the social institution that is the initial agency of socialization
family
agents of socialization
family (most important-nurture) schools (hidden curriculum) peer groups (escape supervision) mass media (influence has increased)
Family of Orientation
family into which individual is born or adopted
what are the main agents of socialization in contemporary society
family, schools, peer groups, the mass media, and work
penalties of more than a year of incarceration indicate that a law-norm of the of a
felony
in an early gender socialization encounter, if the hands are held palms forward the gender is
female
Sociologists categorize and describe the above sociological insights by dividing them into three approaches:
functionalist, conflict, and interactionist
emile durkheim
functionalist. linked suicide rates to social interconnectedness
auguste comte
functionalist. made the term "sociology"
globalization and culture
globilization is the most recent significant cultural change (also largely as a result of technology). tv, e-communication, and the "global economy" have changed culture aross the world, leading to increased interdependence. debate over effect of internet or local cultures, global monoculture?
Conflict perspective of health care
good health is not equally available to all members of society -draws attention to the influence of social position on health
Nation-State
government has sovereign power with a defined area and citizens have a sense of nationalism / awareness that they are part of a single nation -is now the dominant political system
Society
group of people who live in a particular territory, are subject to a common system of political authority, and are aware of having a distinct identity from other groups. Can be small, like hunting and gathering societies that have no more than a few dozen people, or large, like modern Chinese society with a population of more than a billion people. a society is also define as the people who interact in such a way as to share a common culture. The cultural bond may be ethnic or racial, based on gender, or due to shared beliefs, values, and activities
Reference group
group that provides a standard for judging attitudes and behaviors
reference group:
group that provides a standard for judging attitudes and behaviors (the looking glass in the looking glass self)
Minority Group
group that, because of its distinct physical or cultural characteristics, is set apart and subordinated
Secondary groups
groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end).
Out‐Groups
groups toward which people feel antagonism
pariah groups
groups who suffer from negative status discrimination. They are looked down on by most members of society. People of these groups are prevented from taking advantage of opportunities open to others. For example, Jews have been a pariah group throughout most of European history
Scapegoat
groups who suffer from negative status discrimination; looked down on my most members of society
Conformity
harmony; agreement with established rules or customs; similarity; Ex. behave in conformity with; V. conform: be similar; act in agreement; comply; Ex. conform to the rule; CF. conformance
Polyandry
having more than one husband at a time
Sigmund Freud, stressed the role of
inborn drives in channeling human behavior; Freud suggested that the self has components that work in opposition to each other.
Nonmaterial culture
includes customs, beliefs, and patterns of communication
Income gap
increased between high income and low income over the last 30 years
Researchers call a factor, which when it changes causes change in another factor an
independent variable
Types of Deviance
informal deviance, formal deviance, medical deviance
in the means end schema, a person who does't "do the right thing" but does accomplish socially valued ends is an
innovator
in the means-end schema, a person who doesn't "do the right thing" but does accomplish socially valued ends is a
innovator
the two solid factors that contribute to the fertility of soil are
inorganic and organic
differential association
interpretation of the development of criminal behavior which states that criminal behavior is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime
surveys
interviews and questionnaires that target some population. Critique-can be expensive, low response rate, can be bias
primary group
intimate. ex: family
family concepts
kinship, marriage, nuclear vs. extended family, family of orientation vs procreation, monogamy vs polygamy
A latent function of school is represented by
learning of obedience and conformity
objectivity
leaving out your own biases to make sure you are studying what is, rather than what should be
By democracy we the U.S. are referring firstly to
majority rule
the Weberian model of social class which focuses on lifestyles counts the number of classes as
many
Lifelong socialization involves
many different social forces and agents of socialization
utilitarian
material rewards for members Ex: teacher, business
independent variable
measured factor that the researcher believes has a casual impact on the dependent variable (the "cause")
social cohesion produced by peoples performing similar tasks is
mechanical solidarity
a statistical measure that is described by being half and above half of the scores in a frequency distribution
median
democratic
member involvement
Mediator
member of a triad who attempts to resolve conflict between the two other actors in the group.
Feminist Movement 1st Wave
mid-nineteenth century. Issues: right to own property, right to vote, right to education, right to enter into contracts. Nineteenth Amendment 1920.
Informal deviance
minor transgressions of norms
informal deviance
minor transgressions of norms
penelties of less than a year of incarceration indicate that a law-norm of the level of a
misdemeanor
a statistical measure that is described by being the most frequently observed score is the
mode
Cultural scripts
modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural.
Socialism (ideal type)
natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are collectively owned -collective ownership or property -goal: pursuit of collective goals -government control of the economy -advantage: greater economic equality -critics: infringes on individual liberty and reduces prosperity
mores
norms that guide behavior. often formalized into laws, but not always Ex: marrying your first cousin, woman wearing shirts in public
Family Types
nuclear , extended, single parent, blended, cohabitative, communal, foster, adoptive & same sex couples
talcott parsons
nuclear family and fixed gender roles perform complementary functions necessary to small group functioning
socialization and social class: working class
obedience, neatness, cleanliness, good behavior
Secondary Socialization
occurs in later childhood and adolescence when children go to school and come under the influence of non-family members
Role conflict
occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social statuses held by the same person
role conflict
occurs when there is a conflict between 2 or more roles held by one person at the same time Ex: a cop who catches her son with drugs
dominant ideology
of a culture is the set of cultural beliefs and practices that legitimates existing powerful social, economic, and political interests. It helps to explain and justify who gets what and why in a way that supports and maintains the status quo
Voluntary
of your own free will or design
Secondary Experiences
often foster individuation and challenge primary socialization (ex: peer groups, schools often compete with, rather than compliment, family values and ways of life learned in early socialization)
old age
old people are viewed as "out of touch" and less important. leads to changes in social relationships (retirement, children becoming parents)
Williams Julius Wilson
old racial barriers are less important than class in explaining the persistence of race and ethnic inequality
avatars
online representation as a character
gender
personal traits, behavior and social positions that are expected or regarded as appropriate for members of each sex
Gender
personal traits, behavior, and social positions that are expected or regarded as appropriate for members of each sex -socially constructed; hierarchical
erikson
personality develops throughout the life course, not just childhood
Stigma
physical or social characteristic that is labeled by society as undesirable (ex: diabetes, HIV/AIDS, Lung cancer, any mental illness) -impact of stigma on seeking treatment or coping with illness
stigma
physical or social characteristic that is labeled by society as undesirable; these are often seen in health conditions, like HIV, lung cancer, diabetes, etc.; stigmas are difficult to cope with
in the model of Mead, the definitive activity of the child from 3-6 in which he is taking the role of the specific other
playing
that a society consists of and embraces the norms of many different groups is a description of
pluralistic society
Sustainable development
policies that seek equilibrium between environmental concerns and the economy -such policies tend to work well for wealthy countries at the expense of poorer countries
the culture of poverty
poor people adopt lifestyles and beliefs which differ from those of middle-class (mainstream), in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic times
Malthus theory of population growth
population grows faster than the ability of the earth to "produce subsistence for man," resulting in famine which limits further growth -not supported by recent evidence (in terms of food and resource supply) at least in developed world but some evidence for in in developing world currently
Social status
position that a person occupies in the social structure
the "faith" that the scientific method will reveal significant insights into human social behavior is called
positivism
kohl berg's stage of moral development that he says many people never achieve
post conventional
Poverty as Structural
poverty as the result of a lack of income producing employment for all sectors in a capitalist society
poverty as structural
poverty as the result of a lack of income producing employment for all sectors in a capitalist society
from the functionalist perspective, deviance can be seen as affirming norms, promoting group unity, and
promoting social change
Glass-ceiling
promotion barrier preventing women from rising to high levels in their career
glass ceiling
promotion barrier preventing women from rising to high levels in their career
Hypothesis
proposed relationship between 2 variables, typically based on theory or prior empirical research
coercive
punishment or treatment Ex: mental hospital, jail
Dependency Ratio
ratio of people of dependent ages (children and the elderly) to people of economically active ages
dependency ratio
ration of people of dependent ages (children and the elderly) to people of economically active ages
future of race and ethnicity
re-segregation, multiracial identities, white statistical minority population by 2050
The characteristic of societies hat we referred to as the process of "give and take" is called
reciprocity
Invention
results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before
political Rights
rights to political participation
prejudice
rigid generalization about an entire category of people
Prejudice
rigid generalization about an entire category of people; an attitude or opinion -product of culture: stereotypes are common
on the means-end schema, a person who "does the right thing" but doesn't seem to get "anywhere" is a
ritualist
it one experiences role expectations that are incompatible with those of another role, one will likely experience
role conflict
Theocracy
rule by a religious leader.
Dictatorship
rule by a single individual
Oligarchy
rule by a small group (ex: communism)
Democracy
rule by the people and citizens can participate as legal equals in decision making -representative democracy: certain individuals are selected to speak for the people
Plutocracy
rule by the wealthy (including corporations)
norms
rules and expectations that guide behavior (smaller than values). what we should do but not always what we actually do
Norms
rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a range of social situations; link beliefs and values to social consequences
t
s
an expression of approval or disapproval at behavior relative to a norm is a
sanction
an expression of approval or disapproval for violating a norm
sanction
That language creates ways of thinking and perceiving describes the
sapir-whorf hypothesis
Parkinson's law
satirical maxim about the lack of productivity, stating that work expands to fill the time available for its completion
sustainable development
the goal of sustainable development is to carry on growth in such a way that physical resources are recycled not depleted. It also focuses on keeping pollution to a minimum. example: campaigns for green energy such as wind, solar, and water energy are some of the best examples of sustainable development
Reflection theory
the idea that culture is a projection of social structure and realtionships into which public sphere, a screen onto which the film of the underlying reality or social structures of our society is projected. (The culure is reflected by media but media is not reflected by culture)
Pluralism
the idea that power is distributed among various interest groups and political parties so that no one group rules
Social capital
the information, knowledge of people or things, and connections that help people enter into preexisting networks or gain power in them.
Divorce
the legal dissolution of a marriage
Segregation
the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity; maintains position of dominant group
segregation
the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity; maintains position of dominant group
Authority
the legitimate use of power (vs. coercion / force)
Functionalist view of education
the main functions of schools are to educate students (overt curriculum) -latent functions: socialization (hidden curriculum), child care, promoting marriage (college), social integration, cultural innovation (universities)
Our response to someone's behavior is based on
the meaning we attach to his or her actions.
dominant group
the most prevalent group of people within the society, usually control or maintain the wealth and prestige ex: In the United States, Caucasian men are the dominant group, controlling the vast majority of wealth and prestige.
Tertius gaudens
the new third member of a triad who benefits from conflict between the other two members of the group.
Strength of weak ties
the notion that often relatively weak ties turn out to be quite valuble beecause they yeild new information.
dependent variable
the outcome that a researcher is trying to explain (the "effect")
Rise of Corporations
the past 100 years have seen vast growth of corporations and the concentration of corporate capital -the 200 largest E.S. financial firms account for over 50% of financial activity -we have a situation of oligopoly more than monopoly (a few large corporations control the economy vs. just one) -high-level mergers and acquisitions further this trend of consolidation
Population Aging
the percentage of population that is age 65 and older rising in all developed countries and many developing nations -due to greater longevity and declines in birthrate -U.S: 12% but expected to rise to 19% by 2030 -today, about 5 working age adults for every older person in the U.S... will drop by 3 in 2030
Polygamy
the practice or condition of having more than one spouse
Socialization
the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society.
Cultural transmission
the process by which one generation passes culture to the next
Resocialization
the process by which one's sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are reengineered, often deliberately through an intense social process that may take place in a total institution
Social interaction
the process by which people act and react in relation to others
Charismatic Authority
the right to make decisions based on perceived extraordinary personal characteristics.
Rational-Legal Authority
the right to make decisions based on rules and law.
Traditional Authority
the right to make decisions for others based on tradition.
U.S. Civil Religion
the set of institutionalized rituals, beliefs and symbols sacred to the U.S. nation.
Consumerism
the steady acquisition of material possesions, often with the belief that happiness and fulfillment can thus be achieved.
Society consists of
the structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction
gerontology
the study of aging and the elderly
Demography
the study of population
Narrative
the sum of stories contained in a set of ties.
Economy
the system responsible for the production and distribution of goods and services.
Ethnocentrism
viewing one's own culture as normal and, oftentimes, superior
functionalist perspective
views society as a living organism in which each part contributes to its survival.
Formal deviance
violation of norms that have been codified into law (serious crimes)
Formal Deviance
violations of official rules and laws that are punished by official sanctions administered by people in positions of authority
Reasons divorce
violence, cheating, lack of connection, no longer in love
normative
voluntary organizations Ex: charity
achieved status
voluntary position Ex: father, teacher, doctor, graduate
the word spoken in the "miracle" that provided the teachable moment that Anne Sullivan needed was
wawa
code of ethics
what Sociologists must abide by certain specific standards in conducting research
the moment which captures the transition between Piaget's sensorimotor stage and the pre-operational stage is when the child points and says
what is that
Role Exit
when a person disengages with certain role.
Culture shock
when a person feels disoriented or uncertain due to experiencing cultural practices different from his or her own
Diaspora
when an ethnic group moves from their original homeland and disperses in a foreign land, most often this movement is forced or unwanted
diaspora
when an ethnic group moves from their original homeland and disperses in a foreign land, most often this movement is forced or unwanted. Example: When a war is going on in ones home country, they move to get away and to not be killed.
Much of the work of Durkheim, Marx, and Weber involves macrosociology
which concentrates on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations
microsociology
which stresses the study of small groups and the analysis of our everyday experiences and interactions. Microsociology emphasizes the significance of perception, of how we see others and how they see us.
Goffman offered the dramaturgical approach
which studies interaction as if we were all actors on a stage
health care systems don't strongly influence...
○ Mortality rates ○ Life expectancy ○ quality of life ○ Social factors such as nutrition, lifestyle, and social position have a greater influence on your health than health care and health-care systems
reasons for rising US health care costs
○ Sellers determine price and product options - no competitive market place ○ Huge administrative costs ○ Technological advances & increasing scope of medical procedures ○ Individualistic perspective on prolonging life at all costs / disease cure system ○ Aging of the population
why so much corporate hating?
● "There is one and only one social responsibility of business - to use its resources and engage in activities to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud" Milton Friedman, 1970 ● Corporations are fundamentally self-interested only in the pursuit of profits for their shareholders ● Yet they have influence over aspects of society that pertain to public interests - politics, policy, environment, etc. -what happens to common good when those in power are mostly concerned with profit?
What can be Done? (about corporations)
● Bring corporations back under citizen control to ensure they contribute to the public good - social movements boycotts ● Increase dividend/capital gains tax (15-20% max) to personal tax rate (39.6%) and use revenues to invest in education, infrastructure, environmental solutions ● Transaction tax (hot topic in UK / EuroUnion) ● Regulate international corporations ● New ideas...the challenge of your generation
Social Inequalities in Health
● Class / SES ● Race ● Gender ● Inequalities exist for both morbidity (incidence of illness) and mortality (rate of death)
The Corporatio: key points
● Corporations' structure, legal existence, and profit motive must place the financial interests of its investors above the public good ○ Even when individual shareholders and CEOs are motivated to focus on the public good ● Corporations have immense influence over society ("externalities") despite the fact that they are not representative of the world's population. Democracy? Plutocracy? ● The corporation has all the rights of a legal person, but what kind of a person is it? Psychopath?
corporations
● Corporations: Business firms or companies with a legal existence, including rights and liabilities, separate from from that of its members ● Legally, a corporation is an individual - a kind of person (juristic person) under the 14th amendment ○ Citizens United Case: 2010 - removed limits on political contributions of corporations and allows businesses and other entities to spend their own money on campaign materials -Lincoln and Jefferson both renounced corporations
types of nation-states/ political systems
● Democracy - rule by the people and citizens can participate as legal equals in decision making ○ Representative democracy - certain individuals are selected to speak for the people ● Dictatorship - rule by a single individual ● Oligarchy - rule by a small group (ex. communism) ● Plutocracy - rule by the wealthy (including corporations)
who rules in democracy: two theories
● Democratic Elitism (Weber) & Power Elite Theory (Mills): small networks of individuals hold concentrated power in modern societies ● Democratic participation in large scale societies limited to electing political leaders ○ Iron law of oligarchy - elite rule is inevitable, especially in large groups and complex organizations ● Pluralism - idea that power is distributed among various interest groups and political parties so that no one group rules
functionalist perspective on religion
● Durkheim - Religion provides social solidarity (unifies groups) by bringing people together to reaffirm their common beliefs and values ● Sacred - something that inspires awe or reverence ● Profane - everyday mundane things
the global economy
● Economic activity that crosses national borders ● Transnational corporations are more than ½ of world economy ● Increase awareness of vast global inequality - Revolution? Arab spring?
the economy
● Economy: the social institution that organizes a society's production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services ● Two general economic models on a continuum* ○ Capitalism ○ Socialism ○ *no nation in the world is completely one or the other
religious economy: evidence
● Evidence that some people shop around for the brand of faith that bests suits them ○ Nearly ⅓ of Americans change religious affiliation and nearly ⅓ of those do so more than once ● Evidence of marketing of religion ○ More secular activities and pop culture / Bibezines ○ Quick, convenient worship services ○ Megachurches: more practical than spiritual messages
symbolic interactionism: sociology of the body
● Explores the relationship between society and the subjective experience of the body (the cultural meanings and interpretations assigned to the body and conditions of the body) ● Definition differs somewhat from your book which gives a broader definition. Sociology of the body is really more accurately about this subjective experience of the body (rather than the more objective influence of social factors on disease that we discussed last time)
Symbolic Interaction: Stigma
● Focus on the personal lived experience of health and illness, especially stigma associated with particular health conditions ● Stigma - physical or social characteristic that is labeled by society as undesirable ● What health conditions are stigmatized? ● Impact of stigma on seeking treatment or coping with illness.
US Health Care System
● Function: address the problem of sickness and ill-health in society ● Disease-cure system - based on biomedical model of health which defines disease objectively and views the body as a machine that can be continually repaired; many believe that most illnesses are curable ○ Very expensive, invasive and risky medical care ○ More focus on cure than prevention ● Basic types of health-care coverage: ○ Fee-for-service ■ More services - rising costs ○ Managed Care (HMOs) ■ Capitation - fee per person ■ Limited choice of physicians and specialist use ■ Potentially fewer services - lower costs - but worse health?
the conflict perspective (health care)
● Good health is not equally available to all members of society. ● Draws attention to the influence of social position on health.
health care in the United States
● Health care costs skyrocketed in 35 years ○ In 2000, amount spent on health care equaled that spent on education, defense, prisons, farm subsidies, food stamps, and foreign aid combined.
Feminism, Medicalization and Social Control of Women's Bodies
● Historical treatment of women's reproductive functions ● Views about public breastfeeding ● Reproductive rights (abortion, contraceptive equity, the pregnant body) ● Rights during pregnancy
important U.S. trends in affiliation (since 1990)
● Increase in conservative Protestants but decline in other Protestants ● Growth in Catholics but much disagreement with core teachings of the hierarchy ● Huge growth in Unaffiliated, Atheist / Agnostic
race and health
● Large race/ethnic disparities in health at all stages of the life course, especially between African-Americans and Whites ○ Infant mortality: blacks much higher, then native Americans, huge gaps, last 40 years declined much faster for whites than blacks ○ Life expectancy: whites higher than men??? ● Hispanic Health paradox: Hispanics avg. health tends to be equal or better than whites even though SES is lower ● Same causes as SES plus: ○ Discrimination & Stress ○ Discrimination and Treatment ○ Mistrust of Medical Profession ■ Legacy of Tuskegee: largest therapeutic study ■ Only 2.5% of physicians are black
feminism and Medicalization of women's bodies
● Medicalization - cultural process of defining behavior or bodily processes as illnesses to be cured ○ Examples: homosexuality, ADHD, alcoholism, women's reproductive functions ○ Form of social control - Leads to medical or, in some cases, legal social control (view that these biological processes / behaviors need to be regulated by medicine or laws)
Capitalism (ideal type)
● Natural resources and means of producing goods and services are privately owned ○ Private ownership ○ Goal: Pursuit of personal profit ○ Competition and consumer choice (laissez-faire) ● Movement away from laissez-faire capitalism, especially since the 2008 economic downturn ● Advantages: Higher economic productivity and more personal freedom ● Critics: Leads to inequality and little focus on public good
socialism (ideal type)
● Natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are collectively owned ● Three opposite features to capitalism ○ Collective ownership of property ○ Goal: Pursuit of collective goals ○ Government control of the economy ● Advantage: greater economic equality ● Critics: infringes on individual liberty & reduces prosperity
pluralism and religious economy
● Pluralism - More than 280 denominations in the U.S. encourages high participation (something for everyone). Does this undermine the legitimacy of religion? ● Religious Economy - Theoretical framework that argues that religion consists of organizations in competition with one another for followers ○ Each group tries harder to win followers
who has power in the modern political system
● Political Parties - organizations of people who seek legitimate control over the government through the electoral process ○ Two party versus multiparty ● Interest Groups - organization that seeks to gain power in government and influence policy without its representatives seeking election or appointment to office, mainly through lobbying (which often involves fundraising) ● Corporations - large ones spend a lot on lobbying -pluralist would say that since there are so many groups that we are in pluralist communities -others would counter and a say that many groups don't have a lot of power/ funds so it becomes more of democratic elitism
sociological perspectives on religion
● Religion - A cultural system of beliefs, symbols, and ritual practices about the sacred that provides a sense of purpose ● Sociologists don't focus on whether religious beliefs are true or not ● See religion as a part of culture and argue that diversity of religious beliefs around the world shows how religion is a social construction. ● Focus on social organization of religion ● Influence of social forces and change on religious belief and participation
conflict perspective on religion
● Religion reinforces and exacerbates inequality ● Religion creates alienation: attributing human abilities, values, and norms to divine forces or gods ● Religion as the "opium of the people" (Marx) - delay rewards/happiness to next life ● Sexism, racism, heterosexism ● But it can also be agent of social change - liberation theology (see text for definition)
religion in modern U.S.: Secularism?
● Secularism - general decline in influence of religion in favor of a rational, scientific orientation ○ Separation of church and state but many exceptions ○ Religious attendance and affiliation declining; those with "no religious belief" increasing (20%) ○ But high level of religiosity compared to other countries
Functionalist Perspective (Parsons) (health care)
● Sick role - set of cultural expectations that define rights, obligations and expected behavior of people with a health problem; functions to control the negative effects of illness in society ○ Exempt from usual roles and responsibilities ○ Not held accountable for illness ○ Duty to get well and cooperate with medical professionals
modern economy: rise of corporations
● The past 100 years have seen vast growth of corporations and the concentration of corporate capital ○ The 200 largest U.S. financial firms account for over 50% of financial activity ○ We have a situation of oligopoly more than monopoly. (oligopoly= small number of firms dominate activity; monopoly: one firm contols 100% of financial activity) ● High-level mergers and acquisitions further this trend of consolidation. ● More on corporations later...
socioeconomic status and health
● The theory that social position causes health has three interpretations ○ Materialist - access to resources that facilitate healthy lifestyle ■ Health care, money, healthy food, and lifestyle ○ Psychosocial - stress and relative disadvantage ○ Fundamental Causes - higher SES individuals are better able to take advantage of new health enhancing information; implication is that only eliminating stratification can improve health inequalities
neighborhood, poverty, crime, and education
● This American Life: Harper High in Chicago ● It is difficult for even well-funded high quality schools with committed staff to overcome the consequences of urban poverty and the social disorganization and crime that accompanies it ● School resources themselves are not a panacea for socioeconomic and educational inequality but it would likely be much worse if not for schools ● Doug Downey's research on summer vs school year SES achievement gaps
socioeconomic Statues and Health
● Those with higher incomes and more education live longer and better health ○ Graded, stepped relationship ○ Increasing over time ● Three main theories that attempt to explain why people with higher socioeconomic status have better health: ○ Selection - Spurious relationship (genes or IQ) ○ Drift - Health causes SES ■ But neither selection nor drift explain graded relationship well ○ Theory that social position causes health by affecting access to material resources, stress, and health related knowledge.
political participation
● U.S. has lowest voter turnout than all industrialized nations ○ About 50% - 60% for presidential elections and less than 50% for Congressional elections ● U.S. has lower voter turnout than most similar nations. Why? ○ Registration and voting easier in other countries and compulsory ○ Some countries have compulsory voting ○ Two party system - people feel they don't have a voice ○ Lots of elections
gender and health
● Women are sicker but men die quicker ○ Women have higher rates of non-life threatening conditions and men have higher rates of serious illness ○ Gender roles partly explain this ■ Women have healthier and less risky behavior (but this may be changing) ■ Women more likely to seek medical care and to be aware of health concerns ● Women live about 4.5 years longer than men
